以色列研究(第1辑)
上QQ阅读APP看书,第一时间看更新

结论

综上所述,本文勾勒了一幅清晰的以色列阿拉伯政党发展路线图:从早期共产主义阿犹合作政党和左翼犹太复国主义政党的附属名单开始,再到形成自己的独立政党,最后到政治联盟——共同名单。这与以色列政府作为一个民主国家对以色列阿拉伯人越来越宽容的少数群体政策有关,同时,也与这一群体在过去70多年中的政治诉求的变化有关。本文通过对这一变化进行深入研究得出结论,以色列阿拉伯人是整个巴勒斯坦或泛阿拉伯主义的被遗忘的一部分,其命运与阿拉伯世界和巴勒斯坦世界的变动和演变联系在一起。阿拉伯国家在六日战争中的失败表现增强了他们作为一个单独的巴勒斯坦部分的凝聚力。自那时以来,停火线内外的巴勒斯坦人团结在一起,为土地和平等权利而斗争了数十年,这最终在和平协议签署时达到了高潮。但是,这也是一个分水岭,此后,以色列巴勒斯坦人的奋斗目标更多地转移到了自己在以色列被边缘化被歧视的身份地位上。多数阿拉伯政党达成共识的提议也与这一举动相对应——从对双民族国家的诉求退减到对于少数族群集体权利的争取。这也与国内政治环境紧密相连,左翼政党的衰落使他们在犹太社区中寻求支持的难度越来越大,尤其是在最近的几十年中,利库德集团的崛起使情况更加恶化。此外,外部因素也不容忽视,特朗普上任后美国政府向以色列右翼政府频频示好,一系列亲以举措使以色列阿拉伯人更多地陷入被动。这一系列因素促使以色列阿拉伯政党进行了自身内部的深层次整合。

从阿拉伯政党的角度来看,它们在一定程度上得益于民主政权,因为民主政权为其提供了发声和战斗的平台。毫无疑问,其当前政治策略的方向是撇开争议整合阿拉伯政党,并与左翼政党合作以阻止右翼政党寻求连任的计划。共同名单在近几次大选中取得的成就都极大地调动了阿拉伯选民的政治参与热情。在最近几次选举中,以色列国内两个大党相继陷入组阁困难,国内政治气氛低沉,以色列的民主面临着实际的信任危机。即便疫情间接促成了蓝白党和利库德集团的合作,但以色列政坛撕裂斗争的本质并没有实质性改变。对于阿拉伯政党来说,这实际上增加了它们在议会中的影响力,因为这并不排除它们将来与左翼政党合作的可能性。

(作者单位:以色列巴伊兰大学人文学院)

On the Political Development of Israeli Arab Parties

Shen Baojun

Abstract:Since the founding of Israel,the political development of Israeli Arabs has undergone a process from passive to active,from affiliated to independent,and its development and changes have considerably reflected the self-cognition and political appeal of this ethnic group in the context of the evolution of Israel and even the entire Middle East.This article begins with the original form of Israeli Arab parties at the beginning of the founding of Israel,as an affiliation of left-wing parties,until the latest form of political alliance,the Joint List.The topics consist of the development of early Israeli communist parties,the Palestinian-Israeli peace process,the rise of right-wing parties,and the 2019 and 2020 Israeli parliamentary elections.

Keywords:Israel;Arab Parties;Knesset Election


[1]“Israel's Independence Day 2019,”Israel Central Bureau of Statistics,May 1,2019,https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/DocLib/2019/134/11_19_134b.pdf.

[2]Quoted from Constitution for Israel,the part of Collective Rights of Minorities,https://knesset.gov.il/constitution/ConstMHumanRights.htm.

[3]Quoted from Ilan Peleg and Dov Waxman,Israel's Palestinians:The Conflict within,p.19,Originally Quoted in Dan Urian and Efraim Karsh (eds.),In Search of Identity:Jewish Aspects in Israeli Culture(Portland:Frank Cass,1999),p.I.

[4]Baruch Kimmerling & Joel S.Migdal,The Palestinian People(Cambridge:Harvard University Press,2003),p.169.

[5]McDowall,David;Claire Palley“The Palestinians,”Minority Rights Group Report,No.24 (1987):10.

[6]Dr.Sarah Ozacky-Lazar,“Relations between Jews and Arabs during Israel's First Decade(in Hebrew) ,”Zalman Shazar Center for the Study of the History of the Jewish People,2001,https://lib.cet.ac.il/pages/item.asp?item=13336.

[7]Dr.Sarah Ozacky-Lazar,“Relations between Jews and Arabs during Israel's First Decade(in Hebrew) ,”Zalman Shazar Center for the Study of the History of the Jewish People,2001,https://lib.cet.ac.il/pages/item.asp?item=13336.

[8]Baruch Kimmerling & Joel S.Migdal,The Palestinian People(Cambridge:Harvard University Press)2003,p.183.

[9]Joseph Heller,The Birth of Israel,1945-1949:Ben-Gurion and His Critics(Gainesville:University Press of Florida,2003),p.346.

[10]参见1949年1月25日第一届以色列议会选举结果,https://knesset.gov.il/description/eng/eng_mimshal_res1.htm。

[11]Ilan Kaufman,Arab National Communism in the Jewish State(Gainesville:University Press of Florida,1997),p.23.

[12]Ilan Kaufman,Arab National Communism in the Jewish State(Gainesville:University Press of Florida,1997),p.23.

[13]From the introduction for Maki on Knesset website,“Israel Communist Party(Maki)”,The knesset,https://www.knesset.gov.il/faction/eng/FactionPage_eng.asp?PG=72.

[14]Ilan Kaufam,Arab National Communism in the Jewish State(Gainesville:University Press of Florida,1997),p.28.

[15]The results of Elections to the Sixth Knesset(November 1,1965),from official website of Israeli Knesset,https://www.knesset.gov.il/description/eng/eng_mimshal_res6.htm

[16]Ilan kaufman,Arabic National Communism in Jewish State(Gainesville:University Press of Florida,1997),p.29.

[17]Information for the Sixth Knesset on the official website of The Knesset,https://www.knesset. gov.il/review/ReviewPage2.aspx?kns=6&lng=3.

[18]Ron Harris,“Constitutional Law of Israel—A Case Study in the Banning of Political Parties:The Pan-Arab Movement El Ard and the Israeli Supreme Court,”Bepress Legal Series (2004):349.

[19]Ron Harris,“Constitutional Law of Israel—A Case Study in the Banning of Political Parties:The Pan-Arab Movement El Ard and the Israeli Supreme Court,”Bepress Legal Series (2004):349.

[20]Baruch Kimmerling & Joel S.Migdal,The Palestinian People(Cambridge:Harvard University Press,2003),p.197.

[21]Baruch Kimmerling & Joel S.Migdal,The Palestinian People(Cambridge:Harvard University Press,2003),p.190.

[22]Baruch Kimmerling & Joel S.Migdal,The Palestinian People(Cambridge:Harvard University Press,2003),p.174.

[23]Don Peretz,Israel and the Palestine Arabs(Washington,D.C.:The Middle East Institute,1958).

[24]Baruch Kimmerling & Joel S.Migdal,The Palestinian People(Cambridge:Harvard University Press,2003),p.195.

[25]参见1992年6月23日第十三届以色列议会选举,https://www.knesset.gov.il/history/eng/eng_hist13_s.htm。

[26]参见以色列议会官网,https://www.knesset.gov.il/faction/eng/FactionPage_eng.asp?PG=4。

[27]Ilan Peleg,Dov Waxman,Israel's Palestinians:The Conflict within(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2011),p.55.

[28]Elie Rekhess,“The Evolvement of an Arab-Palestinian National Minority in Israel,”Israel Studies,Vol.12,No.3(2007):9.

[29]Ilan Kaufman,Arab National Communism in the Jewish State(Gainesville:University Press of Florida,1997),p.119.

[30]Kimmerling & Joel S.Migdal,The Palestinian People(Cambridge:Harvard University Press,2003),p.206.

[31]Ilan Peleg,Dov Waxman,Israel's Palestinians:The Conflict within(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2011),p.58.

[32]Ilan Peleg,Dov Waxman,Israel's Palestinians:The Conflict within(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2011),p.59.

[33]Ilan Peleg,Dov Waxman,Israel's Palestinians:The Conflict within(Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2011),p.62.

[34]Elie Rekhess,“The Arabs of Israel after Oslo:Localization of the National Struggle,”Israel Studies,Vol.7,No.3(2002):6.

[35]Elie Rekhess,“The Arabs of Israel after Oslo:Localization of the National Struggle,”Israel Studies,Vol.7,No.3(2002):5.

[36]Elie Rekhess,“The Arabs of Israel after Oslo:Localization of the National Struggle,”Israel Studies,Vol.7,No.3(2002):5.

[37]Elie Rekhess,“The Arabs of Israel after Oslo:Localization of the National Struggle,”Israel Studies,Vol.7,No.3(2002):8.

[38]Ilana Kaufman,Arab National Communism in the Jewish State(Gainesville: University Press of Florida,1997),p. 123.

[39]Elie Rekhess,“The Arabs of Israel after Oslo: Localization of the National Struggle,” Israel Studies,Vol. 7,No. 3(2002):8.

[40]Elie Rekhess,“The Arabs of Israel after Oslo: Localization of the National Struggle,” Israel Studies,Vol. 7,No. 3(2002):7.

[41]Elie Rekhess,“The Arabs of Israel after Oslo: Localization of the National Struggle,” Israel Studies,Vol. 7,No. 3(2002):15.

[42]Elie Rekhess,“The Arabs of Israel after Oslo: Localization of the National Struggle,” Israel Studies,Vol. 7,No. 3(2002):16.

[43]Benedetta Berti,“Israel and the Arab Spring: Understanding Attitudes and Responses to the ‘New Middle East,”(Al Mesbar Studies & Research Centre and the Foreign Policy Research Institute,2013),p.132.

[44]“Excerpts from PM Netanyahu's Statement at the Knesset,” Israeli Prime Minister's Office,November 23,2011,http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Speeches+by+Israeli+leaders/2011/PM_Netanyahu_statement_Knesset_23-Nov-2011/.

[45]“Basic Law: Israel-The Nation State of The Jewish People,”Enacted by Israeli Knesset on 19 July 2018,Translated by Dr. Susan Hattis Rolef,https://knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/BasicLawNationState.pdf.

[46]Daoud Kuttab,“Palestininas Outragd at Jewish Nation-State Law,”Al-Monitor,July 20,2018,https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/07/israel-jewish-nationality-law-palestinians-arab-rights.html.

[47]Lazar Berman,“Arab Parties Finalize Unity Deal,”The Times of Israel,January 22,2015,https://www.timesofisrael.com/arab-parties-and-hadash-finalize-unity-deal/.

[48]Christa Case Bryant,“Israel Elections 101:On Eve of Vote,Momentum on Arab Street,”The Christian Science Monitor,March 11,2015,https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2015/0311/Israel-elections-101-On-eve-of-vote-momentum-on-Arab-street/.

[49]Christa Case Bryant,“Israel Elections 101:On Eve of Vote,Momentum on Arab Street,”The Christian Science Monitor,March 11,2015,https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2015/0311/Israel-elections-101-On-eve-of-vote-momentum-on-Arab-street/.

[50]Christa Case Bryant,“Israel Elections 101:On Eve of Vote,Momentum on Arab Street,”The Christian Science Monitor,March 11,2015,https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2015/0311/Israel-elections-101-On-eve-of-vote-momentum-on-Arab-street/.

[51]Ilana Kaufman,Arab National Communism in the Jewish State(Gainesville:University Press of Florida,1997),p.124.

[52]Ilana Kaufman,Arab National Communism in the Jewish State(Gainesville:University Press of Florida,1997),p.124.

[53]“第二十次以色列议会选举结果”,以色列议会官方网站, https://www.knesset.gov.il/description/eng/eng_mimshal_res20.htm,选举日期为2015年3月17日。

[54]2019年4月9日以色列议会选举结果。合格选民人数6339729,有效票430927,合格门槛(3.25%)140005,每个席位的投票数32860;其中阿拉伯政党获得10个席位,包括哈达什-塔阿勒(Hadash-Ta'al)获得6个席位,拉阿姆-巴拉德(Ra'am-Balad)获得4个席位。

[55]根据2019年9月17日以色列议会选举结果,蓝白党领先利库德集团获得组阁权。共同名单(共获得13个席位,相比4月份的选举结果多3个。此次选举合格选民人数为6394030人,有效票为4436806票,合格门槛(3.25%)为144197票,每个席位的投票数为35917票。

[56]Baoul Wootliff,“Top Arab MK Says Open to ‘Joining’ Gantz,”Times of Israel,August 1,2019,https://www.timesofisrael.com/top-arab-mk-says-open-to-joining-gantz/.

[57]Adam Rasgon,“Joint List Captured almost Total Arab Vote,Pollster Calculates,”The Time of Israel,March 4,2020,https://www.timesofisrael.com/joint-list-captured-almost-total-arab-vote-pollster-calculates/.

[58]Adam Rasgon,“Joint List Captured almost Total Arab Vote,Pollster Calculates,”The Time of Israel,March 4,2020,https://www.timesofisrael.com/joint-list-captured-almost-total-arab-vote-pollster-calculates/.

[59]Adam Rasgon,“Joint List Captured almost Total Arab Vote,Pollster Calculates,”The Time of Israel,March 4,2020,https://www.timesofisrael.com/joint-list-captured-almost-total-arab-vote-pollster-calculates/.

[60]《卡米尼兹法》是《规划和建筑法》的2017年修正案,旨在加强“对规划和违法建筑行为的执行和处罚。” 但是,有批评者认为它没有考虑到国家在土地规划和分配中数十年来对阿拉伯人的歧视和不公,从而导致阿拉伯城镇和村庄遭受严重的住房危机。

[61]Toi Staff,“Head of Arab Nationalist Faction in Joint List Sets Terms for Supporting Gantz,”The Times of Israel,March 8,2020,https://www.timesofisrael.com/head-of-arab-nationalist-faction-in-joint-list-sets-terms-for-supporting-gantz/.

[62]Rotem Starkman,“How Will the Arabs Vote? They Want to Work and Build Houses,and Not Solve the Palestinian Problem,”(in Hebrew)The Marker,January 31,2020,https://www.themarker.com/news/politics/.premium-1.8471739.

[63]“It is Time for a New Status Quo,” (in Hebrew)The Israeli Democratic Institute,February 24,2020,https://www.idi.org.il/events/29796.