Notes

1. the Heptarchy: The Heparchy means the period between the 6th century and the 9th century in the history of England in which one or other of the seven kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon origin was dominant. Finally in 829, the king of Wessex defeated the other kings and unified England.

2. the Danelaw: The Danelaw is also used to describe the set of legal terms and definitions created in the treaties between the English king, Alfred the Great, and the Danish warlord, Guthrum, written following Guthrum's defeat at the Battle of Edington in 878. In 886, the Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum was formalised, defining the boundaries of their kingdoms, with provisions for peaceful relations between the English and the Vikings.

3. the Great Charter: Its important provisions were as follows: (1) no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council; (2) no freemen should be arrested, imprisoned or deprived of their property; (3) the Church should possess all its rights, together with freedom of elections; (4) London and other towns should retain their traditional rights and privileges, and (5) there should be the same weights and measures throughout the country.

4. the laissez faire policy: Laissez-Faire is an economic theory and policy that promotes a minimal to nonexistent amount of government interference and intervention into the private business sector. Proponents of the theory or model believe that the government not only should not interfere with everyday dealing of supply and demand, but that it should be, in a sense, entirely separated from the business world.

5. the Seven Years' War: The Seven Years War was one of the major wars of the 18th century. Britain, Hanover, Prussia and Portugal fought against Austria, France, Russia, Saxony, Spain and Sweden. The war began after Saxony and Bohemia were attacked by Prussia's King Frederick the Great. This was a time when major powers in Europe were also fighting for control of colonies in India and North America.

6. the Articles of Confederation: The Articles of Confederation was an agreement among the 13 founding states that established the U. S. as a confederation of sovereign states and served as its first constitution.

7. the Zimmermann Telegram: The Zimmermann Telegram was a 1917 diplomatic proposal from the German Empire for Mexico to join the Central Powers, in the event of the U. S. entering World War I on the side of the Entente Powers. The proposal was intercepted and decoded by British intelligence. Revelation of the contents outraged American public opinion and helped generate support for the U. S. declaration of war on Germany in April.

8. the Berlin Airlift: During the multinational occupation of post-World War Ⅱ Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' railway, road, and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Allied control. Their aim was to force the western powers to allow the Soviet zone to start supplying Berlin with food, fuel, and aid, thereby giving the Soviets practical control over the entire city. In response, the Western Allies organized the Berlin airlift to carry supplies to the people in West Berlin, flying over 200,000 flights in one year, and providing up to 4,700 tons of daily necessities such as fuel and food to the Berliners.