女史箴图 (nǚ shǐ zhēn tú)
Admonitions of the Court Instructress
The painting “Admonitions of the Court Instructress” is one of the earliest Chinese handscroll paintings still in existence and is considered one of the country’s greatest artistic masterpieces.
The BBC Radio 4 program “A History of the World in 100 Objects” once hailed it as one of the most important paintings in the world.
The scroll was painted by Gu Kaizhi (circa 345-406 AD). He was the first known professional painter and is widely deemed the father of classical Chinese figure painting.
The Tang Dynasty copy of “Admonitions of the Court Instructress” has nine scenes out of the original 12. The section with the first three has long been lost. Each scene has a caption.
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Legendary stories of good-reputed court ladies in history
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A landscape scene of a hunter and mountains as an interval or transition
➍➎➏➐➑
The life of a court lady
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The Court Instructress writing down admonitions. This is the final scene.
Artist: Gu Kaizhi (345-406 AD)
Year: Eastern Jin Dynasty (317-420 AD)
Type: Ink and color on silk
Dimensions: 24.8 × 348.2 cm
Location: British Museum, London
Born in Wuxi in today’s Jiangsu Province in eastern China, Gu was an exceptionally gifted artist. He was particularly good at painting Buddha images, figures, portraits, landscapes, animals and birds. The artist once also served as a royal officer in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (317-420 AD).
His “Admonitions” painting was an illustration of a political satire written by a poet-official to criticize Empress Jia (257-300 AD), a surly and flagitious woman in the eyes of many court officials. The text also advised all women in the imperial court on proper behavior.
The handscroll, an ink and color painting on silk, features 12 scenes.
It begins with an introductory scene before moving to four scenes of good-reputed court ladies through history. Then there is a landscape scene as a transition followed by five scenes depicting the life of a court lady. The final scene depicts the Court Instructress writing down admonitions.
Gu employed the so-called yousi miao or “silk thread drawing” technique to portray all figures in the scroll. This technique emphasized the drawing of thin, smooth and flowing lines that appear very elegant.
The master artist once said that in figure paintings the appearances, clothes, colors and lines are not very important as only the eyes can reflect a person’s personality and spirit.
However, in “Admonitions” the well-proportioned bodies, vivid facial expressions, beautiful gowns, belts and ribbons that are drawn with fluid “silk thread” lines are the most impressive feature. The eyes of each figure, however, don’t attract much attention, likely because of their relatively small size.
Also, the artist depicted a total of 19 female figures in the painting, with 12 showing a three-quarter view of their faces. This reflects a gradual progress in Chinese figure painting techniques as earlier Chinese painters usually painted figures with only a side-view of their faces.
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A scene of hairstyling and doing makeup. However, the painter says moral cultivation is more important than makeup.
In terms of color, Gu only used bright red for some of the female dresses. For the rest, he applied mostly light and elegant tints to create a harmonious ambience.
Many art historians believe the “Admonitions” scroll we see today isn’t the original, which has been lost, but a copy produced during the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD). Over the years, the many owners of the copy, and some admirers, too, added seals and comments on it or at either end of the scroll.
The copy had been kept in the Forbidden City for most of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), but Empress Cixi moved the scroll to the Summer Palace in the northwest of Beijing.
In 1900, the Eight-Nation Alliance, including Britain, France, Germany and the United States, invaded Beijing. During a looting spree following the invasion, the priceless handscroll fell into the hands of Clarence A. K. Johnson (1870-1937), a British army captain.
The Song Dynasty monochrome copy is complete with all 12 scenes. As the caption for the second scene was written between the two figures of the first scene, some people consider the first two scenes as one.
Johnson brought the painting back to London in 1902. Though he didn’t understand the true value of it, he took it to the British Museum to have its jade toggles appraised.
Two staff members there immediately realized the significance of the painting and the British Museum eventually bought it from Johnson for 25 pounds.
The painting has since remained as a part of the British Museum’s collection.
However, the Tang Dynasty copy, now 348.2 cm wide and 24.8 cm tall, has only nine scenes out of the original 12. The first three scenes have long been lost.
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This part depicts a royal man refusing a court lady. The text on the right says a court lady shouldn’t fascinate her husband and try to win his favor.
There is also a monochrome copy of “Admonitions of the Court Instructress” with all 12 scenes, which is in the collection of the Palace Museum in Beijing today. While this monochrome copy of the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279) has its merits, it’s no match to the one in the British Museum in terms of aesthetic value as well as its historical significance.