C
cabbage
a cabbage是“一棵卷心菜”,cabbages是“多棵卷心菜”,cabbage是“卷心菜(的物质)”,如a slice of cabbage。
cabin
cabin指“简陋的小屋”,现在只在美国还用。
cadre
cadre正像汉语“干部”一般,原来指“部”,是“一班人”,不是“一个人”,只用在军队,不用在其他场合。但现在也正像“干部”一般,指“一个人”,而且不限于军队。
café
cafe在英国指小餐馆,在欧洲大陆指任何餐馆,尤其指露天的。
cake
统指“糕饼”用cake或cakes都可以。例如:I like cake (或cakes).但是在美国cakes(复数形式)通常指一种趁热吃的麦饼。
calculate
1.calculate用作“以为”解是美国英语。例如:I calculate, you are right.现在比较少用。
2.calculate(计算)后面可以接以that引导的从句。例如:He calculated that he had written to her twenty-four times during the past year.
calculus
calculus(微积分)前面通常有the。
calico
calico在英国指“白色棉布”,就是在美国所说的muslin,在美国指“印花棉布”,就是在英国所说的print。
call
1.call him是“唤醒他”或“高声唤他而叫他来”或“打电话给他”,用在第三解是美国用法。call to him是“高声唤他”,说“高声唤他”不可没有to。call on him是“拜访他”,有时是“请求他”。例如:The chairman called on her to say a few words. call upon him是“请求他”,有时是“拜访他”。call for him可能是“拜访他而跟他一同出去”,也可能是“吩咐别人叫他来”。call him up是“打电话给他”。
2.比较下面各句:
I called on Mr Green yesterday.(我昨天拜访Green先生。)
I called at Mr Green's yesterday.(1.我昨天到Green先生的家。2.我昨天到Green先生的店或办事处。)
I called on the Greens yesterday.(我昨天访问Green全家或夫妇、父子、兄弟等。)
I called at the Greens' yesterday.(1.我昨天到Green家。2.我昨天到Green夫妇、父子、兄弟等的店或办事处。)
3.说“吩咐某人做什么”不可用call,如不可说I will call him to help me,该把call改作tell或ask。call him to help me是“高声唤他来帮助我”。
4.下面三句意思相同:
I called him to come.
I called to him to come.
I called out to him to come.
5.This work calls for a knowledge of geometry里的calls for作“需要”解。用作这个意思的call for的宾语后面有时有不定式。例如:The work is important enough to call for us to exercise great care.
6.His name is Henry和He is called Henry都可以说,但不可说His name is called Henry,name和called不可同时用。
7.The doctor received a call可能是“这医生接到一个邀请(出诊)”,也可能是“这医生接到一个访问(有人来就诊)”。当然也可能是“这医生接到一个电话。”
8.The meeting was called for 8 July是“会议被决定在7月8日召开。”
9.比较下面两句:
What do you call this in English?(这东西在英语里叫什么?)
How do you say this in English?(这个语句在英语里怎样讲?)
不可说How do you call this in English?
camp
in camp, make camp, go to camp, reach camp, put into camp, return to camp等表达方式里通常没有the。
campus
campus(学校场地、校园)是美国英语,有时用来指“学校”。前面用on,不用in,原来必须有the,现在往往没有。
can
1.can用作“(罐头食品的)罐头”解是美国英语,相当于英国的tin。can用作“把…做成罐头食品”解原来也是美国英语,相当于英国的tin,但现在在英国也很普通。
2.cannot是英国拼写形式,can not是美国拼写形式。
3.许多语法书里说表示“许可”该用may,不该用can。其实用can表示“许可”也很普通,如You can go和You may go意思相同,Can I go?和May I go?意思也相同。You can...有时有“我要你…”的意思。
在口语里往往用cannot表示“不许可”。例如:Children, you cannot throw the ball over the wall.
4.请求他人作某事,说Could you ...?比说Can you ...?婉转些。
5.could(虚拟过去式)有时表示愿望或倾向,如I could eat another(我[现在]很想再吃一个)和I could cry for shame。(我[现在]几乎因为羞耻而哭出来了。)
6.can用在否定句和疑问句里往往表示可能,作“会…”解,如He cannot be over fifty(他不会在五十岁以上,他至多不过五十岁)和Can he be still living?(他仍旧活着吗?他现在还会活着吗?)can后面接着完成时态一定表示可能,如He cannot have seen her yesterday(他决不会在昨天见过她)和Can I have said so?(我会曾经这样说么?)注意:He cannot have seen her yesterday和He could not see her yesterday(他昨天不能见她)不同,Can I have said so?和Could I say so?(1.我曾经能够这样说么?2.我[现在]要这样说便能够这样说么?)不同。
7.You cannot be too careful直译作“你不会太小心”,就是说“你不论怎样小心,总不会过分”,也就是说“你愈小心愈好”。下面各句也都是这个意思:
You cannot be over careful.
You cannot be careful enough.
You cannot be sufficiently careful.
You cannot take enough care.
You cannot take sufficient care.
下面各句都跟上面各句相仿:
We cannot recommend this book too strongly.
I cannot see enough of him.
We cannot exaggerate his attainments.
This point cannot be overemphasized.
8.can的过去式是could,说过去的“能够”用could当然不错。例如:I told him I could do it.但单说I could do it很容易被人看作有If I would do it, I could或I could do it, but somehow I don't do it的意思。所以指过去的“能够”通常不用could而用able。例如:I was able to do it.
比较下面各句:
I told him I could do it.(指经常的或一次的能力,并不意味着实行)
I was able to do it.(指经常的或一次的能力,并不意味着实行)
I did it.(指经常的或一次的行为)
I succeeded in doing it.(指一次的行为)
I managed to do it.(指一次的行为)
“他最后精通了英语”不可说At last he could master English,通常也不说At last he was able to master English。而用下面的任何一句:
At last he mastered English.
At last he succeeded in mastering English.
At last he managed to master English.
canal
... Canal(…运河)前面有the,如the Grand Canal(我国的大运河),the Suez Canal和the Panama Canal。
cancer
cancer是类名词,指“癌”,也是抽象名词,指“癌症”。
candidacy
candidacy是美国英语,相当于英国的candidature。
candidate
candidate for President和candidate for Presidency都可以说。candidate for typist和candidate for the position of typist也都可以说。
candidly
candidly有时形容全句或整个从句,作“坦白地说”解,如Candidly I was bored to tears和I have just finished the novel, which, candidly, I do not like。
candy
candy在英国是“冰糖”,也作sugar-candy(在美国往往作rock candy),没有复数形式。在美国指一切“糖果”,相当于英国的sweets,单数形式和复数形式都有。例如:She gave the boy some candy(或candies)。美国的candy store相当于英国的sweet shop。在美国candy统指“糖果”,a candy是“一块糖果”,也作a piece of candy, candies是“多种糖果”,不是“多块糖果”,“多块糖果”是pieces of candy。
cannon
cannon有复数形式cannons,但现在很少用。cannon往往用作“炮”的集合名词,也用作复数,如a crowd of cannon和many cannon。The cannon were still thundering(炮还在隆隆地轰响着)里的were改作was也可以。
cannot
参见can 2和3
capable
1.capable后面接of和动名词,不接不定式,如可以说capable of carrying more,不可说capable to carry more。
2.capable of anything通常作“任何坏事都会做出的”解。
capacity
capacity后面接不定式或接for或of和动名词,如his capacity to make friends, his capacity for making friends和his capacity of making friends。
capital
1.说“某国的首都”在capital后面接of,不接in,如the capital of China。
2.注意Write your name and address in capitals用in。
capitalist(ic)
参见-ist(ic)
Capitol
Capitol(美国国会大厦)前面有the。
capturer
capturer现在远不及captor普通。
car
单用car通常指“汽车”,有时指“电车”,在美国有时指“火车的一节车厢”,把the cars指“一列火车”。但by car一定指“乘汽车”。
card
1.“到…的家里留下一张名片给…”该说leave a card on ...。
2.cards(纸牌戏)用作复数。例如:Cards are allowed here.
care
1.care用作“忧愁”解用单数形式或复数形式都可以,用作“小心”解只可用单数形式。
2.take care of在英国只作“当心保护”解,它的宾语总是该被保护的东西,如Take care of your health和We must take care of public property。在美国往往用作“提防”或“对付”解。例如:You must take care of all possible obstacles和Can he take care of this problem?有时竟然有“杀掉”的意思。例如:They had many snakes to take care of in laying out the garden.
3.care of或in care of作“由…收下保管而转给他人”解,如I wrote to Mr Williams (in) care of Mr Cooke(我写信给Williams先生,是请Cooke先生转交的),在信封上习惯写作c/o或。例如:
Mr A. B. Williams
c/o Mr C. D. Cooke
注意c/o...是“由…转交”,不是“转交给…”,A c/o B是“由B转交给A”,不是由A转交给B。
4.I don't care作“我不放在心上”或“不以为意”解,但后面接了不定式便作“我不肯”或“我不愿意”解,如I don't care whether you will go or not是“我不管你去不去”,I don't care to go是“我不肯去”。但I don't care if I...却又作“我愿…”解,如I don't care if I go是“我愿去”。(这句直译作“即使我去,我也不以为意”,就是说“我不妨一去”。)
5.I don't care for(欢喜)novels比I don't care about novels普通。I don't care(肯)to go比I don't care about going语气重些。注意不可说I don't care for going。
6.可以说I don't care for you to see me。(我不要你见我。)
7.care to ...主要用在否定句、疑问句和表示条件的从句里。例如:
I don't care to go. Do you care to go?
If you care to go, I will go with you.
通常不说I care to go。但对于Do you care to go?可以回答说I care to go。也可以说That is all he cares to speak about。
8.I don't care what you say是“不论你说什么,我都不关心”,I don't care about(或for)what you say是“对于你所说的话我不关心”,但也可能跟前句意思相同。
9.Take care what you are doing是“留心你正在做什么(不可做你不该做的事)。”Take care in what you are doing是“对于你正在做的事,(你该)小心去做。”Take care of what you are doing可能有上面两句中任何一句的意思。
10.下面每组里的三句意思相同:
11.take care and ...=take care to ...(不定式),是美国用法。例如:Take care and get it done today.
12.可以说Owing to poor health he lived for some time in care of an old friend,但这里用in care of不及用under the care of普通。
career
1.career是“事业”或“一生的经历”,不是抽象名词,如their careers里必须用复数形式。
2.美国英语career man跟careerist不大相同。career man是“职业外交家”,就是“不是从政界、教育界、企业界等出身的外交家”,也作career diplomat。careerist是“追求名利的人”。
careful
1.He is careful in reading every sentence是“他细心地读每句。”He is careful to read every sentence是“他留心着一定要读每句(一句也不肯遗漏)。”He is careful enough to read every sentence是“他这样地留心,所以每句都读(一句也不遗漏)”。
2.careful后面往往接of。例如:You ought to be careful of your spelling.假使后面接以how, where等词引导的从句,便不用of,如You ought to be careful how you spell和She is always careful where to use a comma and where to use a semicolon。
3.Be careful (that) you don't catch cold里的that可有可无。
4.可以说Be careful of your pronunciation,不可说Be careful of your mis pronunciation。
5.She is always careful what she does是“她时常当心她做什么(避免做不该做的事)”。She is always careful in what she does是“对于她做的事,她时常小心去做”。She is always careful of what she does可能有上面两句中任何一句的意思。
careless
careless有时后面接以how, what等词引导的从句。例如:One should never be careless how one speaks or writes.
Carolina
the Carolinas指美国North Carolina和South Carolina两州(state)。
carpet
可以说a strip of carpet, a piece of thick carpet等。
carry
1.carry和take往往可以通用,如He carried the box to her和He took the box to her意思相同。但He carried the boy to her是“他抱着、扛着或背着这男孩到她那里”,那男孩并不跟他一同走。He took the boy to her是“他带着这男孩到她那里”,那男孩也许跟他同走,也许不跟他同走。说跟某人一同到那里,假使不是抱着、背着或扛着,不可用carry。美国南方有把carry用作take解的。例如:He will carry his friend to the party this evening.但这决不是正常的英语。
2.carry on和carry out意思不同。carry on是“进行”或“经营”,carry out是“实行”或“完成”,如carry on a business(进行或经营一个事业)和carry out a business plan(实行一个事业上的计划)。
比较下面每组里的两句:
case
1.in case of有时作“假使…发生”解。例如:In case of fire, give the alarm.有时作“防备…”解。例如:Take some brandy with you in case of need. Take an umbrella with you in case of rain可能有两个意思:1.“假使下雨,拿一把伞。”2.“拿一把伞,防备下雨。”in the case of通常作“关于…”解。例如:In the case of his father, we must make an exception.偶尔用作in case of解。
2.in the case of, in ...'s case, in many cases等用得太多,往往可以避免。例如:
In the case of Russian grammar, it has six cases.(可以改作Russian grammar has six cases。)
In the case of my brother(或In my brother's case), he will graduate next year.(可以改作My brother will graduate next year。)
In many cases the answers are almost perfect.(可以改作Many [of the] answers are almost perfect。)
In every case except that of world literature he has got A.(可以改作In every subject except world literature he has got A。)
Some of my friends sing very well, but this is not the case with me.(可以改作Some of my friends sing very well, but I do not。)
3.in case(后面从前往往加上连接词that,现在不加)有下面各种含意:
(1)“假使…”。例如:
In case he comes, let me know.
In case you fail, you must try again.
(2)“防备…”。例如:
You had better be ready in case they arrive before you expect them.
I left the door open in case the cat wanted to get in.
(3)“借以避免…”。例如:
Be quiet in case you (should) wake the baby.
He left his most valuable books with me in case they got (或should get) lost.
(4)“希望…”。例如:
He waited outside in case he could be useful.
I enclose my card in case you wish to see it.
in case有时单独用,表示“防备…”,“借以避免…”,或“希望…”的意思。例如:
They may not arrive before you expect them, but you had better be ready in case.
Noise might not wake the baby, but I advise you to be quiet in case.
He did not know whether he could prove useful in the room, but he waited outside in case.
4.in case引导的从句里不用will或would指将来,如In case he comes, let me know里的comes不可改作will come, I left the door open in case the cat wanted to get in里的wanted不可改作would want。
cash
1.cash有时是“现钱”,包括“硬币”说“纸币”,有时只指“硬币”,不包括“纸币”。cash payment(现金付款)可能是硬币,可能是纸币,可能是硬币和纸币。“硬币付款”该说specie payment。
2.cash也指我国从前所通用的小钱,就是有方孔的铜钱。单数和复数同一形式,如one cash和five cash。
3.cash(兑现)的主语可能是持票人,也可能是银行职员,如I went to the bank to cash a cheque和I asked the clerk to cash my cheque。在第二种用法里cash有时有双宾语。例如:Please cash me this cheque.
casket
casket用作“棺材”解是美国英语。
cast
1.说“投”、“掷”或“丢”,现在通常不用cast,却用throw。
2.cast偶尔有双宾语。例如:The tree cast us a pleasant shade.
casualty
casualty是“死或伤的人”,如“两死三伤”是five casualties。
cat
1.cat属于通性,但通常当作雌猫,用代词she或her。在必须说“雄猫”的场合该用tom(-)cat。
2.Care killed the cat(忧能伤身)是谚语,注意用过去时态killed。
catalogue
catalogue在美国往往指学校的章程或说明书,相当于英国学校里的prospectus和大学里的calendar。
catch
1.说“人感染疾病”该把“人”做catch的主语,不该把“疾病”做catch的主语,如该说I have caught a cold,不该说A cold has caught me。
2.下面两句都作“我的衣袖被一个钉子钩住”解:
My sleeve caught on a nail.
My sleeve got caught on a nail.
第一句里的caught是不及物动词,第二句里的caught是及物动词的过去分词。
cater
cater后面接for或to似乎没有一定的标准,比较下面各句:
They cater for dinners, weddings, and receptions.
This theatre caters for (或to) the workers and peasants.
This theatre caters to (或for) popular taste.
That shop caters exclusively for (或to) women.
That shop caters exclusively to (或for) women's needs.
Catholic
Catholic通常译作“天主教的”和“天主教徒”,Christian通常译作“基督教的”和“基督教徒”。注意:Christian包括天主教在内,Catholic有各种意思,最广泛的意思指一切基督教徒。天主教徒自己称为Catholic,但假使你自己不是天主教徒,说“天主教徒”该用Roman Catholic。
cattle
cattle在英国往往统指“家畜”,在美国只指牛类,都不指“一头…”,前面不可加a,也没有复数形式cattles。当作单数或复数都可以,如The cattle has(或have)been sold和Cattle are allowed to graze here。第二句里用are,似乎不可用is。可以说forty cattle, these cattle等。说“一头牛”可说one head of cattle,也可以说one animal。
Caucasus
Caucasus(高加索)前面有the。
cause
1.I have cause for hope和I do not think you have cause to worry等句子里的cause前面没有a或the。
2.cause of ...是“…的根源”,of的宾语不一定指行为或感觉,cause for ...是“…的理由”,for的宾语一定指行为或感觉,如the cause of the accident和the cause of the crime, cause for complaint和cause for rejoicing。cause for前面没有the。
3.cause后面可以接宾语和不定式。例如:The lightning caused the baby to cry.注意cry前面有to。
4.cause后面不可接宾语和形容词,如不可说That caused me happy,该在happy前面加上to be,或把caused改作made。口语里通常用made。
5.cause可以有双宾语。例如:That caused him much inconvenience.
cease
1.cease doing it和cease to do it都是“停止做这事”,但略有区别。只有一次的动作通常用动名词。例如:When he heard the knock, he ceased writing.经常性的动作通常用不定式,例如:He ceased to write at the age of eighty.
2.cease后面接from和动名词跟接动名词没有区别,但不用from比较普通些,如cease writing比cease from writing普通。
3.在日常文字里stop比cease多用,但stop后面只可接动名词,不可接不定式,用了不定式便有另一意思。参见stop 1
celebrate
celebrate用作不及物动词作“欢乐一阵”解,是美国口语。
celebration
只有一次的庆祝也往往用复数形式。例如:The whole town was astir because of the celebrations.
century
last century是“上世纪”(对21世纪来说是20世纪),the last century通常是“最近过去的100年”(对2002年来说是1902-2001年),有时是“上世纪”。next century是“下世纪”,the next century通常是“以后的100年”,有时是“下世纪”。
ceremony
master of ceremonies(司仪者)比master of the ceremonies普通。
certain
1.a certain man, certain persons, a certain Mr Carr等表达方式里的certain作“某”解,是形容词。certain of his friends里的certain作“某某若干”解,是名词或代词,属于复数,不可说a certain of his friends,该说a certain friend of his。
2.a certain hesitation, a certain coldness等表达方式里的a certain作“一些”解。注意hesitation和coldness都是抽象名词。
3.certain和sure有若干相似的地方,但certain比sure语气重些。两个单词后面都可以接of、不定式或以that引导的从句,如I am certain (或sure) of his honesty, I am certain (或sure) to see him tomorrow和I am certain (或sure) that he is honest。但It is certain that ...比It is sure that ...普通得多。
4.He is certain (或sure) to come tomorrow是“他明天一定来”。He is certain (或sure) of coming tomorrow是“他相信他明天一定来”。可以说It is certain (或sure) to be fine tomorrow,不可说It is certain of being fine tomorrow。
5.I am not certain (about) where he lives里的about可有可无。
certificate
1.certificate用作“学校当局所出的证明书(使学生可以免考入大学的)”解是美国英语。
2.certificate in bookkeeping比certificate for bookkeeping普通。
certify
1.We shall certify him of the fact(我们将向他保证这事实)等句子里的certify的用法现在很不普通,最好不用。
2.证明书的第一句往往是This is to certify that ...。
3.certified milk是“有证牛奶或合格牛奶”,certified check(美国英语)是“保付支票”,certified public accountant(美国英语)是“执业会计师”,各种表达方式里的certified都“证明好”。但对于人certify作“诊断…患有精神病”解(是英国用法)。
chair
1.take a chair是“坐在椅上”,take the chair是“(在会上)当主席”。
2.chair of English phonetics是“英语语音学教授的职位”,说chair of professor of English phonetics也可以,但不很普通。
chairman
chairman的女性形式是chairwoman,但有时chairman也指女主席。例如:Miss Hope will be chairman today.
chalk
chalk是物质名词,所以不可说a chalk和some chalks,该说a piece of chalk和some pieces of chalk。但说“各色的chalk”可以用chalks,如a box of chalks。
chamber
chamber现在不普通,通常该用room。chamber比room“文雅”些,有“斗室”、“陋室”、“雅室”等表达方式里的“室”的意味。
chance
1.chance后面接of或for和动名词或接不定式都可以,如a (或the)chance of(或for)doing it和a(或the)chance to do it。
2.chance后面可以接以that引导的从句。例如:There is little chance that he will pass the test.
3.The chances are that he will be the first to arrive today是“大约他今天将第一个到”。the和that有时都省去。例如:Chances are he will be the first to arrive today.
4.The chances are ten to one that he will pass the examination和The chances are a hundred to one that he will pass the examination都是“他几乎一定将考试及格”。注意汉语“十分之九”或“百分之九十九”不可直译作The chances are nine to one(或ninety-nine to one)that ...
5.He chanced to be there when I arrived里的chanced不及happened普通。
change
1.change是“换去”,不是“换来”,如帽子旧了,换一顶新的,该说change the old cap (for a new one),不该说change a new cap。
2.a change of address, a change of name, a change of scene, a change of subject, a change of attitude等表达方式里在名词前没有a或the。
3.change of air(转地疗养)前面通常有a,偶尔没有a。
4.在作“零钱”或“找头”解的时候change前面不可加a,后面不可加s。
changeable
changeable比changeful普通得多。
changeful
参见changeable
channel
英国人所说的the Channel指英法两国中间的the English Channel。
chap
This Frankie chap(这个叫Frankie的人)等是口语用法。
character
1.character和characteristic意思不同。character是“性格”,characteristic是“性格里的特质”。一个人只有一个character,却有多个characteristics,这多个characteristics合成一个character。
2.注意下面第一句里有a,第二句里没有a:
He is of a fine character.
He is a man of fine character.
of ... character在表语用法里习惯有a(或an),在定语用法里习惯没有a(或an)。注意这里的of ... character指人。假使不指人,不论在表语用法或定语用法里都通常有a(或an),如This book is of a literary character和This is a book of a literary character。在定语用法里也有不用a(或an)的。例如:This is a book of literary character.但很不普通。of a(或an)... character用得太多,往往可以避免。例如:
The weather was then of a showery character.(可以改作The weather was then showery。)
They offered us some suggestions of a practical character.(可以改作They offered us some practical suggestions。)
3.a man of character, a person of no character等表达方式里的character作“好的character”解。of character和of no character两种表达方式没有表语用法,如不说He is of (no) character。
4.说“某民族的性格”用the或不用the都可以,如(the)German character。
5.说“汉字”通常用character。注意character指写的或印的字,不指口头说的字,口头说的字该用word。
characteristic
1.参见character 1
2.characteristic(形容词)of ...作“…所特有的”解。例如:This usage is characteristic of colloquial English.
charge
1.charge Joseph with murder和charge murder on(或upon)Joseph都可以说,但第一种形式比第二种形式普通得多。注意charge Joseph with murder和accuse Joseph of murder意思相仿,但用了charge该用with,用了accuse该用of,不可相混。
2.在名词charge后面接以that引导的从句,英美通用。例如:They brought the charge that Joseph had committed murder.在动词charge后面接以that引导的从句在美国很普通,但在英国很不普通。例如:They charged that Joseph had committed murder.
3.charge him with ...ing有时是“说他犯了…”,有时是“把…的任务交给他”,charge him to ...(不定式)是“命令他…”,如He charged Helen with cheating(他说海伦犯了欺骗),He charged her with reading the proofs(他把校对的任务交给她),和He charged Helen never to cheat(他命令海伦永远不得欺骗)。
4.charge在作“索(价)”解的时候可以有双宾语。例如:He charged me ¥50.
5.charge(为了…取费)把表示物品或服务的词做宾语,远不及加上for的普通,如We must charge all the meals(或repairs)里在charge后面加上for普通得多。
6.in charge of通常作“管理…”解。例如:Mrs Lamb is in charge of the children.有时作“被…管理”解。例如:The children are in charge of Mrs Lamb.但说“被…管理”通常用in the charge of或under the charge of。例如:The children are in(或under)the charge of Mrs Lamb.
7.have charge of(管理)和take (over) charge of(开始管理、接办)两种表达方式里都没有the。
charm
1.说女子的“美”,用单数形式charm和复数形式charms略有不同。charm注重在抽象的“美”,相当于attractiveness,如charm of manner和She entertained us with her usual charm。charms着重在各种美态的集合,就是“美貌”。例如:She displayed all her charms。对于男子,只可用charm,不可用charms。
2.I shall be charmed to see you tomorrow等句子里的charmed是客气话,作pleased或glad解。
3.charmed后面有时接以that引导的从句。例如:I am charmed that I actually got an interview with him.
chase
1.give chase(追)是习语,没有the。the chase是“打猎”,必须有the。
2.chase(动词)作“追”或“赶去”解,但不作“追着”解。I chased him是“我追他,”不一定追着。I chased him out of the garden是“我把他赶出了花园”,果然把他赶出了。要说“我把他赶出”而并不含“果然赶出”的意思,该说I tried to chase him out of the garden。
chat
1.chat通常不用作抽象名词,如I should like to have a chat with you里的a不可省去。用作抽象名词通常含有“话长道短”,“大言不惭”等意思,如They were in excellent spirits and full of chat和Let me have none of your chat。
2.chat有时指“非正式的演讲”,如a chat on Chinese music。
chattel
通常用复数形式chattels。
cheat
下面三句意思相同但第三句比较少见:
The shopkeeper cheated his customer of his money.
The shopkeeper cheated his customer out of his money.
The shopkeeper cheated his customer's money out of him.
注意不可说He cheated his customer's money of him。
check
1.check作“支票”解是美国英语,相当于英国的cheque。参见cheque
2.check up(查核,check是及物动词),check up on(查核,check是不及物动词),check with(跟…符合),check up with(和…符合)和checkup(查核)都是美国英语。例如:
I will check up these statements.(英国用check)
I will check up on these statements.(英国用check)
The reprint checks with the original.(英国用tallies with)
The reprint checks up with the original.(英国用tallies with)
I will make a check(-)up of(或on)these statements.(英国用examination of)
check(-)up指“全身检查”也是美国英语,英国用physical overhaul。
cheer
Be of good cheer!不及Be cheerful!普通。
cheerful
1.cheerful着重内在的愉快,cheery着重外表的愉快,一个cheerful man也许别人看不出他是cheerful,但cheery man别人一望而知他是cheery。用在东西或动作cheerful表示愉快的心情,cheery表示使人感觉愉快,如a few cheerful words和a few cheery words。a few cheering words是“用来鼓舞人心的几句话”。
2.cheerful有时被用作反语,如He must be a cheerful sort of person to speak to you in such a rude manner!里的cheerful表示“可怜”或“可叹”。
cheering
参见cheerful 1
cheerio
cheerio用作good-bye解,只用在熟悉朋友中间。
cheery
参见cheerful 1
cheese
a cheese是“一块奶酪”,cheeses是“多块奶酪”。
cheque
1.cheque(支票)是英国英语,相当于美国的check。
2.small cheque是“小额支票”,large cheque是“大额支票”,都不关那支票本身的大小。
3.cheque后面习惯接for和金额,如a cheque for ¥85。也有人用of,但不及用for普通。
4.cheque后面习惯接on和银行名称,如a cheque on the Bank of China。
5.在商业信函里往往在cheque前面不用a。例如:I enclose cheque for ¥50.
chicken
a chicken是“一只鸡”,chickens是“多只鸡”,chicken是“鸡肉”或“被看作打猎的对象的鸡”。
chilblain
习惯用复数形式chilblains。例如:Chilblains are nasty things.
child
1.往往用it或which指child。例如:I think every child loves its mother.但父母或保姆通常用he或she而不用it指他们的孩子。
2.with child是习语,作“有孕的”解,注意没有a或the。
3.She is with child by him是“她因为了他而怀孕了”。
4.child有时指“历史不久的东西”。例如:Picturephone is still a child.
5.child wife(很年轻的妻),child genius(天才儿童),child visitor等的复数形式是child wives, child geniuses和child visitors等。child lover可能是“很年轻的爱人”,可能是“爱孩子的人”,复数形式是child lovers, children lovers是“爱孩子们的人们”。
childish
childish和childlike不同。childish用于孩子作“孩子所特有的”或“宜于孩子的”解,如childish face和childish sports。childish用于成人作“孩子般地无意识的”解,如childish talk和childish idea。childlike只用于成人,不用于孩子,作“孩子般地天真的”解,如childlike innocence和childlike earnestness。成人的childish enthusiasm是一种缺点,成人的childlike enthusiasm是一种优点,孩子的childish enthusiasm是当然的,孩子不会有childlike enthusiasm。
childlike
参见childish
chill
参见chilly 1
chilling
参见chilly 3
chilly
1.chill(形容词)现在远不及chilly普通,语气比chilly重些。
2.chilly和cool都作“微冷的”解,但chilly含有“使人不快”的意思,cool含有“使人愉快”的意思,如It is getting chilly是“天气转冷了(我们该当心别着凉)。”It is getting cool是“天气转凉了(我们觉得舒适)”。
3.chilling比chilly语气重,有“寒气逼人”的意思,如It is simply chilling是“天气冷得使人吃不消了”。
china, China
1.说“瓷器”该用china(用小写字母开首),不用China。a china是“一种瓷器”,chinas是“多种瓷器”。
2.china跟porcelain相同,但比porcelain通俗。有时被用来指任何crockery(或earthenware),就是兼指陶器和瓷器,那是不正确的。
3.China可以用作形容词,Chinese也可以用作形容词。下面几点该注意:
(1)若干名称里习惯用China而不用Chinese,若干名称里习惯用Chinese而不用China,若干名称里用China和Chinese都可以,如China clay(高岭土),Chinese varnish(漆),和China(或Chinese)ink(墨)。一切该把词典做根据。
(2)在同一个名词前面,有时用了China或Chinese便有不同的意思,如China correspondent是“在中国的通讯员”(未必是中国人),Chinese correspondent是“中国籍的通讯员”(未必在中国),China edition是“专销到中国的版本”(未必是中文本),Chinese edition是“中文版本”,China English是“用于中国的英语”(关于中国事物的),Chinese English是“中国式的英语”(中国人所特有的一种不纯粹的英语)。
Chinaman
复数形式是Chinamen。Chinaman从前很普通,并没有轻视的意味,但现在不很普通,而且通常有轻视的意味。Chinamen通常指少数的中国人,不指大多数的中国人,如可以说four Chinamen或four Chinese,但通常说four thousand Chinese而不说four thousand Chinamen。the Chinese(中国人的全体)比the Chinamen普通得多。我们中国人该只用Chinese,不用Chinaman和Chinamen。
Chinatown
Chinatown是“唐人街,中国城”,并不是在中国的任何城市。中国决不会有Chinatown。
chit-book(或chit book)
chit-book是“回单簿”,说“用回单簿(送信件等)”该说by chit-book。例如:I shall send you the goods by chit-book.
chocolate
a chocolate是“一块巧克力”,chocolates是“多块巧克力”。
choice
该说a choice between A and B,不该说a choice of A or B。
choose
1.choose作“选择出来”解,不作“从…选择”解,如可以说I want to choose five from(或among,或from among,或out of)these books,但不可说These books are for you to choose。该在choose后面加上from, among, from among或out of。
2.该说choose between A and B,不该说choose between A or B。
3.choose后面接不定式作“要…”或“决意…”解,有时含有“要…而不要做另一件事”的意思,但有时不含这意思,如I choose to stay at home有“不要出去”的含意,但I do not choose to do it again似乎没有含意。
4.choose后面可以接宾语和表语,有时也接双宾语,如They chose her a secretary。也许是“他们选择她做秘书”。(secretary用作表语),也许是“他们替她选择一个秘书”。(secretary用作直接宾语)。
5.下面三句意思相同。第三句最不普通:
We chose Mr Wood as our leader.
We chose Mr Wood for our leader.
We chose Mr Wood our leader.
Christ
1.Christ原来不是专有名词,是犹太人所期望的救主,用作耶稣的称号,原来前面有the,现在偶尔也有。
2.Jesus Christ比Christ Jesus普通。
Christendom
1.Christendom前面没有the。
2.in Christendom有时用来加重语气,跟in the world相仿。例如:I've got the worst bicycle in Christendom.
Christian
参见Catholic
Christmas
1.Christmas指12月25日(Christmas-day或Christmas Day)现在比较少见,通常指“从12月24日起的一个星期或更长一段时间”(Christmas-tide)。不论用作哪个意思,前面都没有the,都用at,不用on或in。
2.Christmas eve(或Christmas Eve)指12月24日,并不专指那天的晚上。
3.Christmas-day(或Christmas Day)和Christmas eve(或Christmas Eve)前面都没有the,都用on,不用at或in。
chronically
You are chronically finding fault(你老是找茬儿)里的chronically跟always相仿。参见always 1, 2, 3
church
在用作“在教堂里的礼拜”解的时候,church前面没有the,如at church, in church, after church, go to church, attend church和Church begins at ten o'clock。
cinema
1.cinema用作“电影院”解在英国很普通,在美国很不普通。
2.the cinema统指“电影”。例如:I do not go to the cinema often.
3.cinema有时用作抽象名词。例如:These novels have been rendered into cinema.
circle
说“集团的一群人”用单数形式circle,如He has a large circle of friends和He is very happy in his family circle。说文学界、工商界、外交界等的“界”用复数形式circles,如literary circles, business circles和diplomatic circles。各种表达方式前面都没有the。
circulate
circulate用于人是美国英语。例如:The children are allowed to circulate among the grown-ups.
circumstance
1.under the circumstances(事情既然这样,既然如此)比in the circumstances普通些。under no circumstances(决不)比in no circumstances普通得多。in good circumstances(处境良好),in flourishing circumstances(处境兴盛),in reduced circumstances(处境比以前困苦)等表达方式里都只可用in,不可用under。注意各种表达方式里都用复数形式circumstances。
2.注意Under no circumstances should we depart from the pirnciple里用should we,不用we should。
circus
Piccadilly Circus(Piccadilly环形交叉口)等前面没有the。
citizen
1.citizen通常指共和国的公民,subject通常指君主国的国民,如Chinese citizen和British subject。
2.citizen用作“平民”或“老百姓”(指非军人、警察等)解现在似乎只在美国流行。在英国通常用civilian。在美国citizen有时指“居民”。
city
1.city在一般词典里注作“城”,其实是“都市”,不一定有城墙。
2.city和town没有绝对的区别,大概大些的叫city,小些的叫town。 city在美国比在英国用得多,相当于在英国叫做town的大小的地方,在美国往往叫作city。在英国city里的居民通常叫它town。注意in the city, to the city, out of the city, leave the city等表达方式里都有the。参见town 1
3.把City写在信封上指“本埠”是美国用法。
4.the City(全名the City of London)是伦敦的一部分,包括伦敦的商业区。the City有时指“商界”或“商界的人们”。
civilization
Chinese civilization, European civilization等表达方式前面用the或不用the都可以。world civilization前面没有the。
clad
参见clothe 1
claim
1.claim在一般词典里注作“要求”,其实是“把…看作自己所应该得到的而要求它”,如不可说He claimed my coat或My friend has many flowers, I shall claim some。
2.claim是及物动词,后面不可接for,如不可说He claims for the property。该把for删去。
3.claim后面接不定式,在英国有时作“把…看作自己所应该得到的而要求它”解,有时作“要求他人承认…”解,如He claims to be rewarded(他以为该受奖赏而要求奖赏)和He claims to be the owner(他要求他人承认他是所有者)。在美国也有这两解,但那第二解在英国有一种限制而在美国没有这种限制。在英国那不定式所表示的总是有利于自己的,如He claims to be the owner和He claims to have succeeded。在美国那不定式所表示的也许不利于自己,如He claims to be a cheat和He claims to have failed。
4.claim后面接宾语和不定式(claim作assert, maintain或represent解)是一种不正当的结构。例如:He claims it to be true.这结构成了被动语态也是不正当的。例如:It is claimed to be true.
5.claim后面接以that引导的从句有时作“把…看作当然的事而要求它”解,有时作“力言”或“声称”解,如He claims that he should be better treated(他以为该受到好些的待遇而要求它)和He claims that he is not well treated(他力言他并未受到好的待遇)。注意第一句里用should。这第二解在美国很普通,在英国被看作不正当。
6.在5里所讲的claim是动词。claim用作名词(后面不一定接以that引导的从句)有同样的情形,如His claim is that he should be better treated是英美通用的,但He makes the claim that he is not well treated在英国被看作不正当。
7.lay claim to(力言自己有得到…的权利)里没有a, the, his等词。注意lay claim to后面接动名词,如He lays claim to being her father和The book lays no claim to being perfect里的being不可改作be。但make no claim后面接不定式,不接to和动名词。例如:I make no claim to be always right.
clap
a clap of hands是“手的一拍”,a clapping of hands是“一次拍手”。假使共有十次拍手,每次有五拍,那便是ten clappings of hands,也就是fifty claps of hands。
class
1.class被用作学校里的“班”解是英美通用的,如amathematics class和a class of beginners。说“上课”用in class(没有a或the),说“上…课”用in a(或the)...class,如in a(或the)history class。“在上课前”是before class,“在下课后”是after class。
2.a mathematics class, a class in mathematics和a class for mathematics都可以说。
3.class被用作“年级”解(如the first-year class)是美国英语。在美国class of+年份指“在…年(已或将)毕业的一级”,如the class of 1980和the class of 1982。
4.class在英国指大学里考试后所得的“优等的若干等级之一”,比“及格”高。因为class在英国有这个意思,在美国有2里所讲的意思,所以同一句子也许在英美有不同的意思,如They were in the same class在英国是“他们(在某次考试后)被列入同一的优等等级里”,在美国是“他们是同年级学生”。
5.在资本主义社会里有所谓the upper classes(上层阶级),the lower classes(下层阶级)和the classes(上流社会),各种表达方式里习惯用复数形式classes。the middle class(中产阶级,单数形式)和the middle classes(复数形式)都可以用。the classes和the masses对比,似乎包括the upper classes和the middle class(es)。
6.注意antagonisms of the classes(阶级对抗)等表达方式里的classes前面有the。
7.下面各种表达方式都可以说:a new class of hotel, a new clss of hotels, some new classes of hotel, some new classes of hotels
class(-)fellow
class-fellow是“同班同学”,通常和I, my, you(r)等单词同用,不可用作“班里的学生”解,如假定你的班里有三十个学生,你可以说I have twenty-nine class(-)fellows,但不可说There are thirty class(-)fellows in my class。class(-)mate的用法也是这样。
classic
1.英美人所说的the classics指古希腊和罗马的文学名著。“英国古典文学”该说the English classics。“流行音乐经典”该说the pop classics。
2.我国的“五经”通常译作the five classics,“四书”通常译作the Four Books。但the Chinese classics通常包括“四书”,“五经”和其他一切中国古典文学作品。
3.classic不一定指“古”或“旧”的作品,也指任何“经典著作”,一本书出版了不久也许就成为一本classic。
4.classic(形容词)和classical没有绝对的区别。classical比classic普通。说“古典文学、艺术、文化等的”通常用classical,如classical writer, classical allusions, classical education, classical studies和classical architecture。classic ground(有文学或历史联想的地方,如英国Shakespeare的故乡Stratford-on-Avon)里通常用classic,很少用classical。classic event(因历史悠久而著名的赛跑、赛马、赛船等)里必须用classic, classic race里也必须用classic。
classical
参见classic 4
class(-)mate
参见class(-)fellow
clean(ly)
1.下面两句都可以说:
Clean up the table.
Clean up the mess on the table.
2.cleanly用作形容词(读[ˈklenlɪ]作“注意清洁的”或“有清洁的习惯的”解,一个cleanly的人,即使不能常常clean,却决不甘心不clean。clean用作副词,作“完全地”解。例如:When the cat came, the mice had got clean away. I clean forgot to ask why the cleanly girl was not quite cleanly dressed that morning是“我完全忘记问为什么那天早上那个注意清洁的女孩子穿得不十分清洁”。
clench
clench和clinch原来可以通用。但现在clench通常指实际上的动作,clinch通常指心理上的作用,如clench the nail和clench the hands, clinch the argument和clinch the bargain。
clergy
the clergy(一般牧师们)通常被当作Aural。a clergy(一国或一个教会的牧师们)通常被当作单数。some clergy, many clergy, fifty clergy等当然都是复数。
clerk
clerk用作“店员”解是美国英语,相当于英国英语中的shop assistant。在美国clerk也往往被用作不及物动词,作“做店员”解。例如:I clerked at a bookseller's for two years.
climate
climate和weather不同。climate指“某地的经常的气候”,weather指“某地的一时的气候”,如说“上海雨水比天津多”是climate上的不同,说“昨天下雨而今天晴朗”是weather上的不同。
clinch
参见clench
clip(ping)
clip用作“从报纸剪下(片段)”解和clipping用作“从报纸剪下的片段”解都是美国英语,相当于英国的cut和cutting。
close
close不及shut通俗。
cloth
1.cloth的复数形式现在是cloths,不是clothes。cloths的意思是“多种布”和“多块布(如桌布)”。
2.英美人用cloth通常指“毛织物”。
clothe
1.clothe的过去式和过去分词通常是clothed。但在譬喻里往往用clad。例如:The hill is clad with verdure.
2.clothe用作“穿衣在…的身上”解现在不很普通,如Clothe yourself quickly和He used to clothe himself in blue in winter里的clothe不及dress通俗。但说“供给衣服与…”(就是“衣我食我”的“衣”的意思)用clothe很普通。例如:He had to clothe his wife and family.
clothes
1.clothes是复数形式,没有单数形式。统指衣服,不指一件衣服。可以说many clothes, these clothes和those clothes。但不可说three clothes等。现在很少说much clothes。
2.clothes和clothing都统指衣服,但clothing是单数形式,没有复数形式。注意a suit of clothes(一套衣服,包括上衣、背心和裤子)不可改作a suit of clothing, an article of clothing(一件衣服)不可改作an article of clothes。
clothing
参见clothes 2
cloud
1.cloud通常指“云块”,很少指“云(的物质)”,如通常说There are many clouds in the sky,不说There is much cloud in the sky。但可以说masses of cloud, a bluff of cloud等。
2.the clouds往往指“天空”。
Co.
Co.=Company(公司),通常用在and或&后面,如Smith and(或&)Co.。在没有and或&的场合通常用Company而不用Co.,如The Smith Company。
coal
1.a coal是“一块煤”,coals是“多块煤”。但a coal通常指正在燃烧的小煤块。
2.“煤球”叫briquette或briquet,不叫coal ball。
coat
男子的coat是西装的“上装”,女子的coat是“大衣”。男子的“大衣”叫overcoat。
C. O. D.
C. O. D.(货到收款。例如:Please send a copy of the September issue of Mainstream C. O. D.)在英国代表Cash on Delivery,在美国代表Collect on Delivery。
co(-)ed
co-ed(男女同学的学校[尤其指大学]里的女学生)是美国英语。
coffee
1.习惯说a cup of coffee,不说a glass of coffee。
2.a coffee是“一客咖啡”,coffees是“多客咖啡”。
coin
a coin是“一个硬币”,coins是“多个硬币”,coin统指硬币,在口语里也统指钱财(包括纸币)。
cold(ness)
1.cold(名词)和coldness略有不同。cold是“寒冷”,尤其指天气的“寒冷”,如The cold is intense和Do you feel the cold?coldness是“寒冷性”或“冷淡性”,如the coldness of the weather和the coldness of his reception。
2.cold(伤风)和cold in the head没有区别。
3.catch cold和catch a cold都可以说。have a cold里必须有a。take cold里没有a,但take a bad cold, take a heavy cold等表达方式里必须有a。get a cold比get cold普通。
colleague
colleague是“同事”,在西方社会里专指高级的职位,比汉语里的“同事”严谨些,如甲做外交部长,乙做交通部长,彼此是colleagues,甲是某大学的物理教授,乙是同校的化学教授,彼此也是colleagues,甲是某银行的总经理,乙是同行的副经理,彼此也是colleagues,但工厂或商店里的甲乙职员不算colleagues。不过英美人往往用colleague(s)称同职业的人,如律师或医生甲乙两人,即使互相没有关系,也说my colleague ...。
collect
1.collect(不及物动词)往往被用作“收捐款”、“收税”或“收账”解。用作“收账”解似乎是美国用法。
2.The goods will be sent collect等表达方式里的collect作“货到收款”解,把属于祈使语气的动词collect用作副词,是美国商界用语。有时也用作形容词。例如:They sent us a collect message.(他们打给我们一封收到后付款的电报。)
3.collect together里的together是多余的。
college
1.college, university和school的区别,下面几点该注意:
(1)大学像英国的牛津(Oxford),剑桥(Cambridge)等都是university,不是college,说Oxford College和Cambridge College是错误的。但每个university里有若干college,就是“院”,所以可说an Oxford college(牛津大学里的某一学院,注意college用小写字母开首)或one of the Cambridge colleges(剑桥大学各个学院中间的一个)。有些大学只有一个college,事实上那university就是那college,但仍旧叫做university,不叫做college。英国大学里的college和美国大学里的college不同,假使都译作“院”,就可以说英国的“院”和美国的“院”不同。英国大学里的college往往有若干个faculty,相当于美国大学里的college。英国的faculty of arts相当于美国的college of arts,在英国没有college of arts等名称。
(2)规模小些的大学叫做college,如农科大学和医科大学。
(3)英国有若干public school,实际并不是college,但它们的名称里却用College而不用School,如Eton College, Dulwich College,和Wellington College。但也有许多public school的名称里用School而不用College,如Harrow School, Rugby School和Westminster School,决不可称为college。
(4)英国有许多学校自称college,也有许多人随意把college指任何学校,这都是为了要装“面子”。
2....College里的…假使是人名或地名,前面有时有the,有时没有the。
3.at college, go to college, come out of college, enter college, leave college, attend college和fresh from college各种表达方式里都没有the, in college和in a college都普通。
4.college用作“在college里受教育”或“college里的生活”解似乎是美国用法。例如:He did not like college.
colloquialism
colloquialism单独用是抽象名词,指“口语用法”。a colloquialism是“一个口语用词、一个口语用法或一个口语说法”,colloquialisms是“多个口语用词、多个口语用法或多个口语说法”。These two phrases are colloquialisms里的colloquialisms不可改作colloquialism。
colonial
在英国用colonial(往往作Colonial)通常指英国的一个或多个殖民地,在美国用colonial(往往作Colonial)通常指美国在革命(1775年)以前的时代。
colon(ial)ist
colonist是“殖民者”或“殖民地的居民”,colonialist是“殖民主义者”。
colour
1.of a red colour, of a green colour等表达方式里习惯用a,不可删去,也不可改作the。
2.Tell me (of) what colour it is和My cap is (of) the same colour as yours等句子里的of可有可无。
3.red(或green等)colour, the colour of red(或green等)和red(或green等,用作名词)意思相同。
colt
colt和pony在一般词典里都注作“小马”,其实不同。colt是年幼的马(从离开母马到四岁或五岁),pony是“身材矮小的马”。
combine
combine together里的together是多余的。
come
1.come是“来”,go是“去”,似乎很简单,但有下面几点该注意:
(l)Please come to see me里当然用come,不可用go。I will come to see you和I will go to see you都可以说,但通常用come。在“来”和“去”对比的场合用go。例如:As you cannot come to see me, I will go to see you.
(2)He has asked me to come to see him和He has asked me to go to see him都可以说,但通常用come。在“来”和“去”对比的场合用go。例如:As he cannot come to see me, he has asked me to go to see him. He has asked me to go to see his brother里用go,但假使那哥哥或弟弟跟“他”在一起,也可以改用come。
(3)Shall you come to see him tomorrow?和Shall you go to see him tomorrow?都可以说,但用了come含有“我也将去”的意思。Will you come with me to see him?和Will you go with me to see him?都可以说,似乎用come普通些。
2.He has come from Shanghai是“他曾经从上海来”,He comes from Shanghai是“他是上海出身的人”。He comes of(或from)a peasant family(他是农民家庭出身的人)里用comes,不可用has come。 Where do you come from?是“你是什么地方的人?”Where have you come from?是“你刚从什么地方来?”
3.come(过去分词)有时被用作形容词,如He is come和Your time is come。is come着重在“已来”的状态,has come着重在“已来”的动作。is come现在不普通。
下面三句里的come都是过去分词用作形容词:
I am glad to hear of George come home.
The young man is an engineer come to consult my father.
This is one of my childhood reveries come real (成为了事实的).
4.have come是“已经来而仍旧在这里”的意思,说“已经来(而又去了)”不可说have come,所以下面各句都不对:
He has come often recently.
He has come twice this week.
He has come only once.
该把各句里的come改作been here。
但have come and gone是可以说的,因为come and go是习语,作“来而复去”,“来来去去”或“一来就去”解。
Nobody has come是“没有人已经来到。”Nobody has been是“没有人来过”。
5.He has come for five days是“他已经来了,预备住五天”(不是“他已经来了五天”)。He has been coming for five days是“他已经有五天要来而未来了(实际不曾来)”。说“他已经来了五天”该说He has been here for five days。It is five days since he came (here)和He came (here) five days ago都没有“他仍旧在这里”的含意。
6.答应敲门的人,英国人通常说Come in!美国人通常说Come!
7.How comes it that you have lost your watch? How came this word to be used in this sense?等句并不比How does it come that...?How did this word come...?等句不普通。在美国有How comes you have lost your watch?等句(没有it和that),在口语里往往不用comes而用come。
8.when(偶尔用if)it comes to(至于…,就…而论)里的to是介词,不是不定式的符号,所以When it comes to writing short essays, you had better ask his advice里的writing不可改作write。come near to(几乎)里的to也是介词,所以He came near to making the mistake里的making不可改作make。
9.Come have supper with us和He asked me to come see him里的have和see前面省去to是习惯用法,但不及不省略普通。
10.下面两句意思相同:
He came to the house by inheritance.
The house came to him by inheritance.
11.I first met him five years ago, come the sixth of next month是“我在5年前的下个月6日第一次遇到他”。
12.come in useful是“证明为有用”,come in handy是“证明为在手头可用”。不可说come in convenient, come in useless, come in interesting等。
comedy
统指“喜剧”,说comedy, the comedy或comedies都可以。
comic(al)
1.严格地说,comic是“把喜剧做目的或根源的”,就是“以使人发笑做目的的”,comical是“有喜剧般的影响的”,就是“使人发笑的”,comic的东西也许实际并不使人发笑,comical的东西也许实际并不要它使人发笑。如comic scene是“喜剧里的一场”,comical scene是“使人发笑的一场”。又如“滑稽报”是comic paper,不作comical paper,滑稽连环图画是comic strip,不作comical strip。不过现在很多人到处只用comic。
2.相当于comic和comical的副词都是comically。
coming
该说the coming week, the coming year, the coming Monday等,不该说this coming week等。
command
1.command语气很强,如说上级“命令”下级。父母叫子女做什么事该用tell,不用command。
2.in command of是“统率…的”,under the command of是“被…所统率的”,如General Johnson was in command of the army和The army was under the command of General Johnson。under the command of里的the偶尔省去。
3.a good command of English里的command指“应用能力”,不指“知识”。
4.get command of, obtain command of和assume command of等表达方式里在command前面习惯没有the。
5.command不论用作名词或动词,后面的以that引导的从句里习惯用should或虚拟现在式,如He issued a command that each of them (should) come at eight o'clock和He commanded that each of them (should) come at eight o'clock。
commence
参见begin 8
commencement
1.commencement在英国指剑桥大学和爱尔兰首都的Trinity College的博士和硕士学位授与典礼(每年举行一次)。在美国指任何学校的毕业典礼。
2.commencement前面往往没有the,如after commencement。
3.commencement在美国也指“毕业典礼的前后若干天”。例如:Commencement is a time of confusion.
comment
1.comment是不及物动词,后面接on或upon。在用作名词的时候后面也接on或upon。
2.comment用作抽象名词和类名词都可以,如Comment(抽象名词)is needless和He made a comment(类名词)or two on her essay。注意第二句里用make。
commentator
commentator后面接on。例如:a commentator on the news of the day
commerce
commerce指大规模的商业,尤其指都市间或国际间的。foreign commerce(对外贸易)跟foreign trade意思相同。
commission
commission(委员会)比committee(委员会)范围大。说某人是某委员会的一员,在commission或committee前面用on。
commit
commit myself(或yourself等)to(使自己不得免于)里的to是介词,所以后面该接动名词,如I committed myself to doing it at once里的doing不可改作do。但在美国也有用不定式的。
committee
1.a committee on foreign affairs等表达方式里用on。
2.参见commission
common
1.common通常作“寻常的”或“一般的”解。但要注意也有“低劣的”、“粗俗的”等意思,如This is common furniture和He showedcommon manners。在有可能被人误解的时候该避免用。
2.common sense, common knowledge和general knowledge三种表达方式意思不同,下面几点该注意:
(1)common sense(常识)是从经验得来的,不是从研究得来的,是多数人有的,不是“独得之秘”的。
(2)common knowledge(大家知道的事)是“在某范围内人人知道的事”,不指“天下人都知道的事”,如可以说It is common knowledge (among the teachers) that they will soon have a new headmaster,不可说It is common knowledge that two and two make four。
(3)general knowledge有时用作common knowledge解,但通常指“关于许多事项的普通知识”,是从研究或注意得来的,跟specialized knowledge(专门知识)相反。“常识测验”是general knowledge test。
3.common sense除在用作形容词时以外,不该写作common-sense。
commonly
common有“共同的”或“共有的”的意思,但commonly没有“共同地”或“共有地”的意思,如可以说The two families have a common kitchen,不可说The two families have a kitchen commonly。但可以说The two families have a kitchen in common。
commonwealth
在美国commonwealth往往指美国的任何一个州(state),如the commonwealth of Virginia。
communicate
communicate with往往作“写信给…”解,不一定指“跟…互相通信”。例如:We shall communicate with you further as soon as we hear from them.这种用法多用在商业信函和公文里。
communication
1.communication在商业信函和公文里作“信函”解。例如:We have received your communication of 14 May.在一般文字里该避免。
2.“交通部”叫做Ministry of Communications(复数形式)。这里Communications指一切means of communication(交通方法、交通工具)。注意means of communication里用单数形式communication。
3.说军队从后方到前方的“交通线”用line of communication或line of communications都可以。
communist(ic)
参见-ist(ic)
community
the community指“大众”,也就是统指“社会”,注意前面有the。society前面没有the。
compact
不论说私人之间的“公约”或国家或团体之间的“公约”,现在用pact比用compact普通。例如:The two young men made a pact that they would confide their troubles to each other和They suggested a five-power peace pact。
company
1.company在用作“客人(们)”解的时候前面不用a或the,如We had company at dinner和He always has company on Saturday evenings.
2.company(公司)被看作单数或复数都可以。例如:The cinema company is(或are)holding a meeting.但有and或&的该用作复数,例如:Smith and(或&)Company are holding a meeting注意不可同时用作单数和复数,如不可说The cinema company is holding their annual meeting或The cinema company are holding its annual meeting。
3.Company前面的有and(或&)或没有and(或&),不可随便,如Smith和若干人合办的公司叫做Smith and(或&)Company(就是说Smith和他人),但叫做The Smith Company也可以,没有姓的公司名,决不可用and(或&)。凡有and(或&)的,前面不可用The,如不可用The Smith and(或&)Company。凡没有and(或&)的,前面用The或不用The都可以。
Smith and(或&)Company, The Smith Company和Smith Company都只有一个姓,有时也有两个或三个姓的。例如:
Smith, Jones, and(或&)Company,
Smith and(或&)Jones Company,
The Smith and(或&)Jones Company(这里有The,也有and[或&],注意那and[或&]后面并不直接接Company),
Smith, Jones, and(或&)Williams Company,
The Smith, Jones, and(或&)Williams Company
comparable
参见compare 1
comparatively
comparatively few和comparatively rich和comparatively well等表达方式里的few, rich, well等词不可改作fewer, richer, better等。
compare
1.严格地说,compare...with...是“把…跟…比较”,compare...to...是“把…比作…看待”,如He compares me with my brother和We may well compare the little girl to a kitten。习惯上在该用with的场合英美人也往往用to,但似乎没有在该用to的场合用with的。comparable后面接with或to跟compare相同。
2.compare在用作不及物动词作“值得比拟”或“比得上”解,后面只可接with,不可接to,如This cannot compare with that和How does this compare with that?
3.not to be compared with(或to)作“比不上…的”解,用with或to都可以。
4.compare together里的together是多余的。
compass(es)
说画圆形用的“两脚规”用compass, compasses或pair of compasses都可以。说“三个两脚规”可以说three compasses或three pairs of compasses。
compensate
关于compensate和compensate for的用法,下面几点该注意:
(1)说“向(人)补偿”用compensate。例如:
How shall I compensate you for the loss?
We must compensate him for the time he spent in helping us.
(2)说“补偿(损失、缺乏等)”用compensate for比用compensate普通得多。例如:
Nothing can compensate (for) the loss of one's health.
No other qualities can compensate (for) the absence of this one.
Industry often compensates (for) the lack of ability.
(3)说“一个东西”补偿或抵偿“另一个东西”用compensate和compensate for都可以。例如:
Industry often compensates (for) ability.
No amount of learning rules can compensate (for) practice.
competence
competence(能力)后面接不定式,如his competence to conduct the school。
competency
competency不及competence普通。
competent
可以说He is competent to teach grammar。不可说He is so competent as to teach grammar。He is competent enough to teach grammar是可以说的,但这里的enough修饰competent,并不被to teach grammar修饰,跟He is kind enough to help me的结构不同。
complain
complain是不及物动词,后面接of,如He complains of the naughty boy, He complains of the food和He complains of indigestion(他说他消化不良)。有时complain后面接以that引导的从句。例如:He complains that his son does not work hard enough.
complex
inferiority complex(自卑情结),maternal complex(母性情结)等表达方式里的complex是类名词,所以下面两句里的an和a不可省去:
He was overawed by his friend's learning and had something like an inferiority complex.
She soon developed a maternal complex towards her sister's son.
complicate(d)
complicate用作形容词现在很不普通,该用complicated。
compliment
1.说“问候”该用复数形式compliments,如He made(或paid,或sent)his compliments to me和Please accept the book with my compliments。
2.compliment不论用作名词或动词都可能是诚恳的致敬或只是形式上的致敬。
3.compliment(动词)后面接表示人的词,那表示事件的词前用on。例如:Allow me to compliment you on your perfect pronunciation.
composition
1.composition在用作“作文”解的时候是抽象名词,前面不可加上a或the,也没有复数形式。a composition是“一篇作文”,the composition是“这篇作文”,compositions是“多篇作文”。My composition是“我的一篇作文”,不是“我的作文的能力”,说“我不善于作文”不可说My composition is not good(或is bad),该说I am not good(或am bad)at composition。说“作文”不可说write composition,该说write或write compositions。但composition writing和written composition都可以说。
2.composition book在英国通常是“作文教科书”,在美国通常是“作文练习簿”。
comprise
下面第一句是正常的英语,第二句不妥,第三句是错误的:
The book comprises five chapters.
The book comprises a chapter on present-day English usage.(最好把comprises改作contains)
The book is comprised of five chapters.(该改作第一句,或把is comprised of改作consists of或is composed of)
conceal(ment)
1.conceal不及hide普通,但concealment比hiding普通。
2.conceal是及物动词,不可用作不及物动词,如They concealed themselves in the wood里的themselves不可省去。
concede
concede有时带有双宾语。例如:The master of the house conceded me the right to use the front door.
conceivable
the best way conceivable和the best conceivable way都可以说。every precaution conceivable和every conceivable precaution也都可以说。
conceive
在idea, thought, notion, opinion, plan, scheme, purpose, affection, dislike, feeling等词前面用conceive,不用conceive of,但下面各句里用of普通些:
I cannot conceive of him as a genius.
I can hardly conceive of your doing such a thing.
We do not conceive of any sort of god.
concept(ion)
concept是“概念”,原来是哲学名词。现在用得比较广泛,但跟conception比较起来,总是带着一些学理的成分。如假使把I had no conception of the importance of the task里的conception改作concept,便不自然。I wonder whether birds have the concept of climbing里用concept比用conception普通。The concept of obligation can be expressed by the use of such words as 'ought' and 'should'里用concept也比用conception普通。
concern(ed)
1.So far as...is(或are等)concerned(就…而论)比as far as...is(或are等)concerned普通,比so far as concerns...或as concerns...更普通。注意so far as concerns...和as concerns两种表达方式里用concerns,不可用concern。
2.He was concerned to hear of her ill health里的to hear表示原因,He was concerned to improve her health里的to improve表示目的。
3.He was concerned about the matter是“他为了这件事关心或担心”。He was concerned in the matter是“他参与了这件事”。He was concerned with the matter是“他跟这件事有关”或“他参与了这件事”。
4.concerned with作“跟…有关”解,用处很广。例如:
Everybody is concerned with politics.
A dictionary is concerned with words and phrases as such rather than with the things they stand for.
The lectures are intended to help all who are concerned with the conducting of literacy classes.
The book is concerned with the myths of the land.
The story is concerned with a national hero.
His sketches are concerned with his observations as a Chinese visitor in Europe.
The conference is concerned with big problems of the day.
Your questions concerned with social development are very interesting.
5.be concerned with和concern往往意思相同,concerned with往往和concerning意思相同。例如:
6.everybody concerned(每个有关的人),all concerned(有关各方)和the department concerned(有关部门)各种表达方式里的concerned等于that is concerned, who are concerned和that(或which)is concerned,实际上不可把that is等写出。
7.your concern for me是“你对于我的关怀”,your concern over me是“你对于我的担心”。
8.To whom it may concern或To Whom It May Concern用在不指明收信者是谁的信里,当作salutation(代Dear Sir等),作“这信是给任何有关系的人看的”解。这种信通常没有信尾客套语,如Yours very truly。
9.关于a concerned air(关切的神情)等,参见much 3 (5) E
conciseness
conciseness比concision普通。concision原来主要是文艺批评家用的词,但现在似乎比以前用得多。
concision
参见conciseness
conclude
conclude后面接不定式(决定…)现在在英国很不普通,但在美国很普通。例如:We concluded to take the house.
conclusion
He says something amusing in conclusion to the chapter里的to可以改作of。
condense(d)
condensed story是“把某故事缩短而成的故事”,不是“被缩短的原故事”,参见revise(d) 2。注意This story is condenced from an old long novel里用from。
condescend(ing)
condescend在一般词典里注作“谦让”或“垂顾”。其实condescending(现在分词用作形容词)往往有“故意做出垂顾的样子”的意思,就是“把自己看作身份比对方高些而做出谦让的样子”,也就是“在谦让里含有骄傲”。例如:He had a haughty and condescending manner.
condescension
可以说He had an air of assurance(傲慢)almost amounting to condescension。参见condescend(ing)
condition
1.in good condition, in perfect condition, in firstclass condition, in bad condition, in poor condition等表达方式里都没有a。in a filthy condition, in a horrible condition, in a serious condition等表达方式里都有a。似乎在笼统地说“好”或“坏”的时候不用a,但在说明“怎样的”的时候用a。
2.under(或in)favourable conditions, under(或in)unfavourable conditions, under(或in)difficult conditions, under(或in) present conditions, under(或in)existing conditions等表达方式里都用复数形式conditions。这里的conditions指“环境”,在1里所说的condition指“情况”。“环境”会影响“情况”。例如:The oranges, which are now in good condition, may soon rot under present conditions.
3.I will allow you to use my library on this condition里用on。
4.I will allow you to use my library on condition of your not taking any book away里在condition前面习惯没有the。
5.on condition that...(把…做条件)在condition前面偶尔有the。但假使condition前面加上形容词,必须有the。例如:on the express condition that...
6.下面每组里的各句意思相同:
condole
1.condole是不及物动词,后面接with,那表示事件的词的前面用on或upon。例如:He condoled with her (up) on the death of her child.
2.condole大都用在“吊唁”,但有时也用在“慰问病人”等。
condolence
1.往往该用复数形式。例如:Present my condolences to your brother.
比较下面两句:
Please accept my sincere condolences on the occasion of your sad bereavement.
Please accept the expression of my sincere condolence on the occasion of your sad bereavement.
2.condolence大都用在“吊唁”,但有时也用在“慰问病人”等。
conduct
1.conduct通常前面没有a,也没有复数形式conducts。
2.参见behaviour 2
conference
He is in conferenc和The professor is in conference with a student等句子里的conference(注意前面没有a)指“会谈”,并没有“开会”的意思。
confess
1.confess可以把crime, debt, fault, guilt, secret, sin等词做宾语。这些词都指显然不利于自己的东西。假使那东西并不是显然不利于自己,那末习惯上在confess后面加上to。例如:I confess to my inability to understand it和He confessed to a slight acquaintance with the barber用了crime, debt等而用to的也有,但不很普通。
2.confess后面通常接to和动名词,不接不定式,如通常说I confess to loving her和He confessed to having seen me before。很少说I confess to love her或He confessed to have seen me before。
confide
1.confide in him是“信任他而向他吐露秘密”。confide the secret to him是“把这秘密告诉他”。confide不可把指人的词做宾语。
2.confide可以把以that引导的从句做宾语。例如:He confided to me that he had met her many times before.
confidence
1.confidence in him是“对于他的信任”。his confidence是“他对于别人的信任”。the confidence of the man是“这个男子对于别人的信任”。in his confidence是“被他信任或参与他的机密”。He took her into his confidence是“他信任她而向她吐露秘密”。
2.Gradually there came confidences between them and at last absolute confidence里的confidences是“秘密话”,confidence是“(互相)信任”。
3.confidence后面有时接以that引导的从句。例如:We had absolute confidence that the scientific exploration would prove a great success.
confident
1.confident后面接of或以that引导的从句,不接不定式,如可以说I am confident of success(或succeeding)和I am confident that I shall succeed,不可说I am confident to succeed。
2.confident, confidential和confiding不同。confident是“自信的”,也转作“自高自大的”解。confidential是“秘密相告的”,“(表示)以秘密相告的”,或“被人以秘密相告的”,如confidential correspondence(秘密通信),a confidential tone(表示信任的语气)和confidential secretary(机要秘书)。confiding是“轻信人言的”。
confidential
参见confident 2
confiding
参见confident 2
confine
I must confine myself to giving only a few names和Her kindness to us is not confined to visiting us里的to是介词,giving和visiting不可改作give和visit。
conform
不论用作及物动词或不及物动词,conform后面接to。例如:You must try to conform your manners to those of the natives和This phrase does not conform to present-day usage在用作不及物动词的时候后面有时接with,但不很普通。
confront
confront a difficulty通常是“抵抗某种困难”,偶尔是“面临着某种困难”,be confronted with a difficulty是“面临着某种困难”。
congratulate
1.congratulate后面接指被庆贺的人的词,那表示事件的词的前面通常用on,偶尔用for。例如:I congratulate you on(偶尔用for)your graduation和He wrote to congratulate her on(偶尔用for)being chosen as a model worker。
2.下面两句意思相同:
I congratulate you on producing a new English grammar.
I congratulate you on having produced a new English grammar.
congratulation
往往用复数形式congratulations。例如:Please accept my congratulations on your graduation.注意congratulations后面用on。Congratulations on...!是惯用的省略句。例如:Congratulations on your graduation!
congress
1.Congress(指美国国会)前面通常没有the,有时有the(在议员们的用语里通常有the)。但在the American Congress, the U. S. Congress和the Congress of the United States里有the。
2.关于member of Congress,参见member 2
conqueror
英国所说的the Conqueror指1066年征服英国的William, Duke of Normandy。他在那年即王位,在历史上叫做William 1。
conquest
英国所说的the Conquest指1066年英国被William, Duke of Normandy所征服。参见conqueror
conscience
1.统指“良心”在conscience前面没有the,如the voice of conscience和according to conscience。
2.He has a good(或clear)conscience是“他问心无愧”。He has a bad(或guilty)conscience是“他问心有愧”。跟“他是好意”(He has good will)和“他是恶意”(He has ill will)不同。
conscious
conscious后面接of或以that引导的从句。例如:He is conscious of his own faults和He is conscious that he is in fault。
consent
1.consent是不及物动词,后面接to或不定式。例如:Will you consent to this suggestion?和Will you consent to give him another chance?第二句里的give改作giving也可以。
2.consent(名词)后面接to或不定式,如my consent to the proposal和my consent to consider the proposal。
比较下面两句:
The boy has got his mother's consent to take him to the pictures.(take属于母亲)
The boy has got his mother's consent to go to the pictures.(go属于男孩)
consequence
1.往往用复数形式consequences。例如:The consequences will be of great importance.
2.in consequence of里没有the。
consequential
a consequential man现在是“一个自高自大的人”,跟a man of consequence(一个有声望的人)不同。
consider
1.下面各句意思相同:
I consider him clever.
I consider him to be clever.
I consider him a clever man.
I consider him to be a clever man.
虽然有人以为不该说I consider him as clever和I consider him as a clever man,事实上很普通。
Considered as a poet, he does not deserve much praise里的as不可省去,这里as作“就…而论”解。
2.consider在用作“拟…”解的时候后面接动名词,不接不定式,如可以说I have often considered going to college,不可说I have often considered to go to college。
considerable
1.considerable在用作“很多的”解的时候在英国通常指无形的东西,如attention和pleasure,但在美国往往指有形的东西,如coffee和salt。不论在英美,那所指的东西一定是不可数的,如可以说considerable pleasure,不可说considerable pleasures。
2.considerable在美国往往用作名词,作“大量”解。例如:Considerable of his time was spent in reading.
considerate
considerate后面接of。例如:He is always considerate of her wishes.
consideration
1.in consideration of(注意没有the)后面所接的词必须是褒义的,不可以是贬义的,如可以说In consideration of previous good conduct, he was pardoned,不可说In consideration of previous bad conduct, he was not pardoned。
2.on no consideration和under no consideration都作“决不”解,用on比用under普通。注意On(或under)no consideration should we give up the work里用should we,不用we should。
3.take into consideration(考虑到、顾及)里的consideration前面不可加上my, your等词。
considering
considering从现在分词转作介词,作“鉴于…”解。例如:You write very well considering your age(就你的年龄而论,你可算写得很好)和You write very well considering how young you are。因为是participle,所以后面也可以接以that引导的从句。例如:You write very well, considering that you are so young.有时considering被用作副词似的,作considering the circumstances解。例如:You write very well, considering.(就情形而论,你可算写得很好。)
consist
1.consist of和consist in不同。consist of是“由…组成”。例如:The essay consists of ten paragraphs和Water consists of oxygen and hydrogen。consist in是“在于”或“存在于”。例如:Virtue consists in being good和Correct English consists in the correct use of words and phrases。
2.consist of和contain不同。consist of后面接全体的各部分,contain后面接全体的一部分。例如:The essay, which consists of ten paragraphs, contains two paragraphs of description.不过在说到容积或重量的时候consist of和contain意思相同。例如:A gallon consists of(或contains)four quarts.
constantly
constantly用在进行时态里跟always用在进行时态里相仿。例如:He is constantly writing to his friends for advice.参见always 1, 2, 3
construction(al)
1.construction是“建设”,reconstruction是“(破坏以后的)重新建设”。“城市建设”是urban construction。“基本建设”是capital construction。
2.constructional work(建筑工程)比construction work普通,但construction worker(建筑工人)似乎比constructional worker普通。
consult
1.consult him是“向他请教”或“问他”,consult with him是“跟他商量”。书是不会说话的,所以通常说consult the book, consult with the book(把书看作人)比较少见。
2.不可说consult his opinion,该说consult him。
3.“在某词典里查某词”该说consult the dictionary,不该说consult the word。但是说“在词典里查某词,根据那个词研究另一个词”便可以用consult the word来表达。例如:If you consult that word, you will understand this one.
4.consulting physician是“顾问医生”,consulting engineer是“顾问工程师”,都是被人consult的,不是consult别人的。
consumer
consumers' goods(消费品)和consumer goods都可以说。
consummate
consummate a marriage并不作“结婚”或“成婚”解,其实是“以性行为完成婚事”。
contact
1.come into contact with和come in contact with都作“跟…接触”解。似乎用into比用in普通。
2.contact在英国通常作单数形式。但在美国往往把复数形式contacts用作“联系”或“接触”解。例如:I have had many contacts with these men.
3.contact现在普遍用作动词,作“跟…联系”或“跟…接触”解。例如:During my stay in the city I contacted several teachers.原来是美国用法。
4.contact用作名词和动词有下面几点该注意:
(1)用作名词有时指“被联系或接触的人”。例如:I have got this information from one of my contacts, who used to live overseas.
(2)用作及物动词除了作“跟…联系或接触”解以外往往作“跟(无线电台)通信”或“跟…交战”解。
(3)把用作及物动词的种种意思里的宾语省去了便是用作不及物动词。例如:They arranged to contact again as soon as possible.
5.make contact with(跟…联系)似乎是最近几年才有的。
contagion
contagion和infection不同。contagion是“跟病人直接或间接接触而发生的传染”,infection是“通过空气、水等发生的传染”。但说“感染”或“蔓延”contagion和infection很少区别,如the contagion of enthusiasm(热情的感染)和the infection of enthusiasm都可以说。contagion着重在感染的迅速,infection着重在感染的锐不可当。
contagious
contagious disease是“跟病人直接或间接接触而传染的病”,infectious disease是“通过空气、水等传染的病”。infectious disease未必是contagious disease。但说“感染性的”或“蔓延的”contagious和infectious很少区别。例如:Laughter is contagious和Laughter is infectious都可以说。参见contagion
contemn
contemn(轻视)极不普通,该用despise。
contemplate
contemplate在用作“企图”、“打算”解的时候后面接动名词,不接不定式,如可以说He contemplates visiting Africa,不可说He contemplates to visit Africa。这种用法只用于重大的事,不可用于日常小事,如不可说He contemplates going to the pictures(去看电影)。
contemptible
contemptible和contemptuous不同。contemptible是“该被轻视的”或“可鄙的”,contemptuous是“感觉或表示轻视的”或“轻视他人或任何东西的”。例如:His contemptuous attitude towards us is contemptible. (他轻视我们的态度是可鄙的。)
contemptuous
1.contemptuous后面接of。例如:She seems to be contemptuous of our advice.
2.参见contemptible
content
1.content(单数形式)是“容量”或“要旨”,contents(复数形式)是“内容”。如一个斗的content是一斗,在里头只有一升东西的时候它的contents是一升。又如一本语法书的content是语法,但它的contents是若干章或若干语法规则和例子。
2.说一篇文章或一本书的“内容”(如说“形式和内容”或“思想内容”)该用content。例如:
The essay is excellent both in form and in content.
The content of the article is not clear.
The story has plenty of thought content.
We must base our judgement on the content of the book.
All these stories have a revolutionary content.
3.contents noted(来信的内容已经被注意了)和contents duly noted是商业信函里的陈套语。在一般通信里该避免。
4.contents(目次、目录)跟table of contents意思相同。说“一个目录”偶尔用a contents。例如:A complete contents is to be found in Volume I.
5.content(形容词)和contented都是“知足的”,但下面几点该注意:
(1)content是表语形容词,不用在定语用法里,如可以说He is content with a little,不可说He is a content man,该说He is a contented man。
(2)用在表语用法里content着重在“无所它求”的意思,contented着重在“被使满足”的意思,是动词content的过去分词。现在content比contented普通,下面各句里用content比用contented自然:
Never be content(ed) with your first draft, always revise it.
We must not rest content(ed) with these victories.
I shall be quite content(ed) if you will continue to help me.
She is always happy and content(ed).
(3)content后面接不定式作“因为别无它法而愿意…的”解。例如:I should be content to remain where I am. contented用在这种结构里不普通。
6.content(知足),contentedness,contentment和contentness不同,下面几点该注意:
(1)除在to my(或his等)heart's content(尽情地、心满意足地)中必须用content以外,content现在不普通。
(2)content跟contentedness的不同,相当于content跟contented的不同。
(3)contentment跟content相同,但比content普通。
(4)contentness极不普通,不该用它。
7.I must content myself with answering only part of your questions里的with不可改作by。
contented
参见content 5
contentedness
参见content 6
contentment
参见content 6
contentness
参见content 6
continent
在英国所说the Continent(或作the continent)指欧洲大陆,前面用on(有时用upon),不用in,如:He spent three years on the Continent.也可说on the continent of Europe。在美国所说的the Continent(有时作the continent)指北美洲,也往往指美国革命时代的那些州(state)。
continual
continual,continued和continuous不同,下面几点该注意:
(1)continual只指时间,continued和continuous指时间和空间都可以。
(2)continual是“频繁的”,continuous是“不断的”。如There was continual rain for an hour,并不是说“持续下雨一小时”,也许是每隔一分钟下雨一分钟,一共下了三十分钟,There was continuous(或continued)rain for an hour是“持续下雨一小时”。可以说The continual noise gave me a continuous headache。
(3)continued比continous着重“被使持续不断的”的意思。例如:this year's continued development(今年的持续发展)。
continually
continually用在进行时态里跟always用在进行时态里相仿。例如:She is continually ringing me up to ask how I am getting on with my work.参见always 1,2,3
continuance
continuance,continuation和continuity不同。continuance指“自动的继续”,continuation指“被动的继续”,continuity指“继续性”。用英语讲,continuance相当于不及物动词continue,continuation相当于及物动词continue,continuity相当于形容词continuous。可以说After a long continuance of poor health, he found continuation of work tiring since it required continuity of attention。
continuation
1.参见continuance
2.the continuation of the book是“这本书的被加续篇”(指这一回事),a continuation to the book是“这本书的续篇”。
continue
1.continue on和still continue该避免,用continue够了。
2.continue后面接不定式比接现在分词普通,如The baby continued to cry all night比The baby continued crying all night普通。把continue看作及物动词而把那现在分词看作动名词也说得通。
3.continue后面不论接不定式或现在分词,都作“不停地…”解,不作“(在停止后)继续…”解,如可以说The baby continued to cry(或crying)all night,不可说The baby continued to cry(或crying)at eleven o'clock。也不可说When I got back home, I continued to write(或writing)the letter或He will continue to help(或helping)her as soon as she starts on a new problem。第一句可以改作When I got back at home, I resumed writing the letter.第二句可以改作He will begin to help her again as soon as she starts on a new problem。
4.continue在用作“(在停止后)继续…”解的时候,它的宾语通常是story,article,narrative,speech,discourse,journey,voyage等。例如:The author will continue the story in another volume和Will the article be continued in the next number of the magazine?
5.continue(不及物动词)有时有表语。例如:The weather continued fine.和His temper continued uncertain.
continued
参见continual
continuity
参见continuance
continuous
参见continual
contraband
contraband统指一切禁运物品,不指一种或一件禁运物品,前面不可加a,也没有复数形式,如在Is this contraband?里不可在contraband前面加上a,All these are contraband里的contraband不可改作复数形式contrabands。
contradict
contradict比deny语气重。deny the rumour是“否认这谣言”,只是“说并没有这回事”,contradict the rumour是“辟谣”,有“声明跟事实恰恰相反”的意思。
contradiction
1.contradiction in terms(矛盾语)比contradiction of terms普通。
2.说“阶级矛盾”通常用复数形式class contradictions。
contradistinction
in contradistinction from和in contradistinction to都作“跟…对比”解。
contrary
1.on the contrary是状语短语,通常作“极不那样”(far from that)解,用在从句或句子的开首,有时也用在从句或句子的主语的后面。例如:
He does not dislike her; on the contrary, he is in love with her.
He does not dislike her. On the contrary; he is in love with her.
He does not dislike her; he is, on the contrary, in love with her.
He does not dislike her. He is, on the contrary, in love with her.
on the contrary有时也作“在另一方面”解,必须用在主语后面,不可用在它的前面,如可以说He likes her; she, on the contrary, dislikes him。不可说He likes her; on the contrary, she dislikes him。假使用on the other hand,说...; she, on the other hand, dislikes him或...; on the other hand, she dislikes him都可以。
2.to the contrary是形容词短语或状语短语,作“相反的、相反地”解。例如:Can you produce any evidence to the contrary?和I shall come to see you on Wednesday unless I hear to the contrary. (假使我并不接到你的信,叫我不要在星期三来看你,我将在星期三来看你。)
3.contrary to...往往被用作状语短语,作“跟…相反地”或“不利于…地”解。例如:Contrary to expectation, the girl came back at last和We must not act contrary to the interests of the people。决不可把contrary改作contrarily。
contrast
1.In contrast with和in contrast to都作“和…作对比”或“和…大不相同”解,后者较普通。
2.在用作“对比的东西”(就是“相反的东西”)解的时候,contrast后面通常接to,偶尔接with。例如:Black is a contrast to(或with)white和She is a contrast to(或with)her mother in temper.
3.说“跟…对比”(就是“跟…对照”)用contrast现在远不及用contrast with普通,如The flowers contrast with the grass里的with不该省去。
contribute
1.contribute不论用作及物动词或不及物动词后面现在通常接to和动名词,很少接不定式。例如:They contributed much time to founding(很少to found)a university.和Exercise will contribute greatly to improving(很少to improve)your health.
2.contribute of...作“贡献…的一部分”解。例如:Every one of them is ready to contribute of his talent.
contrive
1.contrive后面通常接不定式,作“居然做到…”(指成功的事)或“竟然弄得…”(指糟糕的事)解。例如:He contrived to finish the work before sunset.和He contrived to lose his ticket.注意第一句是“他居然做到在日落以前完成那工作”。contrived to finish有succeeded in finishing的意思。He contrived to finish the work before sunset, but he failed是讲不通的。
2.contrive(居然做到)后面可以接以that引导的从句,那从句里用should。例如:Her father contrived that she should complete her college course.
control
in control of...(管理…)里没有the。under the control of...(受…的管理)里有the。under parental control, under government control等表达方式里没有the。
convenience
at your convenience, at your early convenience(得便务请)和at your earliest convenience(得便务请)都是信函里的常用语。例如:Please let me know at your(early或earliest)convenience.有人以为上述各种表达方式都用得太多,最好改用as soon as you can。
convenient
1.convenient是“使人感觉便利的”,不是“感觉便利的”,如可以说It is convenient for me to call on him,不可说I am convenient to call on him或I am convenient in calling on him。
2.比较下面四句:
If it is convenient to(有时用for)you, please call at two o'clock.
If it is convenient to(有时用for)you, I will call at two o'clock。
I hope it will be convenient for(偶尔用to)you to call at two o'clock.
I hope it will be convenient to you for me to call (on you) at two o'clock.
3.It will be convenient to know him可能有两个意思:“要认识他是不难的”或“认识了他将有所便利”。
4.不可说It will be convenient that I shall call at two o'clock,该说It will be convenient for me to call at two o'clock。
conversation
说“(跟…)进行谈话”不可说take a conversation,该把take改作hold或have。但I found it difficult to make conversation和He did not ask any more questions or make any more conversation里的make不可改作hold或have。
conversation(al)ist
现在通常用conversationalist。
converse
converse(谈话)不论用作名词或动词现在都不普通,最好不用。
convict
convict(证明或宣判…有罪)后面接指人的词,再接of和表示罪的词,不可直接接表示罪的词,如可以说They convicted him of theft,不可说They convicted his theft。
convince
convince(使…深信)后面接指人的词,再接of和表示使他深信的事的词,或再接以that引导的从句。例如:We hope to convince him of our sincerity.和We hope to convince him that we are sincere.
cook
cook(炊事员)在英国通常指女子。说“男炊事员”往往用man cook。
cook(ery)-book
1.cookery-book(烹饪书)是英国英语,cookbook是美国英语。
cool
参见chilly 2
co(-)operate
co(-)operate mutually, co(-)operate jointly, co(-)operate together和co(-)operate with each other(或one another)该避免,单用co(-)operate够了。
co(-)operation
mutual co(-)operation, joint co(-)operation和co(-)operation with each other(或one another)该避免,单用co(-)operation够了。
copy
1.可以说a letter in three copies(一封一式三份的信),但不可说a book in five thousand copies。
2.下面三句意思相同:
The book was published at ¥10 a copy. (这本书出版每本10元。)
The book was published at ¥10 the copy.
The book was published at ¥10.
copy(-)book
copy(-)book在英国现在是“习字帖”,但在美国除了习字帖以外也指“(文件等的)副本合订本”在英国叫copying-book。
copyright
1.copyright(版权、著作权)原来是抽象名词,但有时也用a copyright或copyrights。
2.注意the copyright in these publications里用in。偶尔用on。
3.This book is copyrighted是英国说法,copyrighted是过去分词。This book is copyright是美国说法,copyright是形容词。
cordially
cordially在美国时常用在信函的信尾客套语里,如Yours cordially。在英国没有这种用法。
corn
在英国corn统指“谷类”,在英格兰往往指小麦,在苏格兰和爱尔兰往往指燕麦(oats)。在美国和澳洲只指玉蜀黍(maize或Indian corn)。不论指什么,corn前面不可加a,也没有复数形式corns。在作“一粒米”的“粒”解的时候前面可以加a,而且有复数形式corns。例如:a corn of rice和three corns of wheat
corner
1.说“180度以上的角”在英国通常说at the corner,有时说on the corner或round the corner,在美国通常说on the corner,有时说around the corner。说“在180度以下的角”用in the corner。如南北街和东西街相交的地方共有四个角,照理每角有270度,在英国用at,但在美国往往用on。方形教室也有四个角,照理每角有90度,用in。
2.说两条街的转角处,该说the corner of... and...,不该说the corner between... and...两条街相交的地方共有四个角,所以照理该说one of the corners of... and...或a corner of... and...,但习惯上说the corner of... and...
correct
1.He has corrected the essay和He has corrected the mistakes in the essay都可以说。He has corrected her for bad grammar也可以说。
2.注意He corrected 'on' to 'in'里用to。
correction
correction和correctness不同。correction是“改正”或“改正点”。例如:The correction of the essay took two hours.和He has made many corrections in the essay. correctness是“正确性”。例如:I doubt the correctness of this sentence.
correctness
参见correction
correspond
1.“相当于…”该说correspond to,不可说correspond with,如The wings of a bird correspond to the arms of a man里的to不可改作with。
2.说“跟…符合”说correspond with或correspond to都可以。例如:Does the description correspond with(或to)the thing?
3.说“当(某报)的通信员”该用correspond for。例如:He used to correspond for an English-language newspaper.
correspondence
correspondence有时指“互通的信件(总称)”。例如:Their correspondence has been published.注意不用复数形式correspondences。但可以说His letters form one of the most interesting correspondences ever published。a correspondence是常见的。例如:He has a heavy correspondence to attend to.
correspondent
1.correspondent指“写信者”,my correspondent是“写信给我者”,不是“我写信给他的人”。
2.good correspondent是“勤于写信者”,bad correspondent是“懒于写信者”。
3.说“某报的通信员”在correspondent后面接for,on或of都可以,例如:a correspondent for(或on,或of)the People's Daily
cost
1.at the cost of(以…为代价)后面接的词通常表示损失或花费的东西。例如:life,health,time和money。但有时也接表示被遭受的东西的词。例如:discomfort,hardship,misery和suffering。at the cost of losing his life和at the cost of his life意思相同。at the cost of leaving your meaning vague和at the cost of the clearness of your meaning也意思相同。
2.at all costs(不惜任何代价、无论如何)比at any cost普通。
3.cost原来是不及物动词,This cost me much money里的me是间接宾语,money是状语宾语。不过这种结构很特别,为便利起见,不妨把cost看作及物动词,me看作间接宾语,money看作直接宾语。但注意This cost me much money决不可改作This cost much money to(或for)me,也不可改作I was cost much money(by this)或Much money was cost me (by this)。
4.cost的状语宾语(或直接宾语)通常是表示损失或花费掉的东西的词。例如:life,health,time和money。但有时也接表示被遭受的东西的词。例如:discomfort,hardship,misery和suffering。The accident cost him his life和The accident cost him the loss of his life意思相同。
cottage
cottage原来指“简陋的小屋”。但现在也指乡偶尔海滨的“别墅”,在英国指小些的,在美国竟有指很大的。这用法相当于我国从前的“小筑”或“草堂”,过去富人的别墅,不论怎样宽大,也可以叫“小筑”,不论怎样华丽,也可以叫“草堂”。
cotton
1.说“棉布”或“棉织物”该说cotton或cotton cloth,不可说cloth of cotton。
2.cotton clothes和cotton garment(s)都指“棉布衣”,不指“棉衣”。说“棉衣”该说wadded clothes或wadded garment(s)。那棉衣里的“棉絮”叫cotton wool,cotton wadding或wadding,不叫cotton。
cough
cough通常并不统指“咳嗽”,a cough是“一声咳嗽”或“一种咳嗽”,如可以说He gave a cough和He suffered from a bad cough,不可说He had much cough。cough用作抽象名词是极少见的。例如:She is now free from cough.
could
参见can
counsel
1.counsel是“辩护律师”,指一人或多人都可以。如Their counsel was a learned man和Their counsel were all learned men。没有复数形式。
2.counsel指“劝告”原来是抽象名词,但有时也用a counsel或复数形式counsels。例如:a wise counsel和wise counsels
count
1.count在用作“把…看作…”解的时候,它的宾语的后面不用as比用as普通,如He counted himself lucky和This is generally counted of no importance里在lucky和of前面不用as比用as普通。
2.I count (up)on you to come(我指望你会来)和I count (up)on your coming意思相同。
countenance
countenance是“面容”,着重在表情,并不指“面部”,如可以说There are marks of sadness in his countenance,不可说There are scars in his countenance。
counting-house(或countinghouse,或counting house)
按理counting-house(账房)该是一宅,counting-room(账房)该是一间。但事实上不论一宅或一间,在英国通常用counting-house,在美国通常用counting-room。
counting-room(或counting room)
参见counting-house
country
1.我国春秋和战国时代的“国”是state,不是country。
2.the country通常指“乡村”,但在英国有时指“伦敦以外的国土”。
3.this country是“这个国家”,不指乡村。native country通常是“本国”,极少指“本乡”。my(或your等)country是“我(或你)的国家”,不是“我(或你)的本乡”。
4.在用作“乡村”解的时候,country前面不可加a,也没有复数形式。
5.a tract of smiling country, a stretch of sweet country, miles of densely wooded country, the scenery of mountainous country等表达方式里的country指“(涉及地理、风景、土壤等项的)地”。偶尔用a country。例如:a country of extensive views, bounded in the distance by bare mountains.
country-house(或country house)
country-house是“乡间的住宅”,通常有围地和园圃,并不泛指任何“乡间的屋”。
countryman
his countryman(他的同国人)跟his fellow countryman意思相同。countryman有时也指“同乡”。
countryside
countryside有时统指“乡村”。例如:this expanse of countryside,miles of countryside和in open countryside。
county
1.英国分成若干county,美国分成若干state,每一个state(除Louisiana以外)分成若干county。所以英国的county相当于我国的“省”,美国的county相当于我国的“县”。但就面积而论,美国的county并不比英国的county小。
2.在英国说the county of...,不说... County,如可以说the county of Kent,不可说Kent County。在美国说... County,不说the county of ...,如可以说Henrico County,不可说the county of Henrico。在爱尔兰说County...。例如:County Tipperary。
3.county的首府在英国叫county town,在美国叫county seat。
4.中国的“县”现在通常译作county,如Baoshan County(宝山县)。
couple
1.a couple of...作“两个…”解,不一定有“成对”的意思。在美国有时也指“两三个…”。在口语里有时省去of,例如a couple minutes和a couple more chairs
2.说“若干对”有时说...couple而不说...couples,例如five couple of snipe和several couple of snipe。
3.说“…夫妇”前有the。例如:the Brown couple
4.couple(夫妇)指两个人,但往往被当作单数。例如:The couple is busy with small children and parties.和The Brown couple was left severely to itself.
courage
have the courage to...(不定式)(有作…的勇气)里有the。但take courage to...(不定式)(鼓起勇气)里没有the,find (the) courage to...(不定式)里的the可有可无。
course
1.in due course(在今后适当的时候)里没有the。
2.in the course of...(在…的过程中)是状语短语。例如:Three delegations arrived in the course of the day. in course of...(正在…中)是形容词短语。例如:The house is in course of erection. in (the) course of time(到了相当时期地)里的the可有可无。
3.说“从(某教授)学习某课程”在美国大学里有下面各种说法:take a course under Professor...,take a course from Professor...,take a course with Professor...,和take a course to Professor...。用to最不普通。
4.在口语里有时用course代替of course。
court
1.at court是“在朝廷上”,in court是“在法庭上”。in open court是“在公开的法庭上”。
2.Court(以大写字母开首)在美国有时指“审判员”。例如:The Court was a fat man.
courtesan
courtesan通常指“高档”的妓女,交际花,却不可指在马路上拉客的妓女。
courtesy
报纸或杂志得到版权人许可而转载文字或图画,在美国通常载着By courtesy of...或Courtesy of...,相当于英国的By favour of...,作“蒙…特许”或“蒙…好意”解。
court-martial
复数形式courts-martial(军事法庭)和courtmartials都有人用。
cousin
可以说boy cousin和girl cousin,male cousin和female cousin。
cover
1.under separate cover作“在另一封袋里”或“在另一包里”解。例如:I send the book under separate cover.在separate前面通常没有a。
有人以为under separate cover有些商业文件和公文气息,在一般通信里最好改用separately。
2.under cover of(靠着…的庇护,假托…的名义)和under the cover of都可以用。
3.注意下面各句里都用with,不用by。
The ground is covered with snow.
The trees are covered with flowers.
The table is covered with books.
His head is covered with grey hair.
4.Please write to me under cover to my father(请把你写给我的信,封在你写给我父亲的信里)里的cover前面不可加the。
cow
cow的复数形式现在通常是cows,不是kine。
coward(ly)
coward是名词或形容词,cowardly是形容词或副词。coward用作形容词不及cowardly普通。
cow(-)boy
cow(-)boy在美国指“牧场的骑马牧工”,通常骑着马,他所照顾的不一定是cow(母牛),他自己通常并不是boy(孩子)。
cracker
cracker作“饼干”解是美国英语,不是物质名词,说“多块”该用crackers。参见biscuit 2
craft
craft(船,飞机)单数和复数同一形式。例如:The harbour is full of craft.和Two craft flew together.偶尔也用crafts。
crash
crash(忽然跌下)可以把飞机做主语,也可以把飞机里的人做主语。例如:An aeroplane crashed on a hillside near Tokyo last week.和The aviator crashed on a hillside near Tokyo last week.
crazy
1.crazy在美国比在英国用得多。
2.You are crazy to talk like that是“你那样说话是愚蠢的”。
creator
参见creature
creature
creature(产物、被创造物)往往跟creator对比。例如:He was not the creature but the creator of his destiny.
creche
指“托儿所”,在英国常用。在美国用day nursery。
credence
1.give credence to是“相信”,不是“使…被人相信”,如可说I do not give much credence to his story,不可说His appearance gives credence to his story。
2.下面两句意思相同:
I do not give much credence to his story.
I do not give much credit to his story.
credentials
credentials(复数形式)是授给派到国外去的公使或大使的“国书”,不论实际上是一封信或多封信,总是用复数形式。
credible
credible和creditable不同。credible是“值得被信任的”或“可信的”。例如:I do not think him credible.和All this information is credible. creditable是“值得被称赞的”或“优良的”。例如:This is a piece of creditable conduct.和The article is highly creditable to its author. credible的反义词是incredible,creditable的反义词是discreditable。
credit
1.credit用作“学分”解是美国英语。
2.下面每组里的各句意思相同:
3.参见credence 2
creditable
参见credible
crew
crew指“全体船员”,不指“一个船员”。一条船只有一个crew,两条船才有两个crews。crew并不包括旅客们,有时也不包括高级船员们。
crime
crime有时指“一种犯罪”,有时统指“犯罪”。例如:Murder is a crime和There was a great decrease of crime in recent years.
Crimea
Crimea(克里米亚半岛)前面有the。
crisis
crisis是类名词,也是抽象名词。在用作类名词的时候有复数形式crises,如The cyclical crises(周期性的危机)。a sense of crisis,a time of crisis,two years of crisis等表达方式里的crisis是抽象名词,前面没有a。
crisp
burn(t) to a crisp(烧得松脆)里用a,不用the。
critical
critical(批评的)后面接of。例如:They are rightly critical of your careless work.
criticism
criticism后面有时接以that引导的从句。例如:I was very much impressed with his criticism that my knowledge of the language was merely academic.
criticize
criticize后面不可接以that引导的从句,如不可说He criticizes that the story lacks interest,该把criticizes改作observes。
crop
the crops指一季的各种收获,包括谷类、水果等。
cross
在英国说cross往往指cross the English Channel,就是“渡过英吉利海峡到法国去”。例如:He crossed to Paris to see his father.
cross(-)roads
cross(-)roads指“两条路的交叉点”,被看作单数。例如:a cross(-)roads
cry
1.cry(名词)指“一阵哭”,并不统指“哭”,如The baby had a good cry里的a不可省去。
2.cry指一阵哭,不一定发出声音。
3.a cry是“一次喊声或哭声”,a crying是“一阵喊声或哭声”。
4.可以说He cried to us to stop。
5.cry out后面可以接以that引导的从句。例如:She cried out that she had lost her ticket.
cult
cult和worship在语法上和意思上都略有不同:worship是抽象名词,cult是类名词,cult是对于某人或某事物的盲目的或过分的崇拜(worship),如“个人崇拜”是the cult of the individual或the cult of personality。
culture
culture有时前面用a,也有时作复数形式。例如:a national culture和chinese and Indian cultures
cunning
cunning用作“小巧玲珑的”解是美国英语。例如:What a cunning little baby!和He gave the boy a cunning doll.
cup
参见glass 2
cupful
参见-ful
cure
1.cure在用作“治疗或纠正的东西或方法”解的时候后面接for,在用作“治疗”或“纠正”解的时候后面接of。例如:This is a cure for headaches. We suggested a cure for red tape. The cure of his headache was soon effected. We aimed at the cure of red tape.
2.注意下面各句的结构:
This will cure you. This will cure your headache.
This will cure you of your headache.
curio(sity)
1.curio(古董)现在似乎比curiosity普通。
2.curiosity后面可以接不定式。例如:There was a general curiosity to know what was going to happen.
curious
1.curious to know和curious to hear作“很想知道…的”解。例如:I am curious to know where he lives.和I am curious to hear about his travels. curious to relate和curious to say作“说来可怪地”解,都单独使用。例如:Curious to relate(或say), the boy was not drowned.
2.curious有时后面接how,what等词引导的从句。例如:We felt curious how they would receive our suggestion.
3.注意It is curious that the old man should remember the names of all his childhood friends里用should。
custom
1.custom有时指“一种风俗”,有时统指“风俗”。例如:This is an old custom among the natives.和Custom is sometimes considered as important as law.
2.说“关税”和“税务机关”该用复数形式customs。但custom(-)house(或custom house)比customs-house(或customs house)普通。在customs duty,customs laws,customs officer和customs official里习惯用复数形式。
3.custom clothes,custom suit,custom garment和custom tailoring里的custom都作“定制的”解,跟“现成的”(ready-made)相对,这样用法的custom是美国英语,相当于英国的bespoke。
custom(-)house(或customs-house,或customs house)
参见custom 2
cut(ting)
1.参见clip(ping)
2.cut有时带有双宾语。例如:He cut her a slice of bread. (他替她切了一片面包。)
3.He began to cut down on his wine是“他开始逐渐少喝酒”。在美国往往把on省掉。
cycler
cycler(骑自行车者)是美国英语,相当于英国的cyclist。