(6)第三句型的他动构造
主语 + 述语 + 宾语
这是用完全他动词加上一个宾语而构成的句子。在这个句型中新出现的一个因素,就是宾语。构成宾语的,都是名词或名词同等语,例如:
1. Do you know Mr. Chang?(Noun)
2. I like him very much.(Pronoun)
3. I like to read.(Non Infinitive)
4. I like reading.(Gerund)
5. I know how to swim.(Noun Phrase)
6. I know that he is an honest man.(Noun Clause)
主语和宾语一定是非名词莫办的,因此我们可以说,任何字句一登上主语或宾语的宝座,它就变成名词了。
宾语并不一定是在动词后面的,有时也会跑到动词的前面去,如What did Jack build?This is the ship that Jack built. 并不一定每次都如Jack built a ship. 一样在动词后面。
他动词的宾语从意义上看,有三种不同的字汇。即:
一、为表示结果的宾语,如我们分明是在纸上写字,结果却写成了一封信,因而我们就说写信(write a letter)。再如我们挖土,结果挖成了一个洞,我们就说挖洞(dig a hole)。
二、为表示一般意义的宾语,有things,matters等,例如If she is really bad,it simplifies things very much.(Galsworthy:Fraternity)(她要是真的坏,那事情倒简单多了。)
三、为模拟宾语(sham object)“it”。这是英文的一种惯用法,它本身根本没有什么意思,也不是专指一件什么事物,如He lords it over his inferiors.(他对部下如君临一般高傲不堪。)If you are found out,you will catch it.(如果你被他们看到,你就要挨骂的。)
有些句子我们中文是要用自动词的,而英文则惯用他动词来说,因为我们很少用事物来作他动词的主语的,英文为说话求简起见,常爱以事物为主动者,这类造句很多和我们说法不同,宜加注意,例如:
你来此何事?
What has brought you here? = What have you come here for?
从这条路去,就可以到火车站。
This road will take you to the station. = If you follow this road,you will get to the station.
什么事使他这样生气?
What made him so angry? = Why did he get so angry?
你肯帮助我的话,我就一定会成功的。
Your assistance will make my success certain. = If you assist me,my success will be certain.
看到这个使我想起以前的好日子。
This reminds me of the good old days. = When I see this,I think of the good old days.
我们靠希望而生存。
Hope keeps us alive. = We live on by hope.
衣食足而后知礼仪。
Wealth enables men to be courteous. = If men have wealth,they are able to be courteous.
因为天气坏,我们未能动身。
Bad weather prevented us from starting. = We could not start because of the bad weather.
他动词后面所接用的宾语,中英两种语文的表现法也有不同的地方。现分五项将英文特异之处说明如下:
(一)具有“夺取”意义的动词
凡被夺取的目标,在中文的说法应该是“物”,而在英文则要说“人”。在被夺取的物品之前加一个“of”的介词,造成一个片语接在“人”的后面。
强盗抢了他的钱。
A highwayman robbed him of his money.
同样的用法还有下列种种情形。
他把海上的强盗一扫而光。
He cleared the sea of those robbers.
忧烦的习惯夺去了我们的和平和安乐。
The habit of worrying robs us of peace and comfort.
我学了很多,足以诊好我从前的好幻想的毛病。
I have learned enough to cure me of my old fancies.(Stevenson)
我将永远无法完全放弃这种感觉。
I shall never be able entirely to divest myself of this feeling.
国王剥夺了他一切的荣誉。
The king stripped him of all his honours.
他忘不了过去那种痛苦的回忆。
He could not rid himself of the painful memories.
你来了省得我去麻烦写一封长信。
Your coming relieves me of the bother of writing a long letter.
他只求自己获得享乐,不管是从谁夺取得来。
He does not care whom he deprives of enjoyment,so that he can obtain it.
(二)具有“供给”意义的动词
在英文的表现法中,不能直接把所供给的事物作为宾语,必须以介词with为媒介,才能说出那事物来。同时只有受到供给的人才能成为宾语。如“供给某人金钱”为supply him with money,“车上载草”为load a cart with straw,“在玻璃杯中倒满清水”为fill the glass with water. “给人食物”为provide a person with food,“供给我许多消息”为furnish me with a lot of information,“把那本书呈献给他”为present him with the book,“赐予接见”为favour me with an interview,“把秘密告诉她”为trust her with a secret等等。
(三)具有“作成”意义的动词。那时句中的“of”所引出的名词,便是作成什么的材料,如“愚弄他”,英文说make a fool of him,便是把他当作材料,作成一个愚人。又如“专攻英文”为make a special study of English. 意即把英文当作材料来作出一种专门的研究。
(四)不把直接接受动作的人身上某一部分作为宾语,而要把那个人当作对象来说,是大处着眼的意思。
他轻拍我的背。
He patted me on the back.
他抓住我的衣领。
He seized me by the collar.
他命在旦夕。
Death stared him in the face.
他紧紧握着我的手,不让我走。
He held me by the hand firmly and would not let me go.
我抓住了他的胳膊。
I caught him by the arm.
他拖着我的衣袖。
He pulled me by the sleeve.
她打他一记耳光。
She strikes him across the face.
在受到动作的人体上某一部分的前面,一般只用冠词the,不用人称所有格的形容词,如my,his等,但有时也可以用,不过用法稍古,如“她吻了他的面颊”说She kissed him on his cheek. “他敢于用最温柔的态度执了她的手”说He presumed in the gentlest manner to take her by her hand.(Lamb,Tales from Shakespeare)说I caught him by the hand,英文的味道特别浓厚,若照中文的说法,改为I caught his hand,也未尝不通,不过两者之间是有nuance的不同的。
(五)有许多动词我们中文都是作自动词用的,而英文却是他动词,后面要接宾语,例如:
不幸降临到他身上。
A misfortune befell him.
这种式样的衣服对你很适合。
This style of dress becomes you well.
二者大小相似。
They resemble each other in size.
半小时内我们就到槟城了。
We can reach Penang in half an hour.
据说那屋子有鬼。
They say ghosts haunt that house.
不要走进这房门去。
Don’t enter this room.
英文的自动词在下列四种情形中,便可当作他动词用,后面直接接上宾语:
1. 接用同系宾语(Cognate Object),如“他过了幸福的一生”(He lived a happy life.)2. 具有使动的意味(Causative Sense),如“农人种稻”(The farmer grows rice.)3. 接用介司(Preposition),如“你在看什么?”(What are you looking at?)4. 伴有补足字(Complement),如“我们时常谈一通夜”(We often talked the night away.)
1. 同系宾语
我做了一个奇怪的梦。
I dreamed a strange dream.
他一睡不醒。
He slept the sleep that knows no waking.
我打了一场好仗。
I have fought a good fight.(Bible)
他吐了一口气,才来念了祈祷文。
He sighed a sigh and prayed a prayer.(Scott)
不但自动词如此,他动词有时也可接用同系宾语,例如tell a tale,sing a song,see a sight等等。
在同系宾语上附有修饰形容词时,通例可换成态度副词(Adverb of Manner),如live a long life = live long;live a happy life = live happily;die a natural death = die naturally;die a violent death = die by violence等等。
有的宾语与动词不同语源,但意义相通,也可视为同类,如run a race;run a course;run one’s career;fight a battle;blow a gale;strike a blow;ring a peal;wreak one’s vengeance等等。
漠然无所指的宾语“it”,也可看做一种同系宾语,如
我决心奋斗到底。
I am determined to fight it out.( = fight to the end)
安哲罗勋爵很有爵爷的神气。
Lord Angelo dukes it( = plays the part of duke)well.(Shakespeare)
我已惯于栉风沐雨。
I am used to roughing it.
白人对土人如君临一般。
The whites lord it over the natives.
我们是生来为君王效犬马之劳的。
We are born to slave it for our lord.(Thackeray)
他到各地巡回演出。
He is starring it in the provinces.
我们不得不冒雨而行。
We had to walk it in the rain.
你能游泳过去吗?
Can’t you swim it?
在某些熟语中可将同系宾语略去,如look thanks为look a look of thanks之略。
他眼中现出言语无法表达的感谢。
He looked the thanks he could not express.
她以短剑相刺的目光望看我,而走出房间去了。
She left the room,looking daggers at me.
我问他是否满意,他点头表示首肯。
I asked if he was satisfied,and he nodded assent.
那人的字写得好吗?
Does the man write a good hand?
用最上级形容词时,多半也要把同系宾语略去。
那妇人在那个时候看去最美。
The lady was looking her best(look).
她唱出她最好听的歌声来取悦他。
She sang her sweetest(song)to please him.
其他如do one’s best(or utmost) = do all one can do(尽全力);see the last of anything = see it no more(再也不见了);hear the last of anything = hear of it no more(再无消息);breathe one’s last = expire(呼出最后一口气,即死去)。
2. 含使动意
她把蜡烛竖在地板上。
She stood the candle on the floor.(Dickens)
我慢慢地带马走上小山。
I slowly walked my horse up the hill.
他们把船开到滩上去了。
They ran the ship aground.
他们使马泅水渡河。
They swam their horses across the river.
那船上挂出降旗。
The ship was flying the flag of truce.
下次满潮时船就可以浮起来了。
The next tide will float the ship.
巡洋舰把那运输船击沉了。
The cruiser sank the transport.
他们过分地酷使了那些马。
They work the horses too hard.
我躺下来好让两条疲惫的腿子休息一下。
I laid myself down to rest my wearied limbs.
3. 接用分词
怎样得到那个结果的呀?
How was the result brought about?
她在年轻的时候,追她的人很多。
She was much run after in her youth.
顽皮的孩子人人皱眉。
Everybody frowns at a naughty child.
越有越是想要。
Possession makes one wish for more.
愚人才不认错。
Fools persist in their error.
我不知道真有这样的人。
I do not know of any such man.
我不会把这问题一直讲下去的。
I shall not dwell on the subject at any length.
你最好有空的时候把那事情仔细想一下。
You had better think over the matter at your leisure.
我的母亲反对这门亲事。
My mother objects to the match.
娱乐不能妨害正事。
Pleasure must not interfere with duty.
4. 加补足字
做人不可醉生梦死。
One must not sleep or dream one’s life away.
睡眠能恢复疲劳。
You can sleep off your fatigue.
别的客人都走光了他还不走。
He sits out the other guests.
他能说服别人听从他的意见。
He can talk people over to his own views.
你自己去查字典吧。
Look up the word for yourself in the dictionary.
他们大叫把演讲者轰下台来。
They shouted down the orator.
他使我厌烦死了。
He bored me to death.
他向我说出种种道理,使我非答应不可。
He has reasoned me into compliance.
我说得他把原来的决定推翻了。
I have talked him out of his resolution.
在第三句型的构造中也有下列十一种形式:
1. S. + Vt. + Noun:
I keep a diary every day.
2. S. + Vt. + Pronoun:
They know us very well.
3. S. + Vt. + -ing:
I like playing tennis.
I do not advise your seeing him at this time.
4. S. + Vt. + Prep. + -ing:
Mrs Smith objected to our riding across the lawn.
The girl insists on going to the movies.
He persists in doing something in his own way.
5. S. + Vt. + to-Infinitive:
I like to play tennis with them.
6. S. + Vt. + what(whom,which) + to-Infinitive:
I don’t know what to do.
I don’t know what book to read.
We must know whom to choose.
I don’t know whom to go to.
Do you know which to choose?
Do you know which way to take?
7. S. + Vt. + how(when,where) + to-Infinitive:
You must learn how to swim.
We must decide when to start.
She will show where to sit.
8. S. + Vt. + that Clause:
I hear that he is in Singapore now.
9. S. + Vt. + what(who,whom,which)Clause:
I know what his name is.
I know what I must do.
Do you know what answer he made?
Do you know who he is?
Do you know whom we chose?
I cannot see which(which way)is better.
We don’t know which(which way)he took.
10. S. + Vt. + how(when,where,why)Clause:
I wonder how old that man is.
I know when(where)you were born.
No one knows why he did such a thing.
11. S. + Vt. + if(whether)Clause:
I wonder if it will rain tomorrow.
I don’t know whether the news is true or not.
习题3
试将下列各句译成英文,句中须采用完全他动词。
1. 昨天的迎新会你出席了没有?
2. 苏君顺利地进了牛津大学。
3. 王君文官考试优等及第。
4. 我们要奋斗的话,就要奋斗到底。
5. 在印尼他们剥夺了华侨一切的财产。
6. 他把我所要的一切都给我了。
7. 他抓住我的手,不让我走。
8. 她假装对我朋友说话,实际是说给我听的。
9. 勤能补拙。
10. 我一定想要你来。
11. 他不用功,在学校里又混过了一年。
12. 我旅行时总是坐的三等。
13. 他讲演完毕时,听众大声喝采。
14. 他在夜里十一时十分钟断气。
15. 你能像那老人一样游过长江吗?
16. 我给了那可怜的孩子一点钱去买东西吃。
17. 她写了一封长信给我,谈到她的将来。
18. 我们讨论那个问题直到夜深。
19. 他承认她是对的。
20. 她提议我们应从头来过一次。