07 Labor Markets: Glad to Be Grey
Young people always suffer in recessions. Employers stop 1 them; and they often get rid of new recruits because they are easier to sack. But during the 2 recessions in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, older workers also got fired. This time is different. During the financial crisis in 2008, and since, older people have done better than other age groups.
The researchers 3 on movements in "non-employment" as a share of the total population in three age groups between the final quarters of 2007 and 2012. Whereas the average non-employment rate in the OECD(经济合作与发展组织)countries has risen by 4% among young people and by 1.5% among 25-to 54-year-olds, it has 4 by 2% among the 55-64 age group.
Why have older employees done so well? Maybe the job protection mechanism has played its role, but what has really changed is that firms now 5 the full costs of getting rid of older staff.
Nowadays, older workers are healthier than they used to be and work is less 6 demanding. They are also more 7 to employers than prior generations for they have received better education.
Old workers now also have a sharper 8 to stay in employment because of the impact of the crisis on wealth. Many will argue that older workers have done better at the 9 of the young. This is wrongheaded(执迷不悟的). First, it is a false belief that a job gained for one person is a job lost for another. Second, young and old people are by and large not substitute in the workplace. They do different types of work in different types of 10 . There are plenty of things that can help the young jobless, but shunting(避开)older workers out of the workplace is not one of them.
A)attractive E)expense I)incentive M)productive
B)bear F)fallen J)occupation N)profitably
C)charge G)focus K)physically O)sector
D)energetically H)hiring L)previous
选项分析
[名词]charge费用 expense代价;花费 incentive动机 occupation职业 sector部门
[动词]bear承担;忍受 fallen下降 focus集中 hiring雇用
[形容词]attractive有吸引力的 previous先前的 productive多产的
[副词]energetically精力充沛地 physically身体上地 profitably有利地
长难句点睛
Maybe the job protection mechanism has played its role, but what has really changed is that firms now bear the full costs of getting rid of older staff. (Line 1, Para. 3)
[解析]整个句子为but连接的并列句,理解该句的难点在于but后面的一个分句。该分句中,主语为what引导的主语从句, that firms now...为表语从句。get rid of为固定搭配,意为“摆脱”,此处语境下意为“解雇”。
[译文]也许工作保障机制发挥了作用,但真正改变的是:公司现在得承担解雇老年员工的全部费用。
答案精解
1.H hiring
[快速解题]动词辨义题。根据空格前的动词stop和空格后的代词them可以判断,此处需要填入一个动名词,构成stop doing sth.结构,意为“停止做某事”。备选词汇中只有hiring“雇用”符合此处语境,故选H。
2.L previous
[快速解题]形容词辨义题。根据空格前的定冠词the和空格后的名词recessions可以判断,此处需要填入一个形容词修饰recessions。备选词汇中attractive“有吸引力的”和productive“多产的”均不能修饰“经济衰退”,只有previous“先前的”符合此处语境,故选L。
3.G focus
[快速解题]动词辨义题。空格所在的句子缺少谓语动词,再由空格后的介词on可以判断,此处需要填入一个动词,且该动词后面须能接介词on。备选词汇中只有focus“集中”符合此处语境。focus on为固定用法,意为“集中注意力于……,重点关注……”,故选G。
4.F fallen
[快速解题]动词辨义题。根据空格前的it has和空格后的by 2%可以判断,此处需要填入一个动词的过去分词形式,且该动词需能够表示与数据变化相关的动作。备选词汇中只有fallen“下降”符合此处语境,故选F。
5.B bear
[快速解题]动词辨义题。此处空格位于that引导的从句中,该从句中缺少谓语动词,从句的主语为firms。再由空格前的now一词可以判断,此处需要填入一个原形动词。备选词汇中只有bear“承担;忍受”符合语境,bear the full costs of...意为“承担……的全部费用”,故选B。
6.K physically
[快速解题]副词辨义题。空格位于由and连接的一个并列分句中,该分句中并不缺少任何成分,由空格前的is less和空格后的形容词demanding可以判断,此处需要填入一个副词修饰demanding“要求高的”。由于该句前半句中提到了现在老年人的身体比以往更加健康,由此不难推知此处分句是承接前文,说明工作对于人的身体的要求有所下降。备选词汇中physically“身体上地”最符合此处语境,故选K。
7.A attractive
[快速解题]形容词辨义题。根据空格前的are also more和空格后的to employers可以判断,此处需要填入一个形容词,与more一起构成形容词的比较级。备选词汇中productive意为“富有成效的,多产的”,填入此处空格语义不通,故排除。attractive意为“有吸引力的”,符合此处语境。be more attractive to sb.意为“对某人来说更有吸引力”,故选A。
8.I incentive
[快速解题]名词辨义题。根据空格前的have a sharper和空格后的不定式短语可以判断,此处需要填入一个可数名词的单数形式。备选词汇中能够被sharper修饰的只有incentive“动机”,a sharper incentive意为“更加强烈的动机”,故选I。
9.E expense
[快速解题]名词辨义题。根据空格前的at the和空格后的介词of可以判断,此处需要填入一个名词。后文中紧接着指出该句的观点错误,随后详细说明了老年人就业并不会影响年轻人就业,由此可以判断,该句想要表达的是与后文表述相反的观点,即:许多人会认为老年人就业表现变好是以损害年轻人的利益为代价。备选词汇中expense“代价;花费”最符合此处语境,at the expense of等于at the cost of,意为“以……为代价”,故选E。
10.J occupation
[快速解题]名词辨义题。根据空格前的do different types of work in different types of可以判断,此处需要填入一个名词,且该名词需与work“工作”相关。备选词汇中只有occupation“职业”符合此处语境,故选J。
重难点词汇
recession[rɪˈseʃn] n. 经济衰退,不景气
recruit[rɪˈkruːt] n.新成员 v. 招募
sack[sæk] v. 解雇
whereas[ˌweərˈæz] conj. 然而
mechanism[ˈmekənɪzəm] n. 机制
demanding[dɪˈmɑːndɪŋ] a. 要求高的
substitute[ˈsʌbstɪtjuːt] n. 替代者 v. 代替
全文译文
劳动力市场:乐于变老
年轻人总是经济衰退期的受害群体。用人单位不再雇用他们,而他们也经常在被新录用不久即被解雇,因为解雇他们要更为容易。然而先前发生在20世纪70、80和90年代的经济危机中,老年人同样遭遇解雇。但这次不同了。在2008年的金融危机中,而且是从那之后,老年人的就业表现就胜过其他年龄段群体。
研究人员重点关注的是2007年第四季度到2012年期间三个年龄段失业人口占总人口的百分比变动。在经济合作与发展组织的成员国中,年轻人平均失业率上升了4%,25~54岁年龄段的平均失业率上升了1.5%,而55~64岁年龄段的则下降了2%。
为何老年人就业表现如此之好?也许工作保障机制发挥了作用,但真正改变的是:公司现在得承担解雇老年员工的全部费用。
现在,老年人比过去更加健康,而工作对体力的要求也有所降低。并且他们接受过更好的教育,因此他们比前几代人更受用人单位的青睐。
由于经济危机对财富造成的影响,当代老年人持续工作的动机也变强了。许多人会认为老年人就业表现变好是以损害年轻人的利益为代价,他们这是执迷不悟。首先,一个人就业意味着另一个人失业是一个错误的观点。其次,年轻人和老年人大体上不会相互取代。他们在不同的行业从事着不同的工作。有很多有助于解决年轻人失业问题的办法,但是让老年人离开工作岗位并不在其列。