（29）副词的用法

用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词的，就叫作副词。有时副词也可用来修饰名词、或代词、从句或整个的句子，例如：

He lives comfortably on his pension.（动词）

The weather is very fine today.（形容词）

She does not rise very early.（副词）

Even

a boy he

can carry this small parcel.（名词或代词）

One is really happy only when one is in sound health.（从句）

Unfortunately the thief was not caught.（全句）

副词与形容词有时是同形的，如 first、hard、fast、early、late、well、much、little、high、low、long、wide、right、straight、enough 等，如“He was very tired，because he had been busy since early morning. ”（用作形容词）又“He that would thrive must rise early. ”（用作副词）

有时加上 -ly 与不加 -ly，同为副词，不过意义不同而已。

比较:	hard（勉力）：I study hard all day long. hardly（几不）：I hardly ever see him now.

比较:	high（高）：The waves ran high. highly（非常）：He is highly amused.

比较:	late（迟）：You should not sit up so late. lately（近来）：I have lately been very busy.

比较:	wide（宽）：The fire spread far and wide. widely（大大地）：His opinion differs widely from mine.

1. 副词的种类（Kinds of Adverbs）

① 普通副词（Simple Adverb）

a. 表时间的：before、ago、early、lately、soon、at once、today、yesterday、tomorrow、long ago、

sooner or later 等。

b. 表地点的：here、there、far、near、close by、over there、to and fro、far away 等。

c. 表次数的：once、twice、sometimes、seldom、often 等。

d. 表方式的：well、thus、kindly、bravely、wisely、well of 等。

e. 表分量的：little、more、greatly、enough、every、too、almost、more or less 等。

f. 表肯定的：yes、certainly 等。

g. 表否定的：no、not、never 等。

② 疑问副词（Interrogative Adverb）

a. 表时间的：

When shall we meet again？（何时）

How long has your throat been like this？（好久）

How often do you write to him a month？（几次）

b. 表地点的：

Where do you plan to spend the summer？（何处）

How far is it from here to your house？（距离）

c. 表方式的：

How is your family？（状态）

How is he useful？（如何）

d. 表程度的：

How do you like my new house？（好恶）

How do you like your tea？（浓度）

e. 表理由的：

Why do you ask that question？（何故）

How is it that you are always behind time？（怎样）

f. 表感叹的：

How beautiful she looks today！（美貌）

How it blows！（烈风）

③ 关系副词（Relative Adverb）

关系副词是 Adverb 而兼 Conjunction 的作用的，如 when、where、why 等皆是，用法如下：

a. 表时间的：

The summer holidays were the only part of the year when（in which）he was really happy.

b. 表地点的：

He led us to a joyous land where（in which）waters gushed and fruit trees grew.

c. 表理由的：

The reason why（on account of which）it happened is told in Browning’s poem.

d. 表方式的：

This is the way how he did it.

上面例句中所用的 when、why、where 等关系副词，都可以用 that 来代替，有时甚至可以完全省略。

His father died on the day（when）（that）he was born.（或用 that 代替 when，或全不用）

That is the reason（why）men seek fame and fortune.

又关系副词的先行词（Antecedent），有时颇不寻常，有时全然略去。

a. There are cases when politeness cuts deeper than impertinence.——Gardiner

There are cases，of course，where the clash of liberties seems to defy compromise.——Gardiner，Leaves in the Wind

This is the point where we stuck.

Americans have passed out of the period where they care about petty economies.

b. He asked me（the time）when I had arrived.

This is（the place）where we dwell.

That must be a long way from（the place）where we were.

She returned it to（the place）where it had been before.

A banana-skin was lying，like a bedraggled starfish，in the gutter，just in front of（the place）where they were standing.——Huxley，Antic Hay

关系副词的继续的用法。

We waited for half an hour when（= and then）the storm passed over.

They walked together to the entrance，where（= and there）they stopped.

④ 复合关系副词（Compound Relative Adverb）

在普通关系副词上加 ever 一词时，便成为复合关系副词，如 whenever = at any time when 及 wherever = in or to any place where 等。此种副词有时含有让步的意思（However 只能用于让步句中）。

a. 普通的：

Come whenever（= at any time when）it is convenient to you.

My dog follows me wherever（= to any place where）I go.

b. 让步的：

Whenever（= No matter when）I（may）go，I find him writing something.

Wherever（= No matter where）you（may）go，you will find the same thing.

However（= No matter how）careful you may be，accidents will happen.

2. 副词的比较（Comparison of Adverbs）

副词的比较（Comparison），其构成方式大概与形容词相仿，不过 no sooner than 和 more than 的用法，以及 the + Comparative 的用法，值得注意。

① 单音节及少数二音节的副词，比较级加 -er，最高级加 -est:

soon，sooner，soonest

fast，faster，fastest

near，nearer，nearest

late，later，latest

often，oftener，oftenest

② 字尾为 -ly 的副词，就用 more，most（less，least）来作成比较：

quickly，more quickly，most quickly

gently，less gently，least gently

但 early 一字则变成 earlier、earliest。

③ 不规则的比较：

well，better，best

ill（badly），worse，worst

much，more，most

little，less，least

far，farther，farthest

（注意）形容词的最高级要加 the，副词的最高级不加 the，但口语中也常加 the。

He is the best man alive.（形容词）

Take any book that you like best.（副词）

I like spring the best.（副词口语）

④ no + Comparative + than：

No sooner had he done so than he uttered a cry of disappointment.

The whale is no more a fish than a horse is.

The hen loves her chickens no less than our mother loves us.

An inattention to our persons implies a disrespect to others，and may often be traced no less to a want of good nature than of good sense.

⑤ 用于形容词、动词、名词等前的 more than:

You have already more than repaid me.——Stevenson，New Arabian Nights

Rose’s cheeks were more than touched by the sun.——Gissing，House of Cobwebs

Her plain features expressed a simplicity and gentleness which more than compensated for the lack of conventional grace in her manners.——Ibid.

I prayed to heaven in my heart that my boy，my more than son，might live.——Haggard，She

⑥the + Comparative（此 the = in that or what degree，原非冠词，而系关系副词的一种）：

a. the + 比较级（因而更加）

I love him all the better for his faults.

He worked the harder，because he had hopes of success.

The danger makes the sport only the pleasanter.——Thackeray，Vanity Fair

Learning makes a man wise，but a fool is made all the more a fool by it.

b. the + 比较级...the + 比较级（愈……愈）

The sooner，the better.

The more men have，the more they desire.

The older a man gets，the less exercise he takes.

3. 副词的位置（Position of Adverbs）

一般的原则是置于最接近其所修饰的词旁，约可分为五种，即被修饰词的紧前，被修饰词的紧后，主语与谓语的中间，语句的头上，语句的末尾。

a. 修饰形容词或别的副词时，置于该词之前：

We live in a very beautiful world.

You are doing your lessons very well.

但 enough 一个副词，便永远要置于形容词、副词或动词之后的，如：

The book is easy enough for you to read.

He spoke highly enough of what you had done.

I have slept enough.

b. 修饰动词时，有时在前，有时在后：

（i）修饰不及物动词时，副词置于动词之后：

He landed safely at the foot of the precipice，and looked anxiously around in search of Pierre.

You acted foolishly.

（注意）但 always、never、often、sometimes、seldom、generally、rarely 等副词，就要置于动词之前：

He always laughed at a good joke.

Never speak ill of others.

Even Homer sometimes nods.

（ii）修饰及物动词时，副词置于动词之前或宾语之后：

She bitterly reproached herself for having believed reports.

When you have done your best，wait the result calmly and with hope.

（iii）如系复合动词，则副词置于助动词与主动词之间：

I have never seen anything more beautiful.

He may well be said to have been a fortunate man.

但 You never can tell 的说法，是因发音关系而产生的变则。

c. 修饰不定词时，除 never、always 等副词外，一般皆置于不定词之后：

The teacher ordered the boy to study diligently.

Cf. I hope never to see his face again.

d. 修饰整个的语句，副词通例是置于句首：

Unfortunately he was not listened to.

Luckily no one was inside，when the roof fell in.

比较:	Happily he did not die. = It was a happy result that he did not die. He did not die happily. = He did not die a happy death.

e. 表示定时的副词常置于句首或句尾：

Last Sunday we made a trip to Tapeihu.

The students’ athletic meet will be held tomorrow.

f. 表示地点的副词置于动词之后，但与表示时间的副词同用时，则地点副词在先，时间副词在后：

She will be here soon.

A big fire broke out in Simon on the morning of the 20th inst.

g. only 一个副词最足代表，因所置的地位不同，而意义因之而异：

比较:	Only he lost his purse.（别人没有） He only lost his purse.（只失去钱包并未失钱） He lost only his purse.（没有失去别人的钱包） He lost his purse only.（未失去别的东西） He lost his only purse.（失去唯一的钱包）

h. 加强语气的副词置于句首：

Scarcely had I passed through the gate before I heard a cry from the house.

Little did I expect that he would succeed so well.

4. 副词的用法（Special Uses of Adverbs）

① very 和 much

a. 形容词和副词的原级用 very，比较级和最高级用 much。

This novel is very instructive.（原级）

You read very slowly.（原级）

The air is much hotter today than yesterday.（比较级）

He is much the best student in the class.（最高级）

但为加强语气，在最高级之前也可用 very，如 He is the very best student in the class.

b. very 是修饰形容词、副词的，而 much 是修饰动词的。

He is very clever for his age.（形容词）

A polite bow will very often do.（副词）

He studies history very much.（动词）

c. 现在分词用 very，过去分词用 much:

The news is very surprising.

I am much surprised at the news.

（例外）very tired、very pleased、very delighted、very frightened、very rejoiced 等。

②yes 和 no

肯定的回答用 yes，否定的回答用 no。

Is he not diligent？No，he is idle.

Is he not severe？No，he is very kind.

（注意）“你不晓得我已经搬了家吗？”“是的，我不晓得。”用英文说时，肯定的回答，应改为否定的回答，即“Don’t you know that I have moved？No，I don’t. ”

③否定词（Negation）

a. 否定的副词 not，普通置于助动词与主动词之间；如无助动词时，就得临时在否定词前加用一个 do 字，如：

I shall not see it again.

I have not seen him of late.

He does not tell me his name.

I did not tell him my name.

I do not like him.

但是动词的 be 和 have 却是例外，not 要置于主动词之后，如：

He is not a man of wit.

I have not that picture post card.

如 have 不做“有”解时，则应加用 do 字，如：

比较:	Did you have a fine time yesterday？ No，I did not have a fine time yesterday.

You do not have to go. = You need not go.

b. no 和 not（no 是形容词，not 是副词）

I have no dictionary.（have 意为“有”）

I have not your dictionary.（have 意为“拿”）

但加强语气时也可说 I have not a dictionary. 普通说 Wealth can not buy happiness. 如加强语气时，就可以说 No wealth can buy happiness.

c. never 和 nothing（never = not ever，nothing = not anything 都是加强语气的说法）

Never tell a lie，either for fun or from fear.（比说 Do not tell a lie，...语气要强些）

I know nothing except this.（比说 I do not know anything except this. 语气要强些）

d. seldom，hardly，scarcely，rarely（都是作“几乎没有”解的否定副词，不须再加 not 字样）

He seldom is absent.

I hardly ever see him now.

He scarcely ever opens a book.

e. little（这词也作“几乎没有”解，尤其是与 think，dream，know，expect 等动词，或 as，so，how 等副词同用时）

I little think that he would die.

Little did I dream of seeing such a fine scenery.

This shows how little he knows the world.

He knows the world as little as a new-born baby.

f. 部分否定（Partial Negation）

否定词的 not 和 all，every，both，always，necessarily 等词同用时，仅表示部分的否定。

All that glitters is not gold.（未必皆是）

Every man can not become great.（非人人所能）

Such things do not occur every day.（非日日发生）

The rich are not always happy.（未必）

Both his parents are not living.（非二人全死）

g. 二重否定（Double Negation）

There is nothing that he cannot do a little of，yet nothing he can do thoroughly.

It never rains but it pours.

There is nothing so strong but it is in danger from what is weak.

Nothing can be attained in this world without exertion.

There are few children who do not go to school.

④ once 和 ever（肯定句用 once，疑问句、条件句及否定句则用 ever）

I have been there once.

Have you ever been there？

If you ever go that way，don’t fail to call on me.

I don’t think he will ever do so.

但最高级的肯定句中要用 ever，如 He is the richest man that ever lived.

又在纯粹的肯定句中用 ever 是 always 之意，较之语气更强，如“Fortune was ever on his side I have ever thought so. ”。

⑤ already 和 yet（肯定陈述句用 already，否定句及肯定疑问句用 yet）

He has almost recovered already.

I have never failed yet.

Has the train arrived yet？No，not yet.

注意：如说“Has the train arrived already？”便错了。

⑥too 和 either（肯定句用 too，否定句用 either）

I know him too.

I don’t know him either.

⑦ago，before 和 since（从现在以前说 ago，从过去某个时间以前说 before，所以 ago 是和 Past Tense 同用的，before 是和 Past Perfect 同用的。since 作副词用，意为以前，对 ago 或 before 二者皆可以用）

A century ago people did not know airplanes.

I came back yesterday，but he had come back two days before.

The tree cast their leaves a month since.

He said his father had died two years since.

Those were friends long since dead.

⑧there（用于表示人或物的有无）

There was a fire last night.

There may be some money in my drawer.

They say there is going to be war.

There has been no war between the two nations.

In the northern part of France there used to be a painting school.

It is necessary for there to be a change.

We became the more intimate from there being many resemblances of character between us.

At that moment there came a knock at the door.

Once there lived a farmer in this village.