第6章 Climate Abnormality气候异常
气候异常是相对气候正常而言的。所谓气候正常，是指气候的变化接近于多年的平均状况，比较合于常规和较适宜于人类的活动和农业生产。异常：是不经常出现的，如奇冷、奇热、严重干旱、特大暴雨、严重冰雹、特强台风等。它对人类的活动和农业生产有着严重的影响。
What is climate abnormality
什么是气候异常
Climate change is a long-term change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods of time that range from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in the average weather conditions, or in a change of the distribution of events around that average (e.g., more or fewer extreme weather events). Climate change may be limited to a specific region, or may occur across the whole Earth.
Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of Earth's near-surface air and oceans since the mid-20th century and its projected continuation. According to the 2007 Fourth Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), global surface temperature increased by 0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) during the 20th century. Most of the observed temperature increase since the middle of the 20th century has been caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, which result from human activities such as the burning of fossil fuel and deforestation. Global dimming, a reduction of sunlight reaching the surface as a result of increasing atmospheric concentrations of human-made particulates, has partially countered the effects of warming induced by greenhouse gases.
El Nino is defined by prolonged differences in Pacific Ocean surface temperatures when compared with the average value. The accepted definition is a warming or cooling of at least 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) averaged over the east-central tropical Pacific Ocean. Typically, this anomaly happens at irregular intervals of 2–7 years and lasts nine months to two years. The average period length is 5 years. When this warming or cooling occurs for only seven to nine months, it is classified as El Nino/La Nina “conditions”; when it occurs for more than that period, it is classified as El Nino/La Nina “episodes”.
La Nina, sometimes informally called “anti-El Nino”, is the opposite of El Nino, where the latter corresponds instead to a higher sea surface temperature by a deviation of at least 0.5 °C, and its effects are often the reverse of those of El Nino. El Nino is famous due to its potentially catastrophic impact on the weather along with the Chilean, Peruvian and Australian coasts, among others. La Nina is often preceded by a strong El Nino.
气候异常（climate abnormality）通常包括全球变暖（global warming），厄尔尼诺（El Nino）和拉尼娜（La Nina）现象。全球变暖的范围是全球性的，是温室效应（green house effect）的一种表现，会引起海平面上升（sea level rise）或是世界经济结构（economic structure）变化等问题。全球变暖有自然原因也有人为原因。
厄尔尼诺现象是指赤道（the equator）附近太平洋（the pacific ocean）东部热带海域的海水温度异常升温，导致全球气候模式发生变化的一种异常气候现象。表现为太平洋两岸的气温和降水（precipitation）异常，它会引发地球上局部地区干旱（drought）异常，局部地区却暴雨（rain storm）洪涝（flood）。
拉尼娜是指赤道太平洋东部和中部海面温度持续异常偏冷的现象（与厄尔尼诺现象正好相反），也称为“反厄尔尼诺”或“冷事件”。
Key words & Sentences
关键词句全知道
The seldom-seen floods that hit China this past summer were caused mainly by abnormal climate, as well as damages of the ecological environment.
今年中国遭受罕见洪水灾害，主要原因是气候异常，普降暴雨，同时也与生态环境遭受破坏有关。
A series of current environmental issues have drawn the concern of governments and people worldwide, such as sharp decrease of global forest areas and subsequent global climate change, land desertification, soil erosion, frequent occurrence of natural disasters, and decline in biodiversity.
当今，森林在全球范围内的锐减和由此引发的全球气候异常、土地荒漠化和水土流失、自然灾害频繁、生物多样性减少等一系列环境问题，已经引起各国政府和全世界人民的关注。
An unusually good summer created a buyer's market in tomatoes.
夏季气候异常好，番茄产量高，造成买方市场。
Because of the unseasonably mild weather conditions caused by the warm wind that swept the Swiss mountains from the south, some events were disrupted and the10, 000 m speed skating race was canceled altogether.
由于来自南方的暖风横扫瑞士山区，造成气候异常温和，因此一些项目被迫中断，而一万米速滑索性被取消了。
Soon and Baliunas also take issue with the IPCC by contending that the 20th century saw no unique patterns: they found few climatic anomalies in the proxy records.
宋恩及巴留纳斯也与IPCC的看法相左，他们声称20世纪的气候形态并无特殊之处：他们在代表物记录当中，没有发现什么气候异常的征兆。
This is rare occurrence of climate abnormality and water flood.
但是在我们这里，气候很少发生异常，河水极少泛滥。
Before the earthquake some abnormality in the weather was observed.
地震以前，人们观察到了一些气候异常。
There is climate abnormality in the northern South China Sea during 1986 to 1987.
1986到1987年期间南海北部气候异常。
Sea temperature abnormality is a very important factor to the climate abnormality of 10-20 km high and its effect comes up to 9% of total anomaly variations.
海温场异常是北半球10-20km高空气候异常变化十分重要的影响因子，其影响程度达到总的异常变化的9%。
Climate impacts of the basin-scale and local-scale oscillations of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation (THC) are identified by using Bergen Climate Model (BCM).
全球海气耦合模式——卑尔根气候模式的积分结果，揭示了与大西洋热盐环流 （THC）年代际和年际振荡相对应的气候异常型。
Let's Talk！
开始交流吧！
Lennon: Some famous scenic spots in the world will disappear, do you know?
列侬：世界上有快要消失的著名景点，你知道吗？
Leo: Why will they disappear?
雷奥：什么原因导致这些景点会消失呢？
Lennon: The main reason is the climate.
列侬：大部分是因为气候原因。
Leo: Where are they?
雷奥：都在哪里呢？
Lennon: The Antarctica. Muller and Larsen are cracking and melting at an unprecedented speed.
列侬：南极洲。穆勒冰架和拉森冰架正在以前所未有的速度崩裂和消融。
Leo: The influences of Climate Warming are out of expectations!
雷奥：没想到气候变暖有这么巨大的影响啊！
Lennon: There is only a sand dike between Venice of Italy and Adriatic Sea .The recharging of seawater is threatening.
列侬：意大利威尼斯与亚得里亚海仅有一道沙堤相隔，海水回灌现象正威胁着它的存亡。
Leo: Venice is a characteristic city. It would be a pity if it disappeared.
雷奥：威尼斯是一座很有特点的城市。如果真的消失那就太可惜了。
Lennon: And the Great Barrier Reef in Australia .The experts said that 95% coral reef would be killed by 2050.
列侬：还有澳大利亚大堡礁。专家预言，到2050年95%的活珊瑚礁将被杀死。
Leo: Our offspring won't enjoy these dramatic sceneries, what a pity!
雷奥：我们的后代再也看不到那些美妙的景色，实在是一种遗憾啊！
Lennon: Along with the development of global economy, the whole world is nagged by the phenomenon of climate abnormality.
列侬：随着世界经济的发展，地球逐渐被气候异常的现象困扰。
Leo: Apart from the greenhouse effect, is there any other phenomenon of climate abnormality?
雷奥：除了温室效应，还有那些气候异常的表现呢？
Lennon: Such as El Nino.
列侬：比如厄尔尼诺。
Leo: However, nowadays all countries is paying more attention to this phenomenon, and I believe that this crisis must be relieved gradually in the future.
雷奥：不过现在世界各国对于气候异常的现象越来越关注了，相信未来这种危机会逐渐得到缓解。
Lennon: I think it's a hard task that need a long time.
列侬：我认为这是一项长期而艰巨的任务。