13 Health Leaders Concerned by Resistance to Anti-malaria Drugs
Although malaria(疟疾)deaths have fallen worldwide over the last decade, health leaders warned of a small but rising threat in parts of Southeast Asia, where anti-malaria drug resistance is confusing 1 . Four countries—Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam—make up an "epicenter to malarial drug resistance," said Robert Newman, the 2 of the World Health Organization's Global Malaria Program.
Researchers have found that people in the Southeast Asia region have 3 high rates of resistance to artemisinin-based(以青蒿素为基础的)combination therapies, which are considered the best ways to treat the most deadly of the four types of parasites that 4 malaria in humans. It's a problem without a clear fix, even though malaria deaths in those countries have continued to 5 , he said.
The cases represent only a tiny portion of malaria cases worldwide, but nevertheless require "more attention because history has taught us what happens if these cases get out of control," Newman said. Keeping drug resistance from 6 Africa is also critical, he added.
The transmission of malaria across borders could be a factor. Insufficient regulation and inappropriate use of drugs also 7 , Newman said, giving the example of patients who stop using the medication after a few days because they start to feel better. Substandard or counterfeit(假冒的)medicines may play a role because they contain enough of the right 8 to kill some of the infectious parasites, but not enough to kill other bad strains.
Drug resistance was a small but 9 part of the World Health Organization's 2013 World Malaria Report. Global leaders in combating malaria identified problems in testing and reporting accurate estimates, but said that a lack of funding was the single greatest threat to 10 eradicating malaria.
A)accurately E)decline I)ingredients M)resistance
B)appropriate F)director J)patients N)surprisingly
C)cause G)eventually K)perplexing O)treating
D)contribute H)experts L)reaching
长难句点睛
[名词]director主任,主管 experts专家 ingredients成分,原料 patients病人 resistance反抗,抵制
[动词]cause引起,造成 contribute贡献;促成 decline下降;拒绝 reaching到达;达到 treating对待
[形容词]appropriate适当的 perplexing令人费解的
[副词]accurately精确地 eventually最终 surprisingly令人惊讶地
长难句点睛
1.Researchers have found that people in the Southeast Asia region have surprisingly high rates of resistance to artemisinin-based(以青蒿素为基础的)combination therapies, which are considered the best ways to treat the most deadly of the four types of parasites that cause malaria in humans. (Line 1, Para. 2)
[解析]此句为复合句,主干是Researchers have found,后面是that引导的宾语从句,作found的宾语。该宾语从句中含有which引导的非限制性定语从句,修饰combination therapies,该定语从句中嵌套着一个that引导的定语从句来修饰先行词parasites。
[译文]研究者发现,东南亚有异常高比例的居民对以青蒿素为基础的联合疗法出现了耐药性,而这种联合疗法被认为是控制引起人类疟疾的最致命的四种寄生虫的最佳方法。
2.The cases represent only a tiny portion of malaria cases worldwide, but nevertheless require "more attention because history has taught us what happens if these cases get out of control," Newman said. (Line 1, Para. 3)
[解析]此句主干是The cases represent...but...require...。其中because引导原因状语从句,而名词性从句what happens if these cases get out of control是taught的宾语,该宾语从句中嵌套着一个if引导的条件状语从句。
[译文]纽曼称,该地区疟疾病例仅占全球病例的很小一部分,尽管如此,仍然需要“更多的关注,因为历史给了我们教训,如果病情失控,后果不堪设想”。
3.Insufficient regulation and inappropriate use of drugs also contribute, Newman said, giving the example of patients who stop using the medication after a few days because they start to feel better. (Line 1, Para. 4)
[解析]此句中主句为Newman said。Insufficient regulation and inappropriate use of drugs also contribute是said的宾语从句。giving...是伴随状语,其逻辑主语是Newman,该伴随状语中who引导定语从句,修饰限定先行词patients,而because引导该定语从句中的原因状语从句。
[译文]纽曼称,管理不善和药物使用不规范同样阻碍了该地区的疟疾防治工作。他举了个例子,一些病人因为病情开始好转,服药才几天就停止了服药。
答案精解
1.H experts
[快速解题]名词辨义题。根据空格前的is confusing可以判断,此处需要填入一个名词作confuse的宾语。空格所在句子提到卫生组织领导者警告说东南亚部分地区出现小范围但持续上升的威胁,那里抗疟疾药耐药性令……困惑不解。备选名词中,只有experts和patients符合语境。但是,只令患者困惑不解的疾病称不上严重,只有连医学专家都感到困惑的疾病才是可怕的。因此,experts更符合语境,故选H。
2.F director
[快速解题]名词辨义题。根据空格前的定冠词the和空格后的介词短语of the World Health Organization's Global Malaria Program可以判断,此处需要填入一个名词,再由前面的said Robert Newman可知,此处是Robert Newman的同位语,表明其职位,备选词汇中只有director“主任,主管”表职位,故选F。
3.N surprisingly
[快速解题]副词辨义题。根据空格前的have和空格后的high rates可以判断,此处需要填入一个副词来修饰形容词high。空格所在句子提到,研究者发现东南亚地区对以青蒿素为基础的联合疗法的耐药性很高。备选词汇中只有surprisingly“令人惊讶地”符合语境,故选N。
4.C cause
[快速解题]动词辨义题。结合整个句子,根据空格前的that和空格后的malaria in humans可以判断,that引导了一个定语从句,修饰限定先行词parasites,定语从句中缺少谓语动词,故此处需要填入一个动词,根据上下文可知,此处是指引起人类疟疾的四种类型的寄生虫。备选词汇中只有cause“引起,造成”符合语境,故选C。
5.E decline
[快速解题]动词辨义题。根据空格前的have continued to可以判断,此处需要填入一个动词。第一段中提到malaria deaths,指出过去十年全球疟疾死亡人数持续下降,由此可判断,空格所在句子中所说的这四个国家的疟疾死亡人数也是持续下降的。备选词汇中只有decline“下降”符合语境,故选E。
6.L reaching
[快速解题]动词辨义题。根据空格前的keep...from可以判断,此处需要填入一个动词的现在分词形式。上文提到尽管抗疟疾药耐药性仅是东南亚小范围内的问题,但却需要更多的关注,以控制这种情况。空格所在句子是进一步的补充,指出同样关键的是防治这种耐药性扩散到非洲。备选词汇中只有reaching符合语境,故选L。
7.D contribute
[快速解题]动词辨义题。根据空格前的Insufficient regulation and inappropriate use of drugs also可以判断,该句缺少一个谓语动词,由于本段都是对客观事实的描述,因此动词用一般现在时。本段提到阻碍防治疟疾的几个影响因素,该空格所需动词应该和could be a factor,may play a role表示相同的意义,备选词汇中只有contribute“促成”与之关联,故选D。
8.I ingredients
[快速解题]名词辨义题。根据空格前的the right可以判断,此处需要填入一个名词。空格所在句子提到不合格药品和假药含有杀灭致病寄生虫的成分,备选词汇中只有ingredients“成分,原料”符合语境,故选I。
9.K perplexing
[快速解题]形容词辨义题。根据空格前的small but可以判断,此处需要填入一个形容词。空格所在句子提到耐药性是《2013年世界疟疾报告》中的一小部分问题。但是文章第一段提到anti-malaria drug resistance is confusing...,可见这个问题是难以解决的,备选词汇中只有perplexing“令人费解的”符合语境,故选K。
10.G eventually
[快速解题]副词辨义题。此处空格所在的句子结构完整,再根据空格后的eradicating malaria可以判断,此处需要填入一个副词修饰动词eradicate,而备选词汇中修饰动词“根除”的副词只有eventually“最终地”最为恰当,故选G。
重难点词汇
resistance[rɪˈzɪstəns] n. 抗力,抵抗力
epicenter[ˈepɪsentə(r)] n. 震中;中心
therapy[ˈθerəpi] n. 治疗,疗法
substandard[ˌsʌbˈstændəd] a. 不合规格的,低于标准的
strain[streɪn] n.(动植物等的)品种
eradicate[ɪˈrædɪkeɪt] v. 根除
全文译文
卫生组织官员担忧抗疟疾药耐药性
尽管过去十年全球疟疾死亡人数大幅下降,但是卫生部官员警告称东南亚部分地区出现了小范围却不断上升的威胁,这些地区抗疟疾药耐药性正令专家们一筹莫展。世界卫生组织全球疟疾规划署主任罗伯特·纽曼称,柬埔寨、缅甸、泰国和越南四国形成了“抗疟疾药耐药性中心”。
研究者发现东南亚有异常高比例的居民对以青蒿素为基础的联合疗法出现了耐药性,而这种联合疗法被认为是控制引起人类疟疾的最致命的四种寄生虫的最佳方法。纽曼称,尽管这四个国家的疟疾死亡人数在持续下降,但它们对抗疟疾药耐药性仍没有明确的解决方法。
纽曼称,该地区疟疾病例仅占全球病例的很小一部分,尽管如此,仍然需要“更多的关注,因为历史给了我们教训,如果疫情失控,后果不堪设想”。他补充说,避免非洲出现抗疟疾药耐药性也同样关键。
疟疾的跨国传播可能是一个原因。纽曼称,管理不善和药物使用不规范同样阻碍了该地区的疟疾防治工作。他举了个例子,一些病人因为病情开始好转,服药才几天就停止了服药。不合格药物或假药也可能是一个原因,因为这些药物含有的有效成分足够杀死部分致病寄生虫,但无法杀死其他致病寄生虫。
耐药性是世界卫生组织发布的《2013年世界疟疾报告》中的一小部分问题,但却令人一筹莫展。致力于抗击疟疾的全球领导者指出了检验和报告精确估计数据中存在的一些问题,但也指出,资金不足是最终根除疟疾的唯一最大威胁。