灾害社会工作:介入机制及组织策略
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第四节 分析思路

一 分析问题

重大灾害的频频发生引起了民众对公共安全和灾害服务的强烈担忧,这些看似自然形成的灾害背后包含了许多人为因素,我国自古以来就有“三分天灾、七分人祸”的说法,“天灾”与“人祸”纠缠在一起。事实上,许多灾害的发生是由于“无察觉”这一人为因素造成的,它具有隐蔽性、突发性、危险性、复杂性和不可逆性等特点,使得这一危机破坏巨大,后果特别严重。目前科技水平对气象灾害相对易于察觉,但对于地质灾害则很难预先感知,尤其是后续衍生的链式危机或复合型灾害更是难以察觉。因此,单纯依靠政府进行灾害救助会出现失灵现象,社会组织如何介入日益复杂的灾害服务则成为各界关注的重点和灾害研究新的学术增长点。

近年来,中国大陆社会工作为汶川特大地震、玉树强烈地震、舟曲特大山洪泥石流和芦山地震等重大自然灾害提供了有效服务,取得了一系列成绩,如社会工作专业队伍逐渐壮大,社会工作机构日益增多,灾害服务经验不断积累,不断满足受灾群众需求和促进灾区社会发展等。就灾害社会工作研究而言,虽然时间不长,学术成果却增长迅速,但在某些特殊服务领域、服务技巧和视角创新等方面还存在着明显不足。基于此,本书的核心研究问题是在突发性、危机性、不确定性和风险性灾害环境中,社会工作者及社工机构如何介入及组织策略是什么,具体包括以下几方面的问题。

第一,在灾害社会服务中,为什么需要社会工作组织的参与?面对种种灾害事件如地震、海啸、空难、大火、严重交通事故、暴力恐怖袭击和食品中毒等,社会工作机构应该扮演何种角色,采取什么样的介入方式?

第二,在灾害服务过程中,面对问题丛生和失序的灾区系统,社会工作者如何确认和找到合适的服务范围,如何根据灾后重建实际情况选择服务对象?在灾害服务过程中,受灾群众并不仅仅有“个人创伤”,还有“集体创伤”,整个地区居民都是受灾群众,如果社工组织将服务对象仅仅局限于有“个人创伤”的灾民,就会显得过于狭隘了,容易造成灾民被污名化(stigmatized),不但不能有效帮助灾民完成灾后重建,反而会造成新的心理创伤。

第三,基层社会服务体系及案主可能会产生什么样的问题,相应的社会工作服务方式有哪些,如何运用个案工作、小组工作和社区工作等专业方法?在“灾后重建”阶段,一些长期性和内隐性社会矛盾会逐渐显现,这会给社会工作服务方式和服务技巧带来严重挑战。

第四,社会工作机构如何回应灾害导致环境改变的事实?如何形成适应灾害环境的组织发展策略?什么是“公私协力”策略,如何更好发挥公私协同力量,以便更好参与到灾害救援及灾后重建?何谓社会资源策略?合法性策略对于社会工作机构的组织生存有何意义以及在地化为何是社工组织重要的发展策略?这些都是本书探讨的重要问题。

第五,在灾害服务过程中,社会工作机构如何运用危机管理策略,灾害危机管理介入阶段及介入途径有哪些,社工如何在紧急救援、恢复秩序和长期重建等方面有效介入,社工如何对心理创伤危机进行干预,灾害对于社工会造成哪些方面的工作压力,社工在灾害服务过程中如何面对压力,如何进行有效的压力应变及如何实现化危机为转机等问题也是本书研究的重点。

第六,灾害服务过程中社工机构的组织困境有哪些?如何对这些困境进行反思?如何在反思实践经验的基础上进一步完善社会工作服务问题等?本书希望通过总结国内灾害社会工作服务经验做法与最新成果,深入探索灾害社会工作服务规律与模式,并且对社会工作服务机构自身建设进行深入探讨,期待加强灾害社会工作服务重点、难点、热点和前沿问题的研究。

目前中国大陆灾害社会工作已经从无到有、从有到好迅速发展起来了,但无论是社会工作实务操作方面,还是灾害服务政策方面都有许多不足。在现实生活中,灾害的发生永远不会终结,面对灾害关键是人类要修正对待灾害的观念及服务理念,只有采取符合自然规律的行动和专业的灾害服务手段,才能获得富有成效的减灾效果,达到服务目标。

二 分析框架

随着全球风险社会的来临,灾害后果的复合性特征越来越明显,灾害社会工作也因此越来越重要。它是以受灾群众、家庭和社区为服务对象,通过运用社会工作专业方法如个案、小组与社区等帮助服务对象修复受损的社会关系,从而帮助灾民走出生活困境。它以受灾对象服务需求为重点,结合灾区人口规模、人口数量、社会经济条件、民族宗教文化和风俗习惯等因素,分类开展灾害社会工作服务。基于这些理念,本书主要以社会工作实务方法为主轴,通过检视中国台湾和国外相关的灾害服务经验来探索中国本土社会工作介入机制、组织策略及实务方法,发现并归纳社会工作者及社工机构参与灾害服务的现状、不足、反思及趋势等。本研究尽力实现介入机制、组织策略与社会工作三要素之间的有机结合,同时对国外与中国台湾灾害社会服务进行借鉴,本书的基本思路如图1-7所示。

图1-7 本书的分析框架

中国大陆灾害社会工作实务起步较晚,理论基础薄弱,服务范围和服务群体较为狭窄,灾害救助政策与服务制度不健全,专业社工人才比较缺乏,社工服务难以深入,这些问题的存在与现阶段减灾需要和服务需求存在着较大差距。本书通过对灾害服务过程中社会工作组织的介入、灾害社会工作的介入范围与服务对象、灾害服务的社会工作方法、灾害服务中社会工作组织的组织策略、灾害社会服务的危机管理策略和灾害社会工作服务困境等问题进行探讨,初步表明中国大陆灾害社会工作逐渐从单一服务方法、单一服务手段向综合型服务,从平面服务向立体服务,从事后被动保护向事先主动预防等方面积极转变。本研究希望促使各级政府部门充分认识到加快推进灾害社会工作服务和培养使用社会工作专业人才的重要性,促使社会各界认识到建立符合中国国情和体现专业要求的社会工作服务制度的紧迫性,促使社工界积极探索提升自身服务能力和建成布局合理的灾害服务网络的方式方法。

三 研究意义

(一)实际意义

第一,灾害无法预期、快速变动,在无预警的情况下,仿佛整个社会福利环境也遭遇了一次大地震,对社会工作也是巨大的挑战。灾后生活重建工作的推行,可以说是边做边学、边学边做的状况。不论是生活重建的政策层面还是实务操作层面,生活重建工作执行上的特色、问题与困难,都是值得我们重视的。因此希望对生活重建工作推行状况做整体的了解及检讨,供政府和社会福利部门或机构参考,推动政府相关部门和社会福利机构关注灾害社会工作,满足对灾害社会工作实际情况和实务的了解需求,为他们进行灾害社会工作管理和开发提供实证材料和理论支持。

第二,灾害不但夺走人的生命,还会造成巨大的财物损失,对灾民而言,更难面对的是亲友离去所带来的伤痛及精神上的恐惧。这造成其个人之心理危机、人际网络瓦解及居住环境受损等个人、家庭及社会连带上的重大危机,甚至其必须面对未来生活的不确定性。

第三,除了紧急的救援工作之外,重要的是灾区生活秩序的重建。灾后重建工作所要面对的不仅是工程庞大的灾民居家安置与社区建设,身心受创的灾民对妥善医疗照顾和积极生活重建的需求更加迫切,同时也使得整个灾区重建的任务更加艰巨。因此,本研究成果可供政府和社会福利机构及社会工作者参考,使他们正确介入灾害社会工作服务。

第四,在现实生活中,灾害的发生永远不会终结,面对灾害人类要修正对待灾害及灾害服务的观念。只有采取符合自然规律的行动并修正灾害服务手段,才能获得富有成效的灾害服务效果。同样,只有在灾害服务观念转变的基础上重新调整研究思路,才能进一步推动灾害服务研究的深入发展。因此,通过本书的研究,可以了解灾害带给社会福利机构的冲击,同时了解社会福利机构如何因应灾害自处,为灾害社会工作推行之修正提供参考。

第五,总结以往的灾害社会工作的成败得失,说明灾害社会工作的专业化和科学化的重要性。由于本课题具有宏观政策和微观对策研究的基本属性,所以其应用价值将主要体现在研究成果能够为政府决策和社会福利机构的实践提供有益借鉴,为推动灾害社会工作的科学化和专业化的发展作一点贡献。

(二)理论意义

第一,我国近几年来,所发生的自然灾害次数不少,但是缺乏系统评估灾害所带来的各种冲击以及影响的研究。通过整理我国过去灾后生活重建工作之相关做法的文献,本书分析指出现有的灾害社工专业方式的优缺点,以期推动灾害社工专业理论和实务的深入研究,促进相关学科建设和灾害社工队伍的建设。

第二,国内相关研究非常缺乏,本书可以视为一个探索性研究(exploratory study),目的是要发现真相而进行一个广泛的讨论,为未来研究提供相关文献和参考资料。

第三,灾害社会工作服务不仅是西方国家灾害服务发展的最新趋势,也是灾害服务领域研究的重点和难点。灾害治理研究涉及诸多要素,理论视角日益多元,同时呈现学科交叉的趋势,但在某些特殊领域及视角创新等方面还需要进一步加强。就已有的研究而言,主要集中在心理学与政治学领域,从社会工作角度进行的研究还非常薄弱,以灾害社会工作作为研究主题的论文不仅少见,而且分析角度有限。


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