注释
[1] Lionel Robbins, An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science, 2nd ed. (London: Macmillan and Co., 1935), 16.
[2] 参见贝克尔的《人类行为的经济学分析》（Gary S. Becker, The Economic Approach to Human Behavior, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976）。
[3] 同上。
[4] 例如，参见John H. Kagel, Raymond C. Battalio, Howard Rachlin and Leonard Green, "Demand Curves for Animal Consumers", Quarterly Journal of Economics 96, no. 1(Feb): 1—14。
[5] Martin Slater, Foreword to Edith T. Penrose, The Theory of the Growth of the Firm, 2nd ed, White Plains, N. Y. : M. E. Sharpe, 1980, ix.
[6] Frank H. Knight, The Ethics of Competition, 2nd ed, New York: Harper & Bros., 1936, 32.
[7] Frank Hahn, "General Equilibrium Theory", in The Crisis in Economic Theory, ed. Daniel Bell and Irving Kristol, New York: Basic Books, 1981, 131.
[8] 参见《社会成本问题》一文。
[9] Carl J. Dahlman, "The Problem of Externality", The Journal of Law and Economics 22, no. 1(April 1979): 148.
[10] 关于集市（fairs and market）、灰脚法庭的历史记载，参见Joseph G. Pease and Herbert Chitty, Pease and Chitty's Law of Markets and Fairs, 2nd ed. By Harold Parrish (London: C. Knight, 1958), 1—9: Palgrave's Dictionary of Political Economy (London: Macmillan & Co., 1894—1901), S. V. "Fairs and Markets", "Piepowder Court"。
[11] Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Vol. 1 ofThe Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith, ed. R. H. Campbell and A. S. Skinner, text ed. W. B. Todd(Oxford, 1976), 267.
[12] 与我对未来市场组织的分析相类似的一个分析，参见Lester G. Telser and Harlow N. Higinbotham, "Organized Futures Markets: Costs and Benefits", Journal of Political Economy 85, no. 5（1997）: 969。
[13] R. H. Coase, "The Federal Communications Commission", The Journal of Law and Economics(October 1959): 1—40.
[14] 参见Edmund W. Kitch, ed., "The Fire of Truth: A Remembrance of Law and Economics at Chicago, 1932—1970, ”The Journal of Law and Economics 26, no. 1（April 1983）: 220—222。
[15] 参见《社会成本问题》，101。
[16] 参见《社会成本问题》，104。
[17] George J. Stigler, The Theory of Price, 3rd ed. (New York: Macmillan Co., 1966), 113.
[18] George J. Stigler, "The Law and Economics of Public Policy: A Plea to the Scholars", Journal of Legal Studies 1(1972): 12.
[19] Steven N. S. Cheung, Will China Go "Capitalist", 2nd ed., Hobart Paper 94(London: Institute of Economic Affairs, 1986), 37.
[20] H. Hotelling, "The General Welfare in Relation to Problens of Taxation and of Railway and Utility Rates", Econometrica 6(July 1938): 242—269.
[21] A. Lerner, The Economics of Control(New York: Macmillan Co., 1944).
[22] J. E. Meade and J. M. Fleming, "Price and Output Policy of State Enterprise", Economic Journal 54(December 1944): 321—339.
[23] 参见R. H. Coase, "The Theory of Public Utility Pricing and its Application," The Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science 1, no. 1（Spring 1970）: 113—123，对这些和其他经济学家对边际成本定价的讨论做了一个解释。
[24] Paul A. Samuelson, Economics: An Introductory Analysis, 6th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964), 462.
[25] Tom Wilson, "Price and Output Policy of State Enterprise: A Comment", Economic Journal 55(1945): 254—261.
[26] A. C. Pigou, The Economics of Welfare, 5th ed. (London: Macmillan & Co., 1952), 329—335.
[27] 同上，331。
[28] 同上，332。
[29] 同上，333。
[30] 同上，333。
[31] 同上，334。
[32] 同上，335。
[33] Austin Robinson, "Arthur Cecil Pigou", International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences，vol. 12（Macmillan Co．and Free Press, 1968），92，94．我有庇古对Edward W. Bemis的Municipal Monopolies（4th ed., Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., 1904）的复印本，在《福利经济学》的第20章（政府当局的干预）、第21章（垄断的政府管制）和第22章（产业的国有化）中有六处引用了该书。我将把这本书存放于芝加哥大学Regenstein图书馆的特别收藏馆中。对庇古的标记和评论的研究会显示出庇古的研究风格。
[34] Paul A. Samuelson, Foundations of Economic Analysis(Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1947), 208.
[35] 我印象中，“外部性”这个术语最早出现在萨缪尔森发表在Economic Journal（September 1958, 539—541）上的对de Graaf的Theoretical Welfare Economics的评论中，还有他发表在The Review of Economics and Statistics（Novermber 1958：332—338）的文章“Aspects of Public Expenditure Theories”中，这篇文章是对他1955年12月所发表的一篇研究论文的些微修正。
[36] Frank Hahn, "Reflections on the Invisible Hand", Lloyds Bank Review(April 1982): 7—8．这篇文章在哈恩的《均衡与宏观经济学》(Hahn, Equilibrium and Macroeconomics, Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1984, 111—133)中被重印。
[37] 参见D. North and J. Wallis, "Measuring the Size of Transaction Sector in the American Economy, 1870—1970", in Long Term Factors in American Economic Growth, edited by S. engerman and R. Gallman, Studies on Income and Wealth, vol. 51 (National Bureau of Economic Research, 1987), 95—148。
[38] James E. Meade, "External Economies and Diseconomies in a Competitive Stituation", The Economic Journal 62（March 1952）：54—67．一个关于美国养蜂人工作的制度背景（包括养蜂人与农作物种植者之间的合约安排）的有趣说明，是David B. Johnson的“Meade, Bees and Externalities", The Journal of Law and Economics 16, no. 1（April 1973）：35—52；一个更详细的关于这些合约安排的分析是张五常的《蜜蜂的寓言》（Steven N. S. Cheung, "The Fable of the Bees: An Economic Investigation, "The Journal of Law and Economics 16, no. 1, April 1973: 11—33）。在这个分析中，张五常令人信服地证明在合约安排下的市场的有效性。米德的案例为我们提供了一个关于经济学家研究问题惯例的实证：他们常常对理论发现给出描述，但从来没认识到需要调查他们所说的与真实世界是否一致。
(1) "The Firm, the Market, and the Law"．本篇由罗君丽翻译。
(2) 英国伦敦西南部的一个地区。——译者注
(3) 灰脚法庭（court of piepowder）是中世纪欧洲独特的法律体系。——译者注