(8)第五句型的不完全他动构造
主语 + 述语 + 宾语 + 补语
这是英文造句中四种要素具备的句型。句中的他动词是不完全的,所以有了宾语,还是不能使意念完全,必得再加上一个补语才行。例如:
他使父母快乐。
He made his parents happy.
句中的he是主语,made是述语,his parents是宾语,happy是补语。因为这个述语是不完全他动词,所以单有宾语不够,还得加上补语。这种动词英文又称Factitive Verb(作为动词)。这个factitive意为making因为它是有所作为的。照普通的话说,它能使人做什么,使人变得怎样,比方说“人们选举他为市长”,就是使他做市长。“儿子使父母快乐”,就是使父母变得快乐。“我们叫他傻瓜”,就是使他成为傻瓜。诸如此类,都是表示作为、使成、变得等的意思。
We named him John.( = He was named John.)
They call him Jack.( = He is usually called Jack.)
They appointed him governor.( = He was appointed governor.)
They elected Washington president.( = Washington was elected president.)
They crowned William king.( = William was crowned king.)
由于上面的这些例子,可见在“作为动词”后的宾语,都含有被动的意思,这就是“作为”的结果。使动是可以包括在被动中的,如云He made his parents happy. = His parents were made happy. 意即他的父母被使快乐,被儿子使他们快乐。
我们还记得在第二句型的不完全自动构造中,也是需要采用补语的,即是说不完全自动词与不完全他动词,都需要有补语以完全文句的意念,不过前者为主格补语,后者为宾格补语,比较如下:
不完全自动与主格补语
She became(was made)his wife.
She became(was made)happy.
不完全他动与宾格补语
He made her his wife.
He made her happy.
宾格补语也和主格补语一样,可分Noun-Element(名词及其同等语)和Adjective-Element(形容词及其同等语)两大类。还可细分如下九项:
1. They appointed Nelson admiral.(Noun)
2. I believed it him.(Pronoun)
3. He painted the house green.(Adjective)
4. What time do you expect her back?(Adverb)
5. I have always found him to be a true friend.(Infinitive)
6. I kept him waiting.(Present Participle)
7. We call such a way of life “eating the bread of idleness”.(Gerund)
8. I found everything in good condition.(Phrase)
9. We have made him what he is.(Clause)
他动词中可作“作为动词”用的有make,elect,think,have,keep,find,leave,create,show,appoint,name,suppose,call,prove,believe,imagine等字,而某些形容词或名词前后加“en”时,也可作成具有作为意味的动词,如
To enable = to make able
To enfeeble = to make feeble
To weaken = to make weak
To strengthen = to make strong
To lengthen = to make longer
To shorten = to make shorter
To widen = to make wider
To harden = to make hard
To soften = to make soft
To broaden = to make broad or broader
上举的“作为动词”中有些字如find,think,show,prove等,实际原来是不定词构造(Infinitive Construction)的省略形,即:
We supposed him 〔to be〕 dead.
We found him 〔to be〕 alive.
You must show yourself 〔to be〕 a gentleman.
He has proved himself 〔to be〕 worthy of confidence.
在这种句型中有时因声调的关系,常要在宾语地位上用“it”来代替不定词,而将不定词移到别处去,因为to be作补语用固可,作宾语用就有些拗口,应加用一个代名词的“it”进去,才合乎惯用语法,如
我觉得这样做是我的义务。
一句,如译为I think to do so my duty. 则不顺口,应改为
I think it my duty to do so.
才妥。又加
我认为那个要实行很难。
一句,如译为I found to put it in practice very difficult则不顺口,应译为
I found it very difficult to put it in practice.
才合乎英语的惯用法(usage)。
同是一个他动词可用作完全他动,也可用作不完全他动,如
(a)I found the book easily.
(b)I found the book easy.
在(a)句中的found为完全他动词,easily为修饰动词的副词,全句意为“很容易地找到了那本书”。在(b)句中的found为不完全他动词,在宾语外,还得加一个补语,意念才能完全。第二句意为“这本书我读了觉得很容易”,即容易读懂的意思。easy是修饰book的,原是说I found the book was easy,略去了was便成此型,而那主格补语便成为宾格补语了。比较:
(a)I believed the untrue report.(完全他动词)
(b)I believed the report untrue.(不完全他动词)
(a)I make a point of siding with the weaker party.(完全)
(b)I make it a rule to side with the weaker party.(不完全)
(a)I made a workbox out of it.(完全)
(b)I made it into a workbox.(不完全)
英文还可以说成这样的妙语:She made him a good husband because she made him a good wife.(因为她成为他的好妻子,所以也把他做成了好丈夫)。前面一个made是作为动词,后面一个made是授与动词。
1.认识动词,即有心灵感觉(mental perception)的动词,其宾格补语主要是表示性质的,如think,consider,call,believe,imagine,find,prove等。在那宾格与补语之间,有时可以加上“to be”的字眼,例如:
我素来认为他是诚实的。
I have always thought him honest.
军队觉得在酷热下进军几不可能。
The troops found it almost impossible to march in the great heat.
那孩子走出学校进入社会时,并不以为统治是荒诞的,权威是可笑的。
When he leaves school and enters the world,the boy is not disposed to consider rule absurd and authority ridiculous.
他确实不是邪恶的,不过人们易于想像他的性格是柔弱的。
Vicious he could assuredly not be,but one easily imagined him weak in character.
从那种娱乐的形式看来,好像可以判明他的诚实。
Such a form of pastime seems to prove him sincere.
2. 感觉动词,即有身体感觉(physical perception)的动词,有see,hear,feel,want,wish,like,hold,keep,leave,have,wear等。
现今我觉得我的生活有说不出的空虚。
Now I feel my life unspeakably empty.
他们都指望我死,想得我的钱。
They all want me dead,and are hankering for my money.(Thackeray,Vanity Fair)
她回答说她完全满足于现况,不再想望别的什么。
She replied that she was quite contented and wished nothing different.
她披头散发。
She wore her hair loose.
那消息使得我漠然地感到不安。
The news left me vaguely uneasy.
她请医生替她检查了眼睛。
She had her eyes examined by the doctor.
3. 有些作为动词,在宾格补语之前,有加上一个“as”的必要。这个“as”是专为那动词而添附的,并无特殊意义。
她认为从那个根源可以产生任何好的事情出来,并非寻常的现象。
She regarded it as extraordinary that anything good could come from that source.(Gissing,Life’s Morning)
他们认为已经绝望,就把他放弃了。
They gave him up as hopeless.
我认为他是一个很诚实的人。
I esteem him as a very honest man.
有人解释说,这个是有伤达克夫人的人格的。
Some persons understood this as an imputation on Mrs Ducker.
从许多随笔家及杂文家中,选出这些人作为最能代表维多利亚朝的特征的。
These were selected,from among many essayists and miscellaneous writers,as most typical of the Victorian Age.
在谈论她的时候,巴氏夫妇说她羞怯那是不错的。
The Boxendales were not wrong in discussing her as shy.(Gissing,Life’s Morning)
4.有些宾格补语是表示由那动作的结果而产生的状态。这类动词多半有使动意味(make,render,set,drive等),或表示一般的动作(strike,beat,shoot,fold等)。
我要解除他的一切困难。
I will set all his troubles right.
我在那种地方看到她,真使我惊讶得哑口无言。
I was struck dumb with astonishment at the sight of her in such a place.
休士那个家伙是可以做出很卑鄙的行为的。
That fellow Hughs could make himself quite nasty.(Galsworthy,Fraternity)
他决心对公众开放他那美丽的花园。
He decided to throw open his own beautiful gardens to the people.
你那感恩戴德之心,使你不可能对你的恩人做出这种事来。
Your gratitude should have rendered you incapable of such conduct towards your benefactor.
5. 反身自动词如要宾格补语时,也像作为动词时一样,那补语是表示动作的结果所产生的状态的。
他说话把声音都说哑了。
He talked himself hoarse.
大多数的人在那种情形中是欲罢不能的——他们都喝得烂醉如泥。
Most people in that state can’t stop—they drank themselves dead drunk.(Galsworthy,Motley)
他们谈得睡着了。
They talked themselves asleep.
我们必须摆脱这种古老的伤感的想法。
We have got to shake ourselves free of the old sentimental notions.
“啊,我只是要求一点——请你清醒过来听我说话。”
“Why,this is what I want—and just shake yourself sober and listen,will you?”(Eliot,Silas Marner)
6. 在采取宾格补语的他动词中,如see,原是指“看到的状态”,现在却变成指“看到的时候”,而在状态上加有时间的意味了。
我还会再见到他活着的人吗?
Shall I see him again alive?
我记得他年轻的时候。
I remember him young.(Lawrence,White Peacock)
她看到他的时候,他是年轻、骄傲、而又强壮的,现在他已年老,疲惫不堪,样子可怕,而已经死了。
She saw him young,and proud,and strong,and now he was old,and worn,and horrible,and dead.(Bennett,Old Wives’ Tale)
在第五句型的构造中有下列九种形式。
1. S. + Vt. + Noun(Pronoun) + Noun(Pronoun):
I thought him an honest man.
I thought your brother you.
2. S. + Vt. + Noun(Pronoun) + Adjective:
Her words made the man(him)angry.
3. S. + Vt. + Noun(Pronoun) + -ing:
I saw John(him)entering the room.
4. S. + Vt. + Noun(Pronoun) + -ed:
This word made his master(him)very pleased.
5. S. + Vt. + Noun(Pronoun) + to-Infinitive:
I want John(him)to come here at once.
6. S. + Vt. + Noun(Pronoun) + zero-Infinitive:
No one can make John(him)do the work.
Will you please let me go in his place?
I did not see anyone(him)enter the room.
7. S. + Vt. + Noun(Pronoun) + as + Adjective(Noun):
They represented him as reliable.
We will consider Hamlet as an example of a Shakespearian tragedy.
8. S. + Vt. + Noun(Pronoun) + Prep. + Noun:
He put his affairs in order.
I found him in good health.
We consider this of the essence of the English character.
I thought it of no use.
He has set a new scheme on foot.
I mistook him for my brother.
Please make yourself at home.
9. S. + Vt. + Noun(Pronoun) + Clause:
He has made the company what it is today.
Call it what you will.
这五种句型只是一些不同的表达方式而已,所以我们可以用来表达同样的一个意思,如
战争使我们的生意萧条。
(1st pattern)Our business has suffered not a little through the war.
(2nd pattern)The effect upon our business of the war has been striking.
(3rd pattern)The war has affected our buisiness to a remarkable extent.
(4th pattern)The war has done our business much harm.
(5th pattern)The war has rendered our business dull.
习题5
1. 美国人民决不会选举一个黑人做总统的。
2. 他们选举王君为议员。
3. 户外运动使我们心身强健。
4. 世人都以为他正直,实则他是一个骗子。
5. 我吃过晚饭照例出去散步一回。
6. 在别人没有注意的时候,他走出那房间去了。
7. 我换了一张新牌照,又有三年好用。
8. 我们发现他躺在马路边上。
9. 他们正在我园里偷水果,我把他们抓住了。
10. 我们的身体和衣服都要保持清洁,以免生病。
11. 那叫作所答非所问。
11. 我认为他说的不适切。
13. 我感觉到那问题很难解决。
14. 我认为把那件事情守秘密是贤明的。
15. 荀爽以御李(膺)为荣。
16. 我把他看做我的恩人。
17. 他把国家的情形说得十分令人慨叹。
18. 他们把她描写成天仙一般的美女。
19. 他的英文极好。
20. 我国向来尊重学问。