1.4 量化投资在中国:机遇和挑战并存
关于量化投资在中国的适用性问题,我们的基本看法是,量化投资尤其是基于基本面的量化投资,在中国既存在机遇也存在不少挑战。
就机遇方面而言,由于中国A股市场目前仍然是散户居多,存在大量的噪声投资者,这些噪声投资者的存在使得市场处于较长期的无效状态,价格修正要比在成熟市场花更长的时间,这时基本面量化投资者或价值投资者就可以利用这个机会,开发基于价值的投资模型,从市场获利。事实上,量化投资在中国正处于蓬勃发展期。截至2016年第三季度,A股市场量化对冲产品的规模已超过2500亿元,在普通权益投资中占比8.4%(2012年占比为2.2%)。可以看出,量化产品占比逐年上升,但仍处于较低的水平,未来仍有很大的发展空间。[20]
就挑战方面而言,第一,由于中国资本市场的机构投资者相对较少、市场深度较浅,因此套利成本较高。在这种情况下,股票价值和基本面的相关性与发达市场相比较低,从而制约了价值投资者的获利空间。第二,基本面量化采用的交易策略是分析研究历史数据得到的,是对历史规律的总结,其基本假设为之前的规则在未来是不变的,因此可以通过相同的方法在未来获取超额收益。但这种假设在新兴资本市场时常会受到冲击,政策变化、交易规则变动都可能破坏之前的规则,这时采用量化投资方法的投资者就会感到无所适从。第三,在新兴资本市场,量化和对冲工具相对缺乏或者成本很高,使得价格长期无法回归价值,这对量化投资者的挑战性更大。
总而言之,中国资本市场既存在显著的套利机会,也存在显著的套利成本。我们相信,随着中国资本市场的逐步完善,套利成本会逐渐减少,量化投资者对套利机会的捕捉会使得市场更有效率,而基于基本面的量化投资也将在中国得到越来越广泛的应用。
本章小结
本章主要介绍从价值投资走向基本面量化投资的思路。噪声投资者模型表明,股票市场中由于存在套利成本和噪声投资者,“没有免费的午餐”并不等于“价格正确”。面对错误定价带来的投资机会,学界和业界的分析思路高度一致:寻找“廉价”且高质量的股票——这就是价值投资的精髓。价值投资离不开基本面分析,而对更高效地使用基本面信息的追求,驱使着投资策略开发者寻求更简洁的方式处理更繁杂的信息——这就是从价值投资走向基本面量化投资的初衷。
思考与讨论
1.根据席勒的观点,当引入噪声投资者以后,价值和价格之间为什么会产生偏离?
2.价值投资的两个关键要素是什么?来自学界和业界的成功经验有哪些?
3.如何理解价值投资与基于基本面的量化投资的关系?
4.基于基本面的量化投资在中国存在哪些机遇和挑战?
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