摘要

致歉言语行为属于塞尔言语行为理论分类中的表达类，是我们日常交际中的礼貌言语行为之一，是我国《民法通则》中规定的民事责任的一种，可见，它是一种非常重要的语言现象。以往对致歉言语行为的研究大都是在某些方面、某个片段上的研究，本书尝试在致歉事件的整体框架下对其展开研究，解读致歉言语行为的实现过程，以期获得对现代汉语致歉言语行为的全面、深刻认知。

我们对致歉言语行为的基本情况进行梳理、明确。重新定义致歉言语行为是“在交际主体A、B之间，A由于冒犯、歉疚等原因而引发的，向B表达歉意的补偿性言语行为，进而恢复A与B之间的人际关系和谐（A是致歉方，B是受歉方）”。定义中强调了行为的起因和结果。致歉言语行为的性质是引发性和补偿性，它的产生是有原因的，是冒犯行为引起的、歉疚心理触发的；它的实施是以补偿为结果，补偿可分为两种情况：抵消损失、消耗和补足缺欠、差额。致歉言语行为在具体实施过程中体现着弥补受歉方的补偿需要，平复致歉方的不安心理，修复双方的人际关系三种功能。其中，弥补受歉方的补偿需要和平复致歉方的不安心理是直接功能，修复双方的人际关系是间接功能。依据直接功能的分布情况，我们将致歉言语行为分为利人致歉言语行为，利己致歉言语行为，双赢致歉言语行为，虚拟致歉言语行为四类，相对于虚拟致歉言语行为，前三类可称为真实致歉言语行为，本书重点关注真实致歉言语行为。

致歉言语行为的结构包括致歉主体、致歉意图、致歉形式等成分，致歉主体是致歉言语行为的实施者和接受者，分别是致歉方和受歉方。首先，致歉主体是社会主体，具有社会角色，社会角色是相对固定的。其次，致歉主体是交际主体，具有交际角色，交际角色是临时的。致歉方和受歉方都是临时的交际角色，他们的致歉言语行为受其固有的社会角色因素的影响。此外，致歉方是由冒犯方转换交际角色而来的，受歉方是由被冒犯方转换交际角色而来的。致歉意图是致歉言语行为的核心，是致歉言语行为的出发点和回归点。致歉意图的实现与否是评价致歉言语行为成功与否的最重要的标准。致歉意图是致歉方真诚实施致歉言语行为的内在动机，我们通过问卷调查得知致歉意图的成因主要源于造成冒犯事实、致歉方感到内心歉疚、考虑受歉方感受、维护双方人际关系和谐、遵守社会规范制约五个方面。其中，冒犯行为的发生是促使致歉方产生致歉意图的最重要、最核心的成因。认定冒犯行为有两条标准：一是从被冒犯者的角度来认定，这是最重要的标准，被冒犯者的感受对于某个具体行为是否构成冒犯起着决定性作用。二是从冒犯者的角度来认定，这是辅助的标准。被冒犯者和冒犯者判断冒犯行为的标准主要源于对所在社会群体道德行为准则的习得、认可和个人生活、成长的特殊经历的感触。虽然双方的认定标准来源渠道是一样的，但是由于每个主体对所在社会群体道德、行为准则的习得、认可具体情况不同以及个人生活、成长的特殊经历不同，所以，他们所把握的具体标准之间一定存在差异。致歉意图的结构是：致歉[X]。这个图式表示：致歉方有关于“X”的致歉意向，“X”是致歉意向内容。致歉意图作为一个整体，致歉意向及意向内容都是存在的，但在具体的致歉言语表达上，如何选择表现致歉意图结构的语言具有一定差别。致歉意图主要使用致歉标志语标识。致歉言语行为的实施表现为语言形式和与其相伴随的非语言形式。

致歉言语行为的语言形式主要表现为标识致歉意图的语言形式、标识致歉主体的语言形式以及标识致歉度的语言形式。致歉意图必须在致歉事件框架内实现，其实现的过程，也是致歉言语行为意义的建构过程。致歉标志语包括施为动词和人们习以为常的惯用语，如赔罪、道歉、对不起、抱歉、不好意思等，它们在句法、语义和语用上都有各自的特点。称谓语一般位于话首，是致歉方对自己及对方交际角色的定位，恰当使用称谓语能营造较好的致歉氛围，收获理想的言后效果。对受歉方的称谓主要表现在亲属称谓、社会称谓、姓名称谓和指代称谓四大系统中的礼貌称谓上。致歉方的自称主要表现为贬损的自我指称、正常的自我指称、模糊的自我指称。

致歉度是致歉方在致歉言语行为中表达出的歉意程度。致歉度对于致歉方和受歉方都是非常重要的因素。对于致歉方，致歉度的恰当把握可以避免其无谓损失过多的“面子”，同时，可以实现成功、得体地致歉。对于受歉方，因为遭受了某种程度的冒犯，他（她）对致歉方的致歉度是有所期待的，只有达到或超过他（她）的期待，受歉方才能真正谅解致歉方。但致歉度如果过高于冒犯度，受歉方又会质疑致歉方的交际意图。致歉度与冒犯行为产生的冒犯度密切相关。致歉度的实现主要是依靠数量象似性原则的指导，采取语言方式中词语、句法、重叠、策略等手段和非语言方式中表情、动作等手段。

致歉言语行为的实施将受到冒犯行为因素、致歉方对致歉言语行为的态度、交际主体个人因素及其差别、语境因素等的影响。我们认为冒犯行为是致歉言语行为最重要的制约因素，它既影响其发生的可能性，也制约其发生的方式。致歉方对致歉言语行为的态度主要影响该行为发生的可能性。致歉方对交际主体个人因素及其差别和语境因素的推测、评估主要制约致歉言语行为发生的方式。致歉意图的落实和理解都离不开主体及其自身认知状况的参与。主体的地位、性别、年龄、职业、性格、情绪等以及主体间的社会距离、权势关系、性别差别、年龄差距等，这些因素都或多或少地影响致歉方话语形式的选择。语境是语言交际时的时空环境，是非常重要的语用因素，能对表达不充分的话语做出意义补充，影响致歉方语用策略和话语形式的选择。语境包括交际情境、交际背景和交际方式。

我们依据对1000多个致歉语例的分析、研究，抽象、概括出致歉言语行为的六大类策略：陈述冒犯事实、解释冒犯原因、表达歉疚情感、提出补偿措施、保证改过自新、请求对方谅解。

最后，我们探讨了指导致歉方顺利获得致歉言语行为成功的语用原则：真诚性原则、礼貌性原则、适宜性原则和关联性原则。

Abstract

The speech act in modern Chinese apology belongs to the expression category of Searle speech act theory, which is one of our daily communication polite speech acts and one of civil liability in Chinese civil law, visible, it is a very important language phenomenon.Previous research on apology speech acts were mostly in certain aspects and clips, this text attempts to research under the overall framework of apology event, interpret the realization process of apology speech act in order to obtain comprehensive and profound cognition of modern Chinese apology speech act.

First, we need to clear and sort out the basic situation of apology speech act.Redefine apology speech acts are“Communication between A and B, A due to offend, guilt caused by other reasons, apologize to B compensatory speech acts, in order to restore interpersonal harmony between A and B（A is apologize side, B is affected apologize side）”. Definition emphasizes the causes and consequences of behavior.Speech act of apology and compensatory nature is triggered, it generates for a reason, offensive behavior is caused by psychological trigger guilt; Its implementation is based on compensation, the compensation can be divided into two cases: offset losses, consumption and make up the shortcomings and the differences.Speech act of apology reflects the compensation requires of apology side in specific implementation process, calm down anxiety of apology side and repairs the relationships between both sides.Among them, the compensation requires of apology side and calm down anxiety of apology side are direct functions, repair the relationships are indirect function.Based on the distribution of direct function, we divide the apology speech act into four virtual apology speech act, altruistic behavior, self-serving apology speech act, win apology speech acts, relative to virtual apology speech acts, the first three can be called real apology speech act, and this article focuses on real apology speech act.

The structure of apologize apology speech act includes main body, the intention of an apology, the way of an apology and so on.The main body of apology is an apology speech act of the perpetrators and receiver respectively is an Apology party and apology receiver.First of all, the subject is the social main body; the main body of apology has the social role which is relatively fixed.Secondly, the main body of apology is communication subject, the main body of apology has communication role which is temporary.The Apology party and the apology receiver are temporary communicative roles; their apology speech act is influenced by its inherent social role factors.In addition, the apology party originates in offending party that transforms communication role; apology receiver originates in the offended party that transforms communication role.Apology intention is the core of apology speech act; apology speech act is the starting point and the point of the returning.Apologize for the realization of the intention or not is the most important standard.Apology intention carrying out apology speech act is an apology sincerely of intrinsic motivation, through the questionnaire we know apology intentions causes stems mainly from offending fact, the guilt of apology party, considering apology receiver's heart feeling, maintaining the harmonious of the interpersonal relationship and social rules and so on five aspects.Among them, the occurrence of offense is prompt apology attempt of the cause of the most important and core.Recognizing offense has two standards: one is from the Angle of the offender to recognize, this is the most important standard.The feelings for the offended play a decisive role in defining whether a particular act constitutes offensive.Second, it can be identified from the perspective of the offender, which is a secondary standard.The offended and the offender judge offensive behavior mainly on the acquisition of the ethical conduct of social groups, recognition feelings, personal life and special experiences during growing up.Although the sources of that standard of both sides are the same, the specific standards they hold varies, resulting from the differences where each body learn moral codes of social groups and behavior standards, recognition of different circumstances, personal life and special growing-up ex periences.The structure of apology intention is: apology[X], which indicates the apology intention made by apology party on X, the content of the apology.As a whole part, the intention and content of apology both do exist.However, in the specific verbal expression of apology, it differs in the language chosen to express the structure of apology intention.Apology intention mainly uses apology signs.The implementation of speech act of apology lies in linguistic form and accompanied by nonverbal form.

The language form of speech act of apology mainly performs as the language form of identifying the apology intention, the language form of identifying the apology subject and the language form of identifying the apology degree.Apology intention must be realized within the framework of the event, and the process of its implementation is also the process to construct the significance of apology.Apology signs include per formative verbs and idioms people are accustomed to, such as to, apologize, sorry, feel shy and so on.They all have their own characteristics in syntactic, semantic and pragmatic.The appellation is generally located in the beginning of sentences and is the position of the apology party apologizing to your own and the other communicative role.The appropriate use of appellations can create the better apology atmosphere, reaching the ideal perlocutionary effect.The appellation of the people who receives the apology mainly manifests in the kinship appellation, social appellation, name appellation and courtesy appellation which is one of the four big pronominal appellation systems.Self reference mainly performs depreciation of, normal self referential, normal self referential, fuzzy self referential.

Apology degree is the degree of one party expressed in the speech act of apology.Apology degree is important to both apology party and the apology party.For the apology party, the appropriate of apology is helpful to avoid the loss of too much“face”.And at the same time, it can achieve successful and graceful apology.For the apology party, because suffering from some degree of offense, he or she is expected to receive the apology, only the apology can meet the expectation from him or her, the person who receive the apology can forgive the apology party.If the apology is much higher than offence degree, the apology receiver will question the communicative intention.The apology and of fensive behavior is closely related to the degree of the offence.The apology degree is mainly depend on the quantity iconicity principles, take the language syntax, words, overlapping, strategy and non language expressions, means in action.

The implementation ofthe apology speech behavior will be effected by the offensive behavior factors, the apology party attitude of apology speech behavior, the personal factors and its differences of communicative subject, and the context factor etc.We believe that the offensive behavior is the most important factor in the apology speech behavior; it not only affects the likelihood of their occurrence, but also restricts the way of occurrence.The apology party attitude of apology speech behavior mainly affects the likelihood of behavior occurrence.The speculation and the evaluation about the personal factors of communicative subject and the contextual factors made by the apology party attitude mainly restrict the way of the apology speech behavior occurrence.The implementation of the apology intention and the understanding cannot do without the subject and its own cognition participation.The subject status, gender, age, occupation, character, emotion, as well as the intersubjective social distance, power relations, gender differences, age difference, etc., all these factors have more or less impact on the choice of speech form of the apology party attitude.The context is the time-space environment of language communication and very important pragmatic factor, and it can make fully significance supplement on the inadequate expression of speech, affecting the pragmatic strategies and the choice of the speech form.The context includes the communicative context, communicative background and communicative way.

Based on the study and research of more than 1000 apologies cases, six kinds of expressions of the speech act of Apology have been summarized: Statement of fact, explain offend reasons, expression of guilt emotion, puts forward compensation measures, ensure to start with a clean slate, request others to forgive.

At last, the pragmatic principles, which are used to give someguidance to apology party to get the successful apology speech act.That is sincerity principle, polite principle, appropriate principle and relevant principle.