本章小结
审查标准问题是每个法律体系都无法回避的关键性法理问题。在任何一个法律体系中,包括WTO法的体系中,审查标准都是保障权力分配的重要机制。在国际层面,当国际司法机构对主管当局的某些决定进行审查时,就不可避免地会侵入国家主权。然而,国际体制的有效性和稳定性往往取决于国际审查的程度。它代表了司法如何对政治决策或司法判决进行合法性审查。虽然审查标准问题如此重要,但是,到目前为止,我们在GATT/WTO的法律文件中看不到审查标准的定义。一般而言,当WTO裁判机构被要求对成员方的国内立法或者措施做出相符性(compliance)审查时,审查标准问题就产生了。实际上,审查标准就是用来确定当专家组对成员方的措施进行审查时,应在多大程度上尊重成员方的事实结论或者法律解释,即使专家组有着不同的结论。
所谓审查标准是指,在WTO争端解决过程中,某一成员方的诉争措施或者法律被专家组和上诉机构进行相符性审查时所应受到的尊重程度,它决定着成员方自由裁量权的边界。通常可以分为事实问题和法律问题的审查两个方面,其实质是实现作为国际组织的WTO及其成员方之间的权力分配与平衡,其范围存在于“重新审查”和“完全尊重”之间,致力于在不破坏WTO谈判所达成的平衡以及不增加或减让成员方在WTO项下的权利和义务的基础上积极解决争端,以维护WTO争端解决机制的统一性,为多边贸易体制提供可预测性和安全性的保障。
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[2] Claus-Dieter Ehlermann,Nicolas Lockhart,“Standard of Review in WTO Law”,Journal of International Economic Law,Vol.7,No.3,2004,p.493.
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[6] 罗文正、丁妍:《论世界贸易组织法律体制中的审查标准》,《衡阳师范学院学报》2013年第4期。
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[13] 罗文正、丁妍:《论世界贸易组织法律体制中的审查标准》,《衡阳师范学院学报》2013年第4期。
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[15] Appellate Body Report,European Communities-Customs Classification of Frozen Boneless Chicken Cuts,WT/DS269/AB/R,WT/DS286/AB/R,adopted 27 September 2005,and Corr.1,para.237.
[16] 罗文正:《WTO争端解决机制中的审查标准研究》,硕士学位论文,中国政法大学,2007年;罗文正、丁妍:《论世界贸易组织法律体制中的审查标准》,《衡阳师范学院学报》2013年第4期。
[17] 罗文正:《WTO争端解决机制中的审查标准研究》,硕士学位论文,中国政法大学,2007年;罗文正、丁妍:《论世界贸易组织法律体制中的审查标准》,《衡阳师范学院学报》2013年第4期。
[18] 吕微平:《WTO争端解决机制的正当程序研究——以专家组证据规则和审查标准为视角》,法律出版社2014年版,第156页。
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[20] Appellate Body,European Communities-Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products(Hormones),WT/DS26/AB/R,adopted 13 February 1998,para.111.载于WTO官方网站:www.wto.org。
[21] Appellate Body,European Communities-Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products(Hormones),WT/DS26/AB/R,adopted 13 February 1998,para.114.载于WTO官方网站:www.wto.org。
[22] Appellate Body,European Communities-Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products(Hormones),WT/DS26/AB/R,adopted 13 February 1998,para.115.载于WTO官方网站:www.wto.org。
[23] Appellate Body,European Communities-Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products(Hormones),WT/DS26/AB/R,adopted 13 February 1998,pp.116-118.载于WTO官方网站:www.wto.org。
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[25] Bernard Schwartz,Administrative Law,3rd edition,Little Brown and Company,1991,p.632.
[26] Palmeter David and Mavroidis Petros C.,Dispute Settlement in the World Trade Organization:Practice and Procedure,The Hague/London/Boston:Kluwer Law International,1999,p.211.
[27] Matthias Odsch,Standard of Review in WTO Dispute Resolution,Oxford University Press,2003,p.17.
[28] 罗文正、丁妍:《论世界贸易组织法律体制中的审查标准》,《衡阳师范学院学报》2013年第4期。
[29] Appellate Body,European Communities-Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products(Hormones),WT/DS26/AB/R,adopted 13 February 1998,para.132.载于WTO官方网站:www.wto.org;另参见韩立余《WTO案例及评析》(下卷)(1995—1999),中国人民大学出版社2001年版,第64页。
[30] Matthias Odsch,Standard of Review in WTO Dispute Resolution,Oxford University Press,2003,p.18.
[31] The Results of the Uruguay Round of the Multilateral Trade Negotiations:the Legal Texts(Geneva 1995,published by the WTO Secretariat).
[32] Appellate Body,European Communities-Certain Computer Equipment,WT/DS62/AB/R,adopted 5June 1998,para.84.载于WTO官方网站:www.wto.org。
[33] Palmeter David and Mavroidis Petros C.,Dispute Settlement in the World Trade Organization:Practice and Procedure,The Hague/London/Boston:Kluwer Law International,1999,p.37.
[34] Matthias Odsch,Standard of Review in WTO Dispute Resolution,Oxford University Press,2003,pp.20-21.
[35] Matthias Odsch,Standard of Review in WTO Dispute Resolution,Oxford University Press,2003,p.20.
[36] 吕微平:《WTO争端解决机制的正当程序研究——以专家组证据规则和审查标准为视角》,法律出版社2014年版,第155页。
[37] 邵沙平:《国际法》(第二版),中国人民大学出版社2010年版,第51页。
[38] Matthias Odsch,Standard of Review in WTO Dispute Resolution,Oxford University Press,2003,p.21.
[39] Matthias Odsch,Standard of Review in WTO Dispute Resolution,Oxford University Press,2003,p.18.
[40] 我国也有学者把这个术语翻译为“尚未采纳证据”,参见吕微平《WTO争端解决机制的正当程序研究——以专家组证据规则和审查标准为视角》,法律出版社2014年版,第175页。
[41] 吕微平:《WTO争端解决机制的正当程序研究——以专家组证据规则和审查标准为视角》,法律出版社2014年版,第153页。
[42] 罗文正:《WTO争端解决机制中的审查标准研究》,硕士学位论文,中国政法大学,2007年。
[43] Appellate Body,European Communities-Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products(Hormones),WT/DS26/AB/R,adopted 13 February 1998,par.115.载于WTO官方网站:www.wto.org。
[44] Claus-Dieter Ehlermann,Nicolas Lockhart,“Standard of Review in WTO Law”,Journal of International Economic Law,Vol.7,No.3,2004,pp.520-521.