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In addition to the previously listed MCUs, there is a wide range of MCUs available from a number of manufacturers with different architectures. Some, like the Propeller MCU from Parallax with its multi-core architecture, are fairly unique, whereas most simply implement the usual single-core CPU architecture with a number of peripherals, RAM, and internal or external ROM.
Beyond physical chips, Altera (now Intel), Lattice Semiconductor, and Xilinx provide so-called soft cores, which are MCUs that are meant to be run on a FPGA chip, either as standalone components or as part of a larger design on that FPGA. These can also be targeted by C/C++ compilers.