(16)疑问代词
疑问代词用于问人及物的场合,共有 who、what、which 三个词。这三个疑问代词,是单复数通用的,what、which 没有所有格,其主格及宾格同形,惟有 who 在其格(Case)上有些变化。
主格 |
所有格 |
宾格 |
who |
whose |
whom |
what |
— |
what |
which |
— |
which |
1. who 是用于人的,问人的姓名及血族关系,例如:
① Who is he?He is Mr. Chang.(姓名)
② Who is she?She is my aunt.(血族关系)
2. what 可用于人或物,用于人的时候,就不是问其姓名,而是问其职业,用于物的时候,当然是问物名。
① What is that man?He is a doctor.(职业)
② What do you want?I want some ink.(物名)
3. which 也是人或物都可以用的,常表选择之意,即“孰”的意思。白话说“哪一个”。
① Which do you like better,novels or poems?(二者择其一)
② Which do you like best,beer,wine or spirit?(多数中择其一)
4. 疑问代词通常置于语句的开头,可与助动词同用。
① Whom do you want to see?
② Which do you want?
③ What ought we to do?
但用 be 及 have 时,则不要助动词,如:
① Which of the two sisters is the prettier?
比较:Which of the two sisters do you like better?
② What have you in your hand?
比较:What did you say?
注意:have 的这种用法是含有“所有”的意思,如无所有的意思,例如在 to have dinner(用餐),to have a good time(行乐)等 phrase 中,则仍须加用助动词,现举例比较如下:
①What has he in his left hand?(有所有意)
②What will you have for dinner?(无所有意)
① Have you any sports books?(有所有意)
② Did you have a fine time yesterday?(无所有意)
还有以疑问代词为主语的肯定句可不用助动词,但在否定句中则仍须用。
① Who told you that?
② What happened next?
③ Who among these merchants does the largest trade?
④ Which of these trees does not bear fruit?
5. 疑问代词为介词的宾格时,那介词可置于疑问词之前,也可置于反问词之后,也有置前置后皆可的。
① |
To whom does this belong? Whom does this belong to? |
② With whom did you speak?
③ Whom are you looking for?
6. 疑问句有两种,一种是以基本助动词(例如 be、have 等)开头的,另一种是以疑问词(例如 what、who、which、where、whom、how、why)开头的,通常无论哪一种,都是要把动词或助动词置于主语之前的,但如果这疑问句只是一个从句接在其他主句上时,主语和动词就不必颠倒,如:
Tell me which you like best?
比较:Which do you like best?
在上面以 which 为主语的句中,do(助动词)置于主语 you 之前,以表示主语和动词的颠倒。
又,以疑问词开头的疑问句,与其他分句结合时有两种方式,①为接于主句之后,②为把其他的分句插入疑问句之间,例如:
①Do you know who is ill?Yes,I do.
②Who do you know is ill?I think his father is ill.
在第一例句,可以回答 yes 或 no,第二例句就不能回答 yes 或 no,通常是 know、hear、tell、ask 等动词的分句,置于疑问词之前,而 think、suppose、believe 等动词的分句,置于疑问词之后,但 say 一字则置前置后皆可,不过意思不同罢了。
① Did you say what you wanted?Yes,I did.
②What did you say wanted?I said I wanted some money.
第一句主要是问你说了没说,故有回答 yes 或 no 的必要,但第二句主要是问你要什么,所以只能答要的东西,不能回答要与不要。
7. 有关 what 的 phrase。
① What if I should fall sick now?(倘若……将如何)
② What though I fall sick now?(纵令……又何妨)
③He talked of rights and duties,and rights and wrongs,and what not.(此外等等)
④ What by threatening,and what by coaxing,he finally accomplished his purpose.(半以……半以……)
⑤ What with the high price of provisions,and what with the occational sickness,the family found it very difficult to live on their income.(或因……或因……)
后二例中的 what 不是代词,而是副词。