第二章
汉英法律翻译原则与翻译单位
第一节 传统法律文本翻译原则
规范性法律文本翻译的总体原则是法律对等。所谓法律对等,即在翻译过程中以保持法律概念、法律规范、法律传统、法律效力与法律效果等法律因素的对等为首要考虑因素,而将语言方面的对等作为次要考虑因素。当然,这并不是说语言因素不重要:如果法律词汇和术语等基本语言因素的对等都无法保障,又谈何法律对等?实际上,语言对等是实现法律对等的前提条件。立法文本翻译的法律对等是一个抽象的原则,其实现必然在语言层次上操作,因而要坚持翻译的准确与精确原则、一致与同一原则、简洁清晰原则、使用术语与专业表达原则以及套用法律套语原则。翻译的第一步一般是先分析原文的句子结构,以便更好地进行翻译工作。无论是人工翻译还是计算机辅助翻译,首要步骤都是分析句子结构,以下列句子为例:
原文为:
(1) 如买方所订船只到达装港后,卖方不能按买方所通知的时间如期装船时,则空舱费及滞期费等一切费用和后果均由卖方负担。(2) 如船只因临时撤换、延期或退关等情况而未能及时通知卖方停止发货者,在装港发生的栈租及保险费损失的计算,应以代理通知之装船日期(如货物晚于船代理通知之装船日期抵达装港,应以货物抵港日期)为准,在港口免费堆存期满后第16天起应由买方负担,人力不可抗拒的情况除外。(3) 但卖方仍负有载货船只到达装港后立即将货物装船之义务并担负费用及风险。(4) 前述各有关费用均凭原始单据核实支付。(《国际货物买卖合同》,2011年)
上述条款有四个句子,每个句子可拆分为以下成分:
(1)
(a) 费用和后果(subject of the main clause)
(b) 由……负担(passive predicate)
(c) 空舱费及滞期费等(adjective qualifier)
(d)如……(adverbial of condition)
卖方(subject of the clause)
不能装船(predicate)
船只到达……后(adverbial of time)
(2)
(a) 计算(subject of the main clause)
(b) 以……为准(passive predicate)
(c) 由……负担(passive predicate)
(d) 栈租及保险费损失(adjective qualifier)
(e) 在装港发生的(adjective qualifier)
(f) 如……晚于(adverbial of condition)
(g) 如……(adverbial of condition)
船只(subject of the clause)
撤换、延期或退关(passive predicate)
卖方(subject of passive voice verb)
通知(passive predicate)
在……后第……天(adverbial of time)
除外(adverbial of condition)
(3)
(a) 卖方(subject of the sentence)
(b) 负有……之义务,并担负……(predicate)
(c) 船只(subject of the clause)
(d) 到达(predicate of the clause)
(e) ……后(adverbial of time)
(4)
(a) 费用(subject of the sentence)
(b) 核实支付(passive predicate)
(c) 凭……(adverbial)
汉语和英语的句法结构非常不同,翻译时应注意选用英语的词语和句型结构,避免逐字翻译。而英语并非汉语译者的母语,汉英在翻译时比英汉更具难度(本节主要探讨汉英人工翻译句子分析的原则和技巧,故例句均为汉英翻译),应该综合利用各种翻译技巧。试比较以上汉语法律条款的英译文:
Should the Sellers fail to load the goods within the time as notified by the Buyers, on board the vessel booked by the Buyers after its arrival at the port of shipment, all expenses such as dead freight, demurrage, etc.,and consequences thereof shall be borne by the Sellers. Should the vessel be withdrawn or replaced or delayed eventually or the cargo be shut out etc., and the Sellers are not informed in good time to stop delivery, the calculation of loss for storage expenses and insurance premium thus sustained at the loading port shall be based on the loading date notified by the agent to the Sellers (or based on the date of the arrival of the cargo at the loading port in case the cargo should arrive there later than the notified loading date). The above⁃mentioned loss to be calculated from the 16th day after expiry of the free storage time at port shall be borne by the Buyers with the exception of Force Majeure. However, the Sellers shall undertake to load the cargo immediately upon the carrying vessel's arrival at the loading port at their own risks and expenses. The payment of the aforesaid expenses shall be effected against presentation of the original vouchers after being checked.
又如,原文为:
(1) 精神病人在不能辨认或者不能控制自己行为的时候造成危害结果,经法定程序鉴定确认的,不负刑事责任。(2) 但是应当责令他的家属或者监护人严加看管和医疗;在必要的时候,由政府强制医疗。(3) 间歇性的精神病人在精神正常的时候犯罪,应当负刑事责任。……(4) 醉酒的人犯罪,应当负刑事责任。(《中华人民共和国刑法》第十八条)
上述条款有四个句子,下面来分析每个句子的组成成分:
(1) 精神病人(subject of the sentence)
不负……责任(predicate)
在……时候(adverbial of time)
不能……(predicate of adverbial clause)
造成……(predicate of the clause)
(2) 家属或者监护人(subject of passive voice)
责令……(passive predicate)
严加看管和医疗(complement)
(3) 精神病人(subject of the sentence)
间歇性的(attribute of the subject)
应当负……责任(predicate)
在……时候(adverbial of time)
犯罪(predicate of the clause)
(4) 醉酒的人(subject of the sentence)
应当负……责任(predicate)
以上汉语法律条款的英译文为:
A mentally ill person who causes dangerous consequences at a time when he is unable to recognize or unable to control his own conduct is not to bear criminal responsibility after being established through accreditation of legal procedures; but his family or guardian shall be ordered to subject him to strict surveillance and arrange for his medical treatment. When necessary, he will be given compulsory medical treatment by the government. A person whose mental illness is of an intermittent nature shall bear criminal responsibility if he commits a crime during a period of mental normality... An intoxicated person who commits a crime shall bear criminal responsibility. (5)