珠海、澳门与近代中西文化交流:“首届珠澳文化论坛”论文集
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五 结语

英国东印度公司的董事会在意的是商业利益,对于传播西方医学来华并没有太大兴趣或主动作为,因此在广州商馆热切期盼送何鲁到伦敦手术,以便向华人展现英国进步的医学时,董事会的响应仅是有些勉强地“不反对”(“have no object”);他们对于皮尔逊和郭雷枢在本分以外的慈善工作也无动于衷,因此拒绝在退休年金上给予适当的回报等。尽管如此,不能否认的是,董事会在19世纪初决定禁止广州商馆医生兼营商业,不但让商馆医生从此专心于本业,也是促成他们进一步积极引介西医来华的一项关键因素。

相对于董事会的消极被动,公司派驻印度与中国等地的各级人员,虽说不到热衷的程度,至少是具有相当积极的意愿进行其事。从印度大总督以下致力于传播牛痘来华,而且还一再地尝试;在广州商馆方面,历任大班无一例外地总是赞助商馆医生的行动,或者为他们的行事与福利向董事会美言争取;至于19世纪初的商馆医生,皮尔逊和郭雷枢两人固然热忱地以自己的专业免费施用于华人,即使是本文较少着墨的李文斯顿,同样在业余关怀华人,参与皮尔逊的推广牛痘接种,有时一星期接种多达500名华人。[141]不过,李文斯顿下了较多工夫调查中国的医药疾病和自然博物,并撰文多篇向西方报道介绍,[142]他在中西文化交流中从事的是和皮尔逊与郭雷枢不同的工作。

东印度公司在印度与中国各地的人员引介西医来华的积极态度与慈善作为,显示了一般人对他们唯利是图的刻板印象并不尽妥当。不过,如果将他们引介西医的行为,解读为完全出于对华人的慈善之心,则不免是一厢情愿与过甚其词了。他们的善意无可怀疑,但他们同时也是基于英国和东印度公司国家与商业的双重利益,期望借着展现西方近代医学的进步与成就,让中国人改变对他们的印象,从而改善双方的关系,包括得以比较顺利地进行商业活动。如前文所述,印度大总督韦斯利相信,引介牛痘至华对于东印度公司和英国都有重要的正面利益;而广州商馆决定送何鲁到伦敦手术时,考虑的重点也是此举有助于提升东印度公司在中国的形象;至于郭雷枢则说得更为清楚,他免费为华人治病,既是为了行善而行善,也有感于此举可以提高他自己和东印度公司在华人中的声誉。[143]

在引介牛痘接种、筹设船员医院,及治疗疾病等三项医学活动中,牛痘接种和治疗疾病都以华人为对象,也很快得到中国人民的接受与合作,并一定程度地获得政府官员的同意或默许。而不以华人为对象的船员医院,虽先后经商馆大班、商务监督与英商积极进行筹设,却难以获得中国政府的认同而终告失败。这种情况显示,医学的国际传播绝不只是医学专业的问题而已,牵涉所及的还有传与受双方的政治、社会、商业,甚至心理等许多因素的彼此交互作用,到了基督教传教士接替东印度公司医生成为在华传播西医的重要动力时,又加上了宗教的因素。


[1] 苏精,台湾清华大学人文及社会研究中心研究员、历史研究所兼职教授。

[2] 陈垣:《陈垣早年文集》,台北,“中研院”中国文哲研究所筹备处,1992,第217~224页。

[3] K.Chimin Wong and Wu Lien-The,History of Chinese Medicine,Shanghai:National Quarantine Service,1936,2nd edition,New York:AMS Press,1973,reprint.

[4] 近年的相关论著如张嘉凤《十九世纪初牛痘的在地化——以〈英吉利国新出种痘奇书〉、〈西洋种痘论〉与〈引痘略〉为讨论中心》,台北,《中央研究院历史语言研究所集刊》第78本第4分,第755~812页;董少新《牛痘入华:一项由多国多人共同完成的技术交流》,澳门《文化杂志》第65期,第67~78页;Angela Ki Che Leung,“The Business of Vaccination in Nineteenth-Century Canton”,Late Imperial China,29:1(June 2008),pp.7-39.

[5] Hosea Ballou Morse,The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China,1635-1834,Cambridge:Harvard University Press,1926.

[6] Wong and Wu,History of Chinese Medicine,p.302.

[7] East India Company Factory Records[EIC]/G/12/16,pp.44-65,“Extract of a Letter from Captain Thomas Weddall dated on Board Ship Dragon off Cananore,29 January 1638”.

[8] EIC/G/12/48,pp.2-4,“15 June 1840”.

[9] Malcolm C.C.Seton,The India Office,London:G.P.Putnam’s Sons,1926,p.213.

[10] EIC/G/12/290,“Terms and Conditions for Hiring,for One Voyage to and from China,Ships of the Burthen of 950 Tons and upwards built for the Company’s Service[…],” no.13;Charles Hardy,A Register of Ships Employed in the Service of the Honorable the United East India Company,from the Year 1760 to 1810,London:Black,Parry and Kingsbury,1811,Appendix,p.118,“Regulations,Respecting the Qualifications of Surgeons and Surgeon’s Mates.”

[11] 此种实例参见EIC/G/12/82,pp.928-929,“25 November 1786”;G/12/103,pp.133,162-164,“22 & 29 November 1792”.

[12] EIC/G/12/131,pp.20-42,“9-18 August 1800”.

[13] 商馆医生有时称为首席医生(first surgeon),助理医生有时称为第二医生(second surgeon)。在一份《1801年东印度新手册》(Robert Hudson,The New East India Calendar for 1801,London:Printed for J.Deerett,1801)的广州商馆名录中,医生栏内有J.Campbell,但本文作者在商馆档案及相关名录中,均未能找到其人资料,暂不计入。

[14] 广州商馆呈报雇用柯克斯的信函中,说明他是当时在广州开业的医生,将只在每年贸易季广州商馆人员在当地期间担任助理医生职务,因此薪水也只是正式助理医生一半的500英镑(EIC/G/12/282,no page,“15 December 1832:Letter to the Honorable Court of the Directors,para.5.”)。但董事会对柯克斯不太满意,因为他原来是获准经中国到印度,不料却在中国定居并和美国人合伙开业,后来董事会因为他只支领半薪而予同意(EIC/R/10/62,“6 March 1833”;“15 May 1833”.)。

[15] EIC/G/12/73,p.143,“22 January 1783”;G/12/76,p.180,“17 December 1782”;G/12/77,p.153,“24 November 1783”.

[16] EIC/G/12/59,p.183,188,189,“20,21 & 24 November 1776”.

[17] EIC/G/12/88,p.874,“14 January 1788”.

[18] Warren R.Dawson,ed.,The Banks Letters(London:The British Museum,1958),pp.280-283.

[19] EIC/G/12/60,Canton Letter Book,nos.34,35,52;G/12/66,p.21,“14 October 1779”;p.188,“15 January 1780”.

[20] EIC/G/12/242,p.171,“31 August 1829”.

[21] EIC/G/12/66,p.16,“9 October 1779”.在此后数年的商馆档案中,还有大量的雷斯利和华商之间金钱纠纷的文件。关于这些金钱纠纷的简要描述,参见Paul A.van Dyke,The Canton Trade:Life and Enterprise on the China Coast,1700-1845,Hong Kong University Press,2005,pp.97-98。

[22] EIC/G/12/86,p.53,“29 August 1787,Letter from William Bruce to the Right Honorable Charles Earl Cornwallis,Governor General in Council,dated Fort William,16 April 1787”.

[23] Charles Mackinnon,Mr.Mackinnon’s Memorial to the Honorable Court of Directors of the Hon.East-India Company,London:Printed by Lewis and Roden,no date,p.11.

[24] EIC/G/12/79,p.171,“12 January 1784”.

[25] 关于麦金农发生的纠纷与冲突,在EIC/G/12/147和148两部分有连篇累牍的记载与函件;他调回英国后也印行一部为自己辩护的书Mr.Mackinnon’s Memorial to the Honorable Court of Directors of the Hon.East-India Company,多达176页。

[26] EIC/G/12/150,p.11,“3 March 1805”;G/12/181,p.66,“17 December 1812”.

[27] EIC/G/12/181,pp.66-69,“17 December 1812”.

[28] Ibid.,p.69.

[29] EIC/G/12/193,pp.14-16,“23 January 1815”.

[30] EIC/G/12/205,p.74,“11 December 1816”.

[31] EIC/G/12/205,p.100,“19 December 1816”.

[32] EIC/G/12/205,pp.75-77,“11 December 1816”;pp.101-102,“19 December 1816”.

[33] EIC/R/10/59,Company’s Letter to China,8 April 1818.

[34] EIC/G/12/160,pp.46-47,“1 December 1807”.

[35] EIC/G/12/229,pp.146-147,“16 December 1823”.

[36] EIC/R/10/59,Court’s General Letter,“12 April 1820”.

[37] 委托的个人或机构包含英国皇家学会会长班克斯、印度政府新建的加尔各答植物园(Botanical Garden in Calcutta),及孟买(Bombay)和马德拉斯(Madras)政府等。

[38] 最明显的是邓侃兄弟两人,他们经常为班克斯搜集中国植物花卉运往伦敦,却也先后请班克斯向公司董事会关说,提高他们的薪水与任用为商馆医生,结果也都如愿。参见W.R.Dawson,ed.,The Banks Letters,pp.282-284。

[39] O.P.Jaggi,Medicine in India:Modern Period,Oxford:Oxford University Press,2000,pp.144-146.

[40] EIC/G/12/144,pp.121-122,“2 August 1803”.

[41] EIC/G/144,pp.217-219,“2 October 1803”.

[42] 葛兰特未提书名,应该就是An Account of the Introduction of the Cow Pox into India,Bombay:Moraba Damotherjee,1803,有110页篇幅。

[43] EIC/G/12/144,p.225,“5 October 1803”.

[44] EIC/G/12/145,pp.47-48,“16 November 1803”.

[45] EIC/G/12/147,pp.25-26,“2 July 1804”.

[46] EIC/G/12/147,p.207,“15 December 1804;”p.240,“26 December 1804”.

[47] Ibid.,“15 December 1804”.

[48] 关于巴米斯,参见Thomas B.Colvin,“Arms Around the World:The Introduction of Smallpox Vaccine into the Philippines and Macao in 1805”,in Review of Culture,no.18,2006,pp.71-88;Isabel Morais,“Smallpox Vaccinations and the Portuguese in Macao”,ibid.,pp.113-124.

[49] EIC/G/12/150,p.36,“17 May 1805”.皮尔逊于1805年1月13日搭船抵达中国(EIC/G/12/148,p.73,“13 January 1813”.)。

[50] EIC/G/12/150,p.37,“27 May 1805”.

[51] EIC/G/12/150,pp.75-76,“8 August 1805”;The Canton Register,12 July 1828,p.107,“Vaccination in China”.

[52] EIC/G/12/150,pp.76-77,“8 August 1805”.

[53] 董少新:《牛痘入华:一项由多国多人共同完成的技术交流》,《文化杂志》第65期,第68页。

[54] H.B.Morse,The Chronicles of the East India Company Trading to China,1635-1834,Vol.3,p.17.笔者未能在商馆档案中查得马士此说的出处。

[55] Alexander Pearson,“Report Submitted to the Board of the National Vaccine Establishment,Respecting the Introduction of the Practice of Vaccine Inoculation into China,A.D.1805:Its Progress since that period,and its actual state,dated Canton,February 18th 1816,” in The Chinese Repository,2:1(May 1833),pp.36-39.

[56] EIC/G/12/150,pp.137-141,“13 November 1805”.

[57] A.Pearson,“Report Submitted to the Board of the National Vaccine Establishment”,p.37.

[58] 董少新引据葡文资料,谓至1806年1月5日止,澳门有314人接种;从1806年2月初至1807年1月12日,又有各国377人接种。见董少新《牛痘入华:一项由多国多人共同完成的技术交流》,《文化杂志》第65期,第70页。

[59] A.Pearson,“Report Submitted to the Board of the National Vaccine Establishment,”pp.40-41;The Canton Register,12 July 1828,p.107,“Vaccination in China”.关于邱熺及其他向皮尔逊学习种痘的华人,参见张嘉凤《十九世纪初牛痘的在地化》与董少新《牛痘入华》两文的详细内容。

[60] A.Pearson,“Report Submitted to the Board of the National Vaccine Establishment”,p.38.

[61] Ibid.,p.37.

[62] EIC/G/12/184,p.131,“4 February 1813”.

[63] EIC/G/12/185,pp.191-193,“4 September 1813”.广州商馆档案中未见有爪哇与安汶两地送来痘苗的资料。

[64] EIC/G/12/186,pp.93-97,“22 October 1813”.

[65] EIC/G/12/185,p.37,“12 May 1813”.

[66] 行商公所种洋痘局成立的时间,据《广州府志》(瑞麟等修,史澄等纂,光绪五年刊本,台北成文出版公司影印本)所载,为1811年英人传入痘苗后,行商潘有度等人捐款所设(卷163,第40页),但未确指成立年代。王吉民与伍连德则说是成立于1815年,但这也许是本于皮尔逊在其1816年的 “Report Submitted to the Board of the National Vaccine Establishment”报告中,提到行商已捐款设立种洋痘局的缘故。

[67] 斯当东于1811年以《英吉利国新出种痘奇书》一册,当面送给新任两广总督松筠,斯当东说松筠对此十分欢迎(EIC/G/12/176,p.129,“28 May 1811”.),但未见松筠有进一步的表示或行动。

[68] C.Hardy,A Register of Ships Employed in the Service of the Honorable the United East India Company,pp.168,186,200,215.

[69] EIC/G/12/150,p.11,“3 March 1805”.

[70] EIC/G/12/148,p.73,“13 January 1805”.

[71] Eliza A.Morrison,Memoirs of the Life and Labours of Robert Morrison,London:Longman,Orme,Brown,Green and Longmans,1839,Vol.1,pp.206-207;London Missionary Society Archives [LMS]/China[CH]/South China[SC]/1.1.B.,Robert Morrison to Joseph Hardcastle,Canton,29 May 1808.

[72] E.A.Morrison,Memoirs of the Life and Labours of Robert Morrison,Vol.1,pp.212,226;LMS/CH/SC,1.1.B.,R.Morrison to J.Hardcastle,Canton,29 May & 31 August 1808.

[73] LMS/CH/General/Personal,box 2,Copy of a letter from Alexander Pearson,Esq.,of the Committee of Supercargoes at Canton to Mr.Morrison dated Canton February 19th 1809.

[74] LMS/CH/SC,1.2.B.,R.Morrison to George Burder,Canton,2 & 4 April 1812.

[75] LMS/CH/SC,2.2.A.,R.Morrison to Alex Hankey,Canton,11 October 1821.

[76] EIC/G/12/271,p.72,“27 May 1816”.

[77] EIC/G/12/175,p.50,“31 January 1811”;G/12/181,pp.68-69,“17 December 1812”;G/12/193,p.16,“23 January 1815;”G/12/238,p.411,“14 January 1828”.

[78] EIC/G/12/281,no page,“10 January 1831”.

[79] EIC/G/12/290,pp.146-147,“11 April 1832”.

[80] EIC/G/12/246,p.596,“2 January 1832”;G/12/282,no page,“15 December 1832”.

[81] The Canton Register,10 January 1833,pp.1-2;The Chinese Courier,12 January 1833,pp.1-2.

[82] The Gentleman’s Magazine,February 1837,p.218;The Canton Register,30 May 1837,p.92.

[83] EIC/G/12/290,“Terms and Conditions for Hiring,for One Voyage to and from China,Ships of the Burthen of 950 Tons and upwards built for the Company’s Service[…]”,p.8,“List of the Number of Officers and Seamen required to navigate each Ship”.

[84] Robert Morrison,A Parting Memorial,London:printed for W.Simpkin and R.Marshall,1826,pp.367-371,“Proposal for Bettering the Morals and Condition of Sailors in China”.

[85] 第一次是1822年9月22日(R.Morrison,A Parting Memorial,pp.372-378,“Tract,Addressed to Sailors”.),另一次是1833年12月2日(Admonitions,Addressed to a Mixed Congregation from Various Nations,…:Being a Sermon Preached on Board the American Ship Morrison,Whampoa,in China,December 2,1833,Macao:Printed at the Albion Press,1833.)。

[86] 最早派来的是雅裨理(David Abeel),于1830年2月间和美部会(American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions)派来对华人传教的裨治文(Elijah C.Bridgman)一起抵达中国。

[87] EIC/G/12/233,p.143,“10 September 1825”.

[88] Ibid.,pp.145-149,“10 September 1825”.

[89] Ibid.,p.318,“26 October 1825”.

[90] Ibid.,pp.318-322,“26 October 1825”.

[91] EIC/G/12/233,pp.150-151,“10 September 1825”.

[92] Ibid.,p.287,“18 October 1825”.

[93] Ibid.,p.302,“23 October 1825”.商馆档案未说明由哪位官员批驳,但应该不是下文提及的两广总督。

[94] Ibid.,pp.302-304,“24 October 1825”.

[95] EIC/G/12/233,pp.348-350,“6 November 1825”.

[96] EIC/G/12/233,p.350,“6 November 1825”.

[97] A Philanthropist,A Brief Account of an Ophthalmic Institution,during the years 1827,28,29,30,31 and 1832,at Macao,Canton:1834,p.53,“Letter to Lord Napier”;The Chinese Repository,3:8(December 1834),p.373,“Hospitals for Seamen:A Plan for a Floating Hospital at Whampoa”.

[98] The Chinese Repository,3:8(December 1834),p.376,“Hospitals for Seamen”.

[99] The Chinese Repository,3:8(December 1834),p.375.

[100] The Canton Register,17 February 1835,pp.19-20;The Chinese Repository,3:8(December 1834),pp.472-478,‘British Authorities in China.’这项法案的全文,参见Reports from Committees,Session 19 February-10 September 1835,Vol.6,1835,pp.132-137,“Report from the Select Committee on Consular Establishment,Appendix 8,An Act to Regulate the Payment of Salaries to British Consuls at Foreign Ports and the Disbursements at Such Ports for Certain Public Purposes”。

[101] The Canton Register,17 February 1835,p.19.

[102] The Canton Register,16 June 1835,p.93;23 June 1835,p.98;27 September 1836,pp.160-162,“British Seaman’s Hospital Society:First Report of the Committee of the Seaman’s Hospital in China;” The Chinese Repository,5:6(October 1836),pp.274-278,“Hospital for Seamen:First Report of the British Seaman’s Hospital Society in China;with the General Rules of the Institution”.其中捐款名单只见于The Canton Register

[103] The Canton Register,27 September 1836,p.161;The Chinese Repository,5:6(October 1836),p.275.

[104] The Chinese Repository,6:8(December 1837),p.400,“Hospital Ship at Whampoa”;7:9(January 1839),pp.480-484,“The British Seamen’s Hospital in China”.

[105] The Canton Register,29 November 1836,pp.95,98.

[106] 佐佐木正哉编《鸦片战争前中英交涉文书》,台北,文海出版社,1984年影印本,第105~106页。

[107] 佐佐木正哉编《鸦片战争前中英交涉文书》,台北,文海出版社,1984年影印本,第114~115页。

[108] 佐佐木正哉编《鸦片战争前中英交涉文书》,台北,文海出版社,1984年影印本,第133~134页。中英双方关于“希望号”(中方则依Baker’s音译为“北驾船”或“北驾船”)的往返交涉经过,中文文献参见佐佐木正哉编《鸦片战争前中英交涉文书》,第105~106、111~112、114~115、129~135、143~146页;英文文献参见The Canton Register,2 January 1838,pp.3-4,“British Hospital Ship at Whampoa”;“Letter from the Hong Merchants”;The Chinese Repository,6:8(December 1837),p.400,“Hospital Ship at Whampoa”;7:1(May 1838),p.56,“The Hospital Ship at Whampoa”;7:3(July 1838),p.151,“The Approach of a British Admiral”;7:9(January 1839),pp.480-484,“The British Seamen’s Hospital in China”。

[109] The Canton Press,19 May 1838,p.2,“The British Sailor’s Hospital at Whampoa”;9 June 1838,p.2,“To the Editor of the Canton Press”;“The Hospital Ship at Whampoa”,16 June 1838,p.2;“To the Editor of the Canton Press”,23 June 1838,p.2.

[110] 佐佐木正哉编《鸦片战争前中英交涉文书》,台北,文海出版社,1984年影印本,第135页、第145~146页;The Canton Register,10 April 1838,pp.58-59;“Hospital Ship”,17 April 1838,p.64;“Hospital Ship”,15 May 1838,p.82。

[111] The Canton Register,26 June 1838,p.102,“Whampoa Hospital Ship”;The Canton Press,7 July 1838,p.2.

[112] 《中华丛论》的主编说,经常到这间诊所协助还写文章报道的人是皮尔逊[The Chinese Repository,10:1(January 1841),p.22]。这种说法是错误的,却被后人再三引用至今。正确的应该是李文斯顿才对(The Indo-Chinese Gleaner,no.15,January 1821,pp.5-8,John Livingstone,“Treatment of Certain Diseases by Chinese Doctors”.),马礼逊自己也只提到李文斯顿的协助,而无皮尔逊(LMS/CH/SC,2.1.D.,R.Morrison to George Burder,Canton,14 November 1820.)。

[113] LMS/CH/SC,2.1.D.,R.Morrison to G.Burder,Canton,14 November 1820.

[114] Rugby School Register,from 1675 to 1867 inclusive,London:Whittaker & Co.,1867,p.62.

[115] William Warder Cadbury and Mary Hoxie Jones,At the Point of a Lancet:One Hundred Years of the Canton Hospital 1835-1935,Shanghai:Kelly and Walsh,1935,p.14.

[116] EIC/G12/236,pp.143-144,“8 September 1826”;p.233,“21 October 1826”;p.238,“22 October 1826”.

[117] Nan P.Hodges and Arthur W.Hummel,eds.,Lights and Shadows of a Macao Life:The Journal of Harriett Low,Travelling Spinster,Woodinville,WA:The History Bank,2002,pp.488-489,“6 January 1833”.罗哈蕊日记中类似的记载还有多处,例如:“他是个‘可人儿’(‘darling’),我见过的最好的英国人,他的心地真正的好,我相信没人会说他的坏话(p.298)”。“他真是一个‘快活的人儿’(‘a pleasant creature’),态度如此坦率,以至你无法不喜欢他。他是个彻头彻尾的英国人,多少带些贵族气派,喜欢老派作风(p.498)”。

[118] A Philanthropist,A Brief Account of an Ophthalmic Institution,pp.11-12.

[119] EIC/G/12/238,pp.409-412,“14 January 1828”.

[120] A Philanthropist,A Brief Account of an Ophthalmic Institution,pp.39-51.

[121] EIC/G/12/244,p.77-78,“19 June 1830”;EIC/G/12/281,no page,“27 December 1830:Letter to the Honorable Court of Directors,para.4”;A Philanthropist,A Brief Account of an Ophthalmic Institution,p.40.

[122] EIC/G/12/244,pp.77-78,“19 June 1830”.

[123] A Philanthropist,A Brief Account of an Ophthalmic Institution,p.46.眼科医院于1833年结束,仍有一名巴斯人捐100银元,嘱咐郭雷枢做相关用途(ibid.,p.50)。

[124] A Philanthropist,A Brief Account of an Ophthalmic Institution,pp.12-13.

[125] A Philanthropist,A Brief Account of an Ophthalmic Institution,pp.29-38.此本小册共收录16封大都署名的谢帖英译内容。

[126] 广州商馆的档案中留下这样一份感谢状的英译内容,写明日期为道光八年八月十三日,即1828年9月23日(EIC/G/12/240,pp.349-350,“24 September 1828”)。

[127] A Philanthropist,A Brief Account of an Ophthalmic Institution,p.16;EIC/G/12/281,no page,“27 December 1830:Letter to the Honorable Court of Directors of the United East India Company,para.4”.

[128] EIC/G/12/244,p.517,“13 November 1830”.

[129] EIC/G/12/244,p.518,“13 November 1830”.

[130] 基依医生撰写的这次手术经过,刊登在The Lancet,1830-1831:1,pp.86-89,“Removal of a tumour fifty-six pounds in weight,extending from beneath the umbilicus to the anterior border of the anus”.此文历经许多期刊转载或节录,例如The London Medical and Physical Journal,new series,no.59,May 1831,pp.414-418;The Medico-Chirurgical Review,no.29,April-July 1831,pp.150-152;The Chinese Repository,3:2,May 1835,pp.489-496,“The Chinese Peasant Ho Loo”。

[131] EIC/G/12/258,p.3,“17 July 1834”.

[132] EIC/G/12/262,p.2,“15 May 1838”.

[133] EIC/G/12/259,pp.1-3,“1 May 1835”.

[134] The Canton Register,15 May 1838,p.81.郭雷枢的讣闻及传文都提到,他离华后,包含葡人的在华外人集体为他陈情,希望英国政府崇功报德发给他退休年金,结果惊动首相巴麦尊(Lord Palmerston)出面而促成其事(Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh,Vol.10,November 1878 to July 1880,p.339,“Dr.Thomas Richardson Colledge”;The Medical Times and Gazette,15 November 1879,p.568,“Obituary”;Dictionary of National Biography,London:Oxford University Press,1917,Vol.4,p.787,“Thomas Richardson Colledge”。)

[135] Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh,Vol.10,p.339,“Dr.Thomas Richardson Colledge”;The Medical Times and Gazette,15 November 1879,p.568,“Obituary”.

[136] 郭雷枢究竟主持或只是参与广州诊所的成立,尚有待厘清。《中华丛论》于1833年10月报道广州诊所消息时,只说澳门眼科医院成立的翌年(1828年),广州的医生们效法其例而成立广州诊所,并未提到这些医生的姓名与成立经过(The Chinese Repository,2:6,October 1833,pp.276-277,“Canton Dispensary”);而1834年龙思泰(Andrew Ljungstedt)化名“慈善家”(A Philanthropist)撰写出版的《澳门眼科医院纪略》(A Brief Account of an Ophthalmic Institution)一书,则说广州诊所是“郭雷枢在布莱福的协助下奠定基础”(p.22);但布莱福传记的作者欧伯侯泽(Ellis P.Oberholtzer)却说,当时由一些在华美国商人支付薪水的布莱福,被选定来开办及主持这家类似澳门眼科医院的广州诊所,欧氏并进一步认为眼科医院由郭雷枢创立,而广州诊所的成功则完全归之于布莱福,见E.P.Oberholtzer,Philadelphia:A History of the City and Its People,Philadelphia:S.J.Clarke Publishing Co.,1912,Vol.4,pp.345-347,“James H.Bradford”。

[137] A Philanthropist,A Brief Account of an Ophthalmic Institution,pp.22-23.

[138] The Chinese Repository,4:8(December 1835),pp.386-389,T.R.Colledge,“Suggestions with regard to Employing Medical Practitioners as Missionaries to China”.

[139] The Chinese Repository,7:1(May 1838),pp.32-44,“Medical Missionary Society:Regulations and Resolutions,Adopted at a Public Meeting Held at Canton on the 21st of February,1838”.

[140] 关于“在华医药传教会”的研究,参见吴义雄《医务传道方法与“中国医务传道会”的早期活动》,《开端与进展:华南近代基督教史论集》,台北,宇宙光出版社,2006,第31~54页。

[141] The New Monthly Magazine,14:83(1 December 1820),p.677,“Vaccination”.此文摘录李文斯顿于1820年3月25日从澳门写给英国国会议员休姆(Joseph Hume)信函的内容。

[142] 李文斯顿出版的相关文章,至少有以下七篇:The Indo-Chinese Gleaner,no.15(January 1821),pp.5-8,John Livingstone,“Treatment of Certain Diseases by Chinese Doctors”;Edinburgh Philosophical Journal,Vol.1(1819),pp.116-117,J.Livingstone,“Account of an Improved Hygrometer”;Vol.5(1821),pp.132-137,“Account of a Chinese Lusus Nature”;Vol.6(1822),pp.156-161,J.Livingstone,“Account of the Thermal Springs of Yom-Mack”;Vol.7(1822),pp.216-218,J.Livingstone,“Additional Observations on the Chinese Lusus Nature”;The Philadelphia Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences,Vol.2(1821),pp.148-153,J.Livingstone,“An Account of a Lusus Nature”;Transactions of the Horticultural Society of London,Vol.4(1822),pp.224-231,“Account of the Method of Dwarfing Trees and Shrubs,as Practised by the Chinese”.

[143] EIC/G/12/259,pp.1-3,“1 May 1835”.