第四节 霍译与杨译之原文差异

如上所述，霍译和杨译各有其中文版本，原文不同，译文自然会出现差别。此外，在实际翻译过程中，译者，尤其是霍克斯发挥主观能动性，参照其他版本，对原文作了选择和改动，涉及的文字虽然对洋洋百万言的巨著来说微不足道，但对我们译本研究者则兹事体大。下面主要从回目、叙述、对话三个方面举例说明，两译本之所以有差异，除开各自翻译的原则和策略，主要原因就在于中文文本有别。

一、回目的差异

回目差异可分三类：整体差异、部分差异、个别差异。

（一）整体差异

整体差异是指回目上下两联完全不同或大部分不同，如第五回、第八回、第九回、第十八回、第六十五回。

1．第五回

（1）杨译原文与译文。

灵石迷性难解仙机 警幻多情秘垂淫训

The Spiritual Stone Is Too Bemused to Grasp the Fairy's Riddles

The Goddess of Disenchantment in Her Kindness Secretly Expounds on Love

（2）霍译原文与译文。

贾宝玉神游太虚境 警幻仙曲演红楼梦

Jia Bao-yu Visits the Land of Illusion；

and the Fairy Disenchantment Performs the“Dream of Golden Days”

2．第八回

（1）杨译原文与译文。

拦酒兴李奶母讨厌 掷茶杯贾公子生嗔

Nanny Li Makes a Nuisance of Herself by Warning against Drinking

Pao-yu Breaks a Teacup and Flies into a Temper

（2）霍译原文与译文。

贾宝玉奇缘识金锁 薛宝钗巧合认通灵

Jia Bao-yu Is Allowed to See the Strangely Corresponding Golden Locket；

and Xue Bao-chai Has a Predestined Encounter with the Magic Jade

3．第九回

（1）杨译原文与译文。

恋风流情友入家塾 起嫌疑顽童闹学堂

Devoted Friends Join the Clan School

Mud-Slinging Boys Brawl in the Classroom

（2）霍译原文与译文。

训劣子李贵承申饬 嗔顽童茗烟闹书房

A Son Is Admonished and Li Gui Receives an Alarming Warning；

a Pupil Is Abused and Tealeaf Throws the Classroom in an Uproar

4．第十八回

（1）杨译原文与译文。

庆元宵贾元春归省 助情人林黛玉传诗

Yuan-chun Visits Her Parents on the Feast of Lanterns

Tai-yu Helps Her True Love by Passing Him a Poem

（2）霍译原文与译文。

皇恩重元妃省父母 天伦乐宝玉呈才藻

A Brief Family Reunion is Permitted by the Magnanimity of a Gracious Emperor；

and an Imperial Concubine Takes Pleasure in the Literary Progress of a Younger Brother

5．第六十五回

（1）杨译原文与译文。

膏粱子惧内偷娶妾 淫奔女改行自择夫

A Hen-Pecked Young Profligate Takes a Concubine in Secret

A Wanton Girl Mends Her Ways and Picks Herself a Husband

（2）霍译原文与译文。

贾二舍偷娶尤二姨 尤三姐思嫁柳二郎

Jia Lian's Second Marriage Is Celebrated in Secret；

and the Future Marriage of San-jie Becomes a Matter of Speculation

（二）部分差异

部分差异是指回目上下两联有一联不同或两联中均有部分词语不同，如第七回、第十四回、第十七回、第六十七回。

1．第七回

（1）杨译原文与译文。

尤氏女独请王熙凤 宴宁府宝玉会秦钟

Madam Yu Invites Hsi-feng Alone

At a Feast in the Ning Mansion Pao-yu First Meets Chin Chung

（2）霍译原文与译文。

送宫花贾琏戏熙凤 宴宁府宝玉会秦钟

Zhou Rui's Wife Delivers Palace Flowers and Finds Jia Lian Pursuing Night Sports by Day；

Jia Bao-yu Visits the Ning-guo Mansion and Has an Agreeable Colloquy with Qin-shi's Brother

2．第十四回

（1）杨译原文与译文。

林如海捐馆扬州城 贾宝玉路谒北静王

Lin Ju-hai Dies in Yangchow

Pao-yu Meets the Prince of Peiching on the Road

（2）霍译原文与译文。

林如海灵返苏州郡 贾宝玉路谒北静王

Lin Ru-hai Is Conveyed to His Last Resting-place in Soochow；

and Jia Bao-yu Is Presented to the Prince of Bei-jing at a Roadside Halt

3．第十七回

（1）杨译原文与译文。

大观园试才题对额 怡红院迷路探曲折

Literary Talent Is Tested by Composing Inscriptions in Grand View Garden

Those Losing Their Way at Happy Red Court Explore a Secluded Retreat

（2）霍译原文与译文。

大观园试才题对额 荣国府归省庆元宵

The Inspection of the New Garden Becomes a Test of Talent；

and Rong-guo House Makes Itself Ready for an Important Visitor

4．第六十七回

（1）杨译原文与译文。

馈土物颦卿思故里 讯家童凤姐蓄阴谋

A Gift of Local Products Makes Tai-yu Homesick

Hsi-feng Questions a Page Boy and Hatches a Plot

（2）霍译原文与译文。

见土仪颦卿思故里 闻秘事凤姐讯家童

Frowner Sees Something that Makes Her Homesick；

and Xi-feng Hears Something that Rouses Her Suspicions

（三）个别差异

个别差异是指回目中仅个别词语不同，如七十四回。

（1）杨译原文与译文。

惑奸馋抄检大观园 矢孤介杜绝宁国府

Malicious Talk Makes Lady Wang Have a Search Made of the Garden

To Guard Her Integrity Hsi-chun Breaks with the Ning Mansion

（2）霍译原文与译文。

惑奸馋抄检大观园 避嫌隙杜绝宁国府

Lady Wang Authorizes a Raid on Prospect Garden；

and Jia Xi-chun Breaks off Relations with Ning-guo House

二、叙述的差异

叙述上的差异总体表现在戚序本行文比较正式，文言程度高，叙事周详，而程乙本用语较为通俗，更近白话，文字简练。这种文体差异开卷就有体现。戚序本第一段解释成书的原因是为“当日所有之女子”立传，写书的方法是用“假语村言”，这在杨译中得到再现，但霍译没有对应的译文，尽管程乙本第一段与此相似。

1．第一回

（1）杨译原文与译文。

列位看官，你道此书何来？说起根由，虽近荒唐，细按则深有趣味。待在下将此来历注明，方使阅者了然不惑。

Do you know, Worthy Readers, where this book comes from? The answer may sound fantastic, yet carefully considered is of great interest.Let me explain, so that there will be no doubt left in your minds.

（2）霍译原文与译文。

看官：你道此书从何而来？——说来虽近荒唐，细玩颇有趣味。

Gentle Reader, What, you may ask, was the origin of this book? Though the answer to this question may at first seem to border on the absurd, reflection will show that there is a good deal more in it than meets the eye.

显然，两者原文有别，而且后者缺少最后一句。

2．第二回

杨译开篇有诗，霍译无。二者原文中间对娇杏的人生概括的一句话也有两字之差。

（1）杨译原文与译文。

偶因一着错，便为人上人。

A single chance hiatus

Raised her status.

（2）霍译原文与译文。

偶因一回顾，便为人上人。

Sometimes by chance

A look or a glance

May one's fortune advance.

3．第六回

杨译开篇有四行诗，结尾有两行，霍译无。关于宝玉初试云雨情的描述也有差异。

（1）杨译原文与译文。

宝玉亦素喜袭人柔媚娇俏，遂强袭人同领警幻所训云雨之事。袭人素知贾母已将自己与了宝玉的，今便如此，亦不为越礼，遂和宝玉偷试一番，幸无人撞见。

Since Pao-yu had long been attracted by Hsi-jen's gentle, coquettish ways, he urged her to carry out the instructions with him; and as she knew that the Lady Dowager had given her to Pao-yu she felt would not be an undue liberty.So they tried it out secretly together, and luckily they were not discovered.

（2）霍译原文和译文。

宝玉亦素喜袭人柔媚姣俏，遂强拉袭人同领警幻所训之事。袭人素知贾母曾将他给了宝玉，也无可推托的，扭捏了半日，无奈何，只得和宝玉温存了一番。

Bao-yu had long been attracted by Aroma's somewhat coquettish charms and tugged at her purposefully, anxious to share with her the lesson he had learned from Disenchantment. Aroma knew that when Grandmother Jia gave her to Bao-yu she had intended her to belong to him in the fullest possible sense, and so, having no good reason for refusing him, she allowed him, after a certain amount of coy resistance, to have his way with her.

4．第十四回

王熙凤协管宁国府，有一段描述凤姐威严的话，原文与译文均有较大差异。

（1）杨译原文与译文。

登时放下脸来，喝命：“带出去，打二十板子！”一面又掷下宁国府对牌：“出去说与来升，革他一月银米！”众人听说，又见凤姐眉立，知是恼了，不敢怠慢。拖人的，出去拖人，执牌传谕的，忙去传谕。那人身不由己，已拖出去挨了二十大板，还要进来叩谢。凤姐道：“明日再有误的，打四十，后日的六十，要挨打的，只管误！”说着，吩咐：“散了罢。”窗外众人听说，方各自执事去了。

With a stern look she ordered the woman to be taken out and given twenty strokes with the bamboo.She then threw down the Ning Mansion tally and gave orders that Lai Sheng should dock this usher of a month's wages.When the others heard this and saw Hsi-feng's angry frown, they dared not show slackness in carrying out her orders.Some hastily dragged out the woman; others passed on the order to Lai Sheng.After the usher had been given twenty strokes she had to return to kowtow to Hsi-feng.Hsi-feng warned the servants, “Anyone late again tomorrow will get forty strokes, and sixty the day after that.So those who want a beating, just come late.” With that she dismissed them.

（2）霍译原文与译文。

程乙本的文字比较简短，但有趣的是，霍克斯并未按照程乙本翻译，而是在程乙本和脂本的基础上，汇校出一个自己的中文文本，表现出独特的艺术眼光，其译文比杨译还长。

登时放下脸来，叫：“带出去打他二十板子！”众人见凤姐动怒，不敢怠慢，拉出去照数打了，进来回复；凤姐又掷下宁府对牌：“说与赖升革他一个月的钱粮。”吩咐：“散了罢。”众人方各自办事去了。那被打的也含羞饮泣而去。

Her face hardened as she pronounced sentence, “Take her out and give her twenty strokes of the bamboo! ” Seeing that Xi-feng was really angry, the servants dared not show themselves slack in executing her command.The wretched woman was half-dragged from the room and the flogging administered in full view of the waiting throng, after which they came in again, the executioners to report that they had discharged their duty and their victim to thank Xi-feng for her punishment.Xi-feng threw down one of the Ning-guo tallies. “Take this to Lai Sheng and tell him to stop a month's pay from her wages.If anyone is late tomorrow they will get forty strokes and the day after that it will be sixty.So if you enjoy being beaten you have only to come late for roll-call.Dismiss.” The servants, including the shamefaced and silently weeping victim, trooped off to their various duties.

5．第五十八回

宝玉庇护藕官烧纸后遇见芳官，杨译采用的戚序本有一段叙述与霍译原文不同，霍译原文比较简短。

（1）杨译原文与译文。

这里宝玉和他只二人。宝玉便将方才从火光发起，如何见了藕官，又如何谎言庇护，又如何藕官叫我问你，从头至尾，细细的告诉他一遍……

When the two of them were alone, Pao-yu described in detail how he had noticed something burning and spotted Ou-kuan, how he had lied to cover up for her, and how Ou-kuan had told him to ask her, Fang-kuan, for an explanation.

（2）霍译原文与译文。

宝玉将方才见藕官，如何谎言庇护，如何“藕官叫我问你”，细细的告诉一遍……

Bao-yu was now able to tell Parfumée about his encounter with Nénuphar—how he had lied to protect her and how, feeling unable to answer his question herself, she had referred him to Parfumée for an explanation.

三、对话的差异

《红楼梦》之所以深受广大读者喜爱，一个重要原因就在于其高超的语言艺术。“《红楼梦》令你觉得汉语汉字真是无与伦比。”（王蒙，2002:2）作者善于运用语言，尤其是会话，刻画人物形象，推动情节发展。杨译与霍译的原文在对话方面也有差别。

1．第二回回末

（1）杨译原文与译文。

雨村兄，恭喜了！来这等村野地方何干？

Congratulations, Brother Yu-tsun! What are you doing here in the wilds of the country？

（2）霍译原文与译文。

雨村兄恭喜了！特来报个喜信的。

Yu-cun, congratulations! I've got some good news for you.

2．第九回回末

贾瑞劝金荣向宝玉、秦钟他们认错，杨译与霍译的比较。

（1）杨译原文与译文。

贾瑞只要暂息此事，又悄悄的劝金荣说：“俗语说的好，杀人不过头点地。你既惹出事来，少不得下点气儿，磕个头就完事了。”金荣无奈，只得进前来，与秦钟磕头。且听下回分解。

Chia Jui, anxious to smooth things over, urged Chin Jung softly, “Remember the proverb ‘A murderer can only lose his head'.Since you began this you must humble yourself a little.Once you've kowtowed, that will be the end of it.” So at last Chin Jung stepped forward and kowtowed to Chin Chung.To know what followed, read the next chapter.

（2）霍译原文与译文。

贾瑞只要暂息此事，又悄悄的劝金荣说：“俗语说的好，忍得一时忿，终身无恼闷。”未知金荣从也不从，下回分解。

Jia Rui, whose only concern now was to get the matter over with as quickly as possible, quietly urged him to comply, “You know what the proverb says‘He who can check a moment's rage shall calm and carefree end his days'.” Did Jokey Jin comply? The following chapter will reveal.

可见，霍译原文不仅简略，而且把谚语也改得面目全非。

3．第三十四回

袭人向王夫人建议让宝玉搬出大观园，戚序本有一段话描述较为生动。与之相比，程乙本在生动性方面就大打折扣了。

（1）杨译原文与译文。

二爷素日性格，太太是知道的。他又偏好在我们队里闹，倘或不防，前后错了一点半点，不论真假，人多口杂，那起小人的嘴有什么避讳，心顺了，说的比菩萨还好，心不顺，就贬的连畜牲不如。

You know, madam, what Master Bao is like and how he enjoys amusing himself with us girls.If no precautions are taken and he does something the least bit foolish—no matter it's true or not—there's bound to be talked.Low-class people will gossip.When they're well disposed, they laud you to the skies；when they're not, they talk as if you were worse than a beast.

（2）霍译原文与译文。

……倒不如预先防着点儿。况且二爷素日的性格，太太是知道的。他又偏好在我们队里闹，倘或不防，前后错了一点半点，不论真假，人多嘴杂，那起小人的嘴，太太还不知道呢：心顺了，说的比菩萨还好；心不顺，就没有忌讳了。

We just have to be on our guard against that sort of thing happening—espe cially when Master Bao has such a peculiar character, as Your Ladyship knows，and spends all his time with girls.He only has to make the tiniest slip in an unguarded moment, and whether he really did anything or not, with so many people about—there is sure to be scandal.For you know what some of these people are like, Your Ladyship.If they feel well-disposed towards you, they'll make you out to be a saint; but if they're not, then Heaven help you！