Notes

[1] Customarily, casting, forging, welding etc. are referred to as forming processes which generally use molds, dies or other tooling to force the molten metal or metal blanks shaped into final parts. Machining (including turning, milling, shaping, grinding and drilling etc.), however, means remove the unwanted material from the blank surface in the form of chips with cutting tools or other physical and chemical means.

句意：人们习惯上将铸、锻、焊称为成形加工。这种工艺通常要采用模具和某些工艺装备迫使熔融金属或者毛坯成形为最终零件。而机械加工（包括车削、铣削、磨削和钻削等）是采用刀具或其他物理、化学手段将毛坯表面不需要的部分以切屑的形式去除掉。

[2] The sequences involved in investment casting are shown in Fig. 3.2 The pattern is made by injecting molten wax or plastic into a metal die in the shape of the pattern. The pattern is then dipped into a slurry of refractory material such as very fine silica and binders, including water, ethyl silicate, and acids. After this initial coating has dried, the pattern is coated repeatedly to increase its thickness.

句意：熔模铸造的操作工序如图3.2所示。母模是通过将熔融的蜡或塑料注入金属模具中成形的。然后，将其浸入由耐火材料如微细石英粉和包含有水、硅酸乙酯和酸的黏合剂组成的浆料中。当这层初始涂挂材料干燥后，蜡模再经多次涂覆耐火浆料使涂层达到一定厚度。

[3] The expendable-pattern casting process uses a polystyrene pattern, which evaporates upon contact with molten metal to form a cavity for the casting. The process is also known as evaporative-pattern or lost-pattern casting, and under the trade name Full-Mold process.

句意：发泡模铸造采用（膨胀发泡的）聚苯乙烯作为母模，这种聚苯乙烯被熔融金属气化后在模型中留下一个型腔来生产铸件。因此，该工艺又称为气化模或消失模铸造，其商业名称又称为实型铸造。

[4] In destructive testing, test specimens are removed from various sections of a casting to test for strength, ductility, and other mechanical properties, and to determine the presence and location of porosity and any other defects.

句意：在破坏性试验中，试样从铸件的各个断面取得并进行强度、延展性及其他机械性能的检测，从而确定产生缩松和其他任何缺陷的位置所在。