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代词的语法功能

1. 人称代词

人称代词的句法功能

◎主格人称代词在句中常作主语。

She is as intelligent as he(is).

她像他一样聪明。

You should do as the teacher tells you to.

你应该照你老师讲的那样去做。

We all like English very much.

我们都很喜欢英语。

I like music.

我喜欢音乐。

This is a new dictionary. It is very useful to students.

这是一本新词典。它对学生很有用。

◎宾格人称代词在句中常作动词宾语或介词宾语。

We often go to see her on Saturdays.

我们常在周六去看她。

It is a waste of time your talking to him.

跟他谈话是浪费时间。

◎人称代词作表语时—般用宾格,但在比较正式的场合用主格。

—Who is it? 谁呀?

—It’s me. 是我。(非正式)

—It is I. 是我。(正式)

◎人称代词用于asthan之后,如果asthan用作介词,往往用宾格;如果asthan用作连词,则往往用主格。

She reads faster than he.

她读得比他快些。

I am a good student as him.

我和他一样是个好学生。

we,you,they有时可用来表示泛指的人。

We / You should keep calm even when we / you are in danger.

即使在危急时刻也要保持冷静。

They say there is going to be trouble.

他们说要有麻烦了。

技巧点拨

有时在叙述故事时常把动物人格化,可爱、美丽的动物用she来表示,凶猛的动物用heit表示。表示船只、祖国、大地、月亮等时常用代词she

The elephant is proud of himself because he has a big and strong body.

大象很骄傲,因为自己身躯硕大而强壮。

China is my motherland. She is getting more and more powerful.

我们的祖国是中国。她正变得越来越强大。

The moon usually shines brightly on the night of the Mid-Autumn Day. She looks like around silvery plate.

月亮在中秋之夜通常十分明亮。她看上去酷似一个银色的圆盘。

人称代词的排序

几个人称代词同时作主语时,排列次序一般为you and I;you and you;she(he)and I;we and you;we and they;we,you and they

You, he and I should help each other.

我、你、他应该互相帮助。

She and I are of the same age.

我和她同岁。

但在承担错误时,I放在其他人前面表示勇于承认错误。

I and my brother made the mistake.

我和兄弟犯了这个错误。

技巧点拨

代词并列有顺序,

单数并列231,

复数并列123,

若把错误责任担,

第一人称最先当。

时时注意比身份,

人物总在动物前。

单数男女同时到,

男士反而要优先。

He and his wife had a good time.

他和妻子度过了一段美好时光。

2. 物主代词

形容词性物主代词的句法功能

◎形容词性物主代词具有形容词的特征,在句中用作定语,后面接名词。

Our school is not far from here.

我们学校离这儿不远。

My father and mother are teachers. They like their work.

我的爸爸妈妈都是老师。他们喜欢自己的工作。

◎表示身体部位和所有物的词汇,其物主代词一般不可省略,而汉语中有时可以省略。

He put on his hat and left.

他戴上帽子就走了。

◎形容词性物主代词与own连用时表示强调。

I saw it with my own eyes.

那是我亲眼看见的。

◎下面结构中,必须要用定冠词the代替形容词性物主代词(不可用物主代词)。

touch sb. on the head 摸某人的头

hit sb. on the head 打某人的头

hit sb. on the nose 打某人的鼻子

strike/hit sb. in the face/chest 打某人的脸/胸部

take/catch/pull/sb. by the head/arm 抓住/拉某人的头/胳膊

名词性物主代词的句法功能

名词性物主代词具有名词的特征,在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语。它还可以构成“a/an/this/that/some/no+名词+of+名词性物主代词”结构,在这个结构中,“of+名词性物主代词”作定语。

◎作主语

Ours is the best team in the league.

我们的队在联赛中是最强的队。

Our room is on the first floor and yours(theirs)on the second.

我们的房间在一楼,你们的(他们的)在二楼。

◎作表语

The books over there are not mine. They are hers.

那边的书不是我的。是她的。

—Whose jacket is this? 这是谁的上衣?

—It’s hers. 这是她的。

◎作宾语

You may have my pen;I’ll have his.

你可以用我的钢笔,我用他的。

I have lost my dictionary. Please lend me yours.

我的字典丢了。请把你的借我吧。

◎名词性物主代词与of连用可作定语

That son of hers is very naughty.

她的那个儿子很淘气。

This painting of his is well painted.

他的这幅画画得很好。

学一学,练一练

用宾格代词、所有格形容词和代词完成句子。

1. I own this book.

This book belongs to    .

This is     book.

This book is    .

2. They own these books.

These books belong to    .

These are     books.

These books are    .

3. You own that book.

That book belongs to    .

That is     book.

That book is    .

4. She owns this pen.

This pen belongs to    .

This is     pen.

This pen is    .

5. He owns that pen.

That pen belongs to    .

That is     pen.

That pen is    .

6. We own those books.

Those books belong to    .

Those are     books.

Those books are    .

参考答案

1. me, my, mine 2. them, their, theirs

3. you, your, yours 4. her, her, hers

5. him, his, his 6. us, our, ours

3. 指示代词

this,that,these,those在句中可作主语、宾语、定语或表语

◎作主语

This is my doll. That is Mary’s.

这是我的洋娃娃。那是玛丽的。

Those are his books.

那些是他的书。

◎作宾语

Do you like these?

你喜欢这些吗?

We should always keep this in mind.

我们应当永远记住这一点。

◎作定语

I want this radio.

我要这台收音机。

We are busy these days.

这些日子我们很忙。

This magazine is about Chinese poetry.

这是一本关于中国诗歌的杂志。

◎作表语

Oh,it’s not that.

噢,问题不在那儿。

What I want is this (that).

我要的是这个(那个)。

this(these)that(those)的用法区别

◎this(复数形式是these),常用来指代时间上或空间上离说话人较近的人或物。that(复数形式是those),常用来指代在时间上或空间上离说话人较远的人或物。

This is Mr. Smith and that is Mr. Black. 这位是史密斯先生,那位是布莱克先生。

These are jeeps. Those are trucks. 这些是吉普车。那些是载重汽车。

that/those有时用来代替前面说过的人或物,以避免重复。

The weather in Shanghai is not so cold as that (=the weather) in Beijing.

上海的天气没有北京那么冷。

City people enjoy less space than those who live in the country.

城里人比那些住在乡村的人生活空间更小。

that/those可指前面讲过的事物,this/these可指下面要讲的事物。

I had a bad cold. Thats why I didn’t come.

我得了重感冒。所以没来。

This is the latest news from the United States.

下面是来自美国的最新消息。

such的用法

指示代词such表示“如此的,如此的事物”,具有名词和形容词的性质,在句子中可用作主语、定语、表语、宾语等。

◎作主语

Such is life.

生活就是这样。

Such is our study plan.

这就是我们的学习计划。

Such were his words.

这就是他讲的话。

◎作定语

I don’t like such a book.

我不喜欢这样的书。

Such water is quite clean.

这样的水很干净。

◎作表语

The birds were such as I never saw before.

这样的鸟,我从未见过。

The problems are such that we can’t solve by ourselves.

这样的问题,我们自己是解决不了的。

◎作宾语

Take from the drawer such as you need.

你需要什么,就从抽屉里拿吧。

If you act like a child,you will be treated as such.

你要是这样孩子气,人家就把你当孩子看待了。

same的用法

指示代词same使用时,same之前通常用定冠词the,它也具有名词和形容词的性质,在句中作主语、宾语、表语、定语等。

◎作主语

The same can be said of the other article.

另一篇文章也是同样情况。

The same happened to me.

我也发生了同样的情况。

◎作宾语

She went to swim and I did the same.

她去游泳,我也去了。

Whatever I did,he tried to do the same.

无论我做什么,他也想跟着做什么。

◎作表语

His name and mine are the same.

他和我同名。

Our ideas are exactly the same.

我们的想法完全一致。

◎作定语

The students are doing the same thing.

同学们正在做着同样的事情。

4. 反身代词

◎作表语

She will be herself again in no time.

她一会儿就会好的。

That poor boy was myself.

那可怜的孩子就是我。

◎作宾语

Did they enjoy themselves last Sunday?

他们上个周日玩得高兴吗?

Make yourself at home.

别客气,就像在家一样。

◎作主语或宾语的同位语

在作同位语时,反身代词多可译为“本人”(或“本身”)。但有时为了加强语气,常译为“自己”或“亲自”。起强调作用时,反身代词可以放在被强调词之后,也可以放在句末。

Nobody taught him drawing. He learned it himself.

没有人教他绘画。他是自学的。

You’d better ask the teacher yourself (himself).

你最好亲自问老师。

Our guide buys some food from the villagers and we cook it ourselves.

我们的向导从村民那里买来一些食物,我们自己烹调。

习惯用法

5. 相互代词

◎作动词的宾语

The two girls help each other in their lessons.

这两个女孩在功课上互相帮助。

They saw each other everyday.

他们每天相见。

◎作介词的宾语

They looked at each other.

他们互相看着。

You two should learn from each other.

你们两人应互相学习。

◎相互代词的所有格形式只能作定语

They looked into each others(one another’s)eyes for a long time.

他们彼此对视了很长时间。

They know each others parents.

他们都认识对方的父母。

6. 疑问代词

who,whom的用法

who只能指人,常作主语和表语,有名词性质。在非正式英文和口语中,who可以代替whom,但在介词后面要用whomwhom也指人,常用作宾语,也具有名词性质。

Who (Whom) would you like go with?

你想和谁一起去?

Who are you looking for?

你在找谁?

By whom was the house built?

这房子是谁建的?

Who (Whom) are you waiting for?

你在等谁?

Who (Whom) did you go to the movie with?

你同谁一起去看电影的?

whose的用法

whose和物主代词—样,具有名词和形容词的性质,可作主语、宾语、表语和定语。

Whose is better?

谁的好一些?

Whose is this?

这是谁的?

Whose are you going to borrow?

你准备借谁的?

Whose room is this?

这是谁的房间?

what的用法

what表示“什么(人或物)”,可用作单数和复数,具有名词和形容词性质,作主语、宾语、表语和定语等。

What is happening now?

发生什么事了?

What do you usually do on Sundays?

你周日通常做什么?

What would you like to buy?

你想买点什么东西?

Whats your father?

你父亲是干什么的?

What time do you usually get up?

你通常几点钟起床?

技巧点拨

what可用来指人的职业;what可用于感叹句;whatlike连用表示“……怎么样”。如:

What is your sister?你姐姐是干什么的?

—She is a doctor. 她是一名医生。

What does your father do? 你父亲是做什么工作的?

—He is an engineer. 他是一名工程师。

What a fine day today!

今天天气真好啊!

What a pretty girl she is!

她真是个美丽的女孩!

What is the weather like today?

今天天气如何?

which的用法

which表示“在一定范围内的哪一个(哪一些)人或物”,可用作单数和复数意义,具有名词和形容词的性质,作主语、定语、宾语等。

Which is yours?

哪一个是你的?(主语)

Which sport do you like best?

你最喜欢哪一项运动?(定语)

Which do you prefer, tea or coffee?

你喜欢哪种,茶还是咖啡?(宾语)

7. 不定代词

不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词,在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语,但none以及由some,any,no,every-thing,-body,-one构成的复合不定代词(如somebody等)通常作主语、宾语或表语;everyno通常作定语,或与-thing,-body,-one构成复合不定代词。

some的用法

some通常指不定数量“一些”,修饰或代替可数名词复数或不可数名词,既可指人,又可指物。常用在肯定句中。

He has some Chinese paintings.

他有一些中国画。

Some like sports, others like music.

有些人喜欢体育,有些人喜欢音乐。

some也可用在“请求、建议,反问”等含义的疑问句中,以期得到对方肯定的回答。

Didn’t he give you some books?

难道他没有给你一些书?

some有时可修饰单数可数名词,表示“某个”。

This morning,some boy asked for you.

今天上午,有个男孩要求见你。

There must be some reason for what he’s done.

他干这些事,肯定有某种原因。

some也可修饰数词,表示“大约”。

It took me some twenty days to get there.

我大约花了20天时间才到达那里。

any的用法

◎不定代词anysome一样表示不定数量“一些”,修饰和代替可数名词复数和不可数名词,既可指人又可指物。但一般用在否定句、疑问句、条件从句中。

Ask me if you have any questions.

如果你有问题可以问我。

Do you have any questions to ask?

你有什么问题?

I don’t know any of the students.

我不了解任何一位同学。

Do you have any questions? If you have any,don’t hesitate to ask me.

你有什么问题吗?如果你有问题的话,尽管问我好了。

There isn’t any tea left. I’ll go and make some for you.

没有茶了。我去给你泡一些。

◎用于肯定句中,表示“任何一个”,修饰单数可数名词和不可数名词。

I don’t know any of you. 你们,我一个也不认识。

Any child can answer that question. 任何一个小孩都能回答那个问题。

学一学,练一练

用some或any完成句子。

1. Sue has     money.

2. I don’t have     money.

3. Do you have     money?

4. Do you need     help?

5. Anita usually doesn’t get     mail.

6. The house is empty. There aren’t     people in the house.

7. I need     paper. Do you have     paper?

8. I’m not busy tonight. I don’t have     homework to do.

9. There are     beautiful flowers in my garden this year.

10. Steve is getting along fine. He doesn’t have     problems.

参考答案

1. some

2. any

3. any

4. any

5. any

6. any

7. some, any

8. any

9. some

10. any

no的用法

◎不定代词no只有形容词词性,一般作定语来构成否定句,表“不是”“没有”。

She knows no English.(=She doesn’t know English at all.)

她根本不懂英语。

He has no brother.

他没有兄弟。(no等于not any

◎用于警告、命令等。

No Parking!

禁止停车!

◎修饰表语时,有特殊的意思。试比较:

I am no teacher.

我不善于教书。

I am not a teacher.

我不是教师。

none的用法

none只具有名词性质,可以代替人和事物,表示“三者(以上)都不”“没有一个人(一件事物)……”。作主语时,如果谈到的是所有人的情况,动词多用复数形式;如果谈每个人的状况,则多用单数形式。它在句中还可充当同位语。

None of us are / is afraid of difficulties.

我们谁也不怕困难。

None of them has a bike.

他们谁也没有自行车。

None of the machines is / are working.

这些机器都不能工作。

We none of us can sing this song.

我们中没人能唱这支歌。

技巧点拨

noneneither的区别

none表示“在三个或三个以上当 中,没有人或物”,而neither指“在两个当中,没有人或物”。

None of the students has ever read the book.

学生中没有谁读过这本书。(不止两个学生)

Neither of my parents has ever read the book.

我父母亲都没读过这本书。

both的用法

both表示“两者都”,具有名词和形容词的性质,可做主语、宾语、同位语和定语。作主语时谓语动词用复数。

Both would like to have a try.

两人都想试一试。(主语)

Both are very honest.

两人都很诚实。(主语)

We asked both to put forward their suggestions.

我们要两人都提出建议。(宾语)

These two pictures are very beautiful. I like both.

这两张画很美。我(两张)都喜欢。(宾语)

Give us some bread. We both want to try a bit.

给我们一些面包。我们俩都想尝尝。(同位语)

They both skate well.

他们两人都很会溜冰。(同位语)

You can take both of them.

两个你都可以拿去。(宾语)

Both men were interested in the job.

两个人都对这项工作感兴趣。(定语)

技巧点拨

both后常跟of短语,of+名词、代词(复数),接复数名词时of常省略,接复数代词时of则不省略。

Both(of)the films were very good.

两部电影都很好。

Both of them are good teachers.

她们都是好老师。

both在句中用作同位语时,其位置取决于谓语动词的形式。

1作主语同位语时,如谓语为实义动词(包括用作实义动词的have),both位于主语之后、谓语动词之前。

We both had a haircut.

我俩都理了发。

2如谓语部分为系动词,both则位于系动词之后和表语之前。

The children were both too young.

这两个孩子都太小了。

3如谓语是含有助动词或情态动词的短语,both则位于助动词或情态动词之后。

My parents have both been invited.

我父母都受到了邀请。

You must both come over some evening.

你俩必须在某天晚上都过来。

4作宾语同位语时,位于宾语之后。

They told us both to wait.

他们告诉我俩都等一等。

I’ve met them both before.

我以前见过他俩。

all的用法

◎当all作主语时,常代表三个以上的人,谓语动词用复数形式;指事物或情况时,往往表示“一切”“所有的”意思,常被看作单数意义,谓语动词用单数形式。当all作定语时,既可修饰可数名词,也可修饰不可数名词。

all具有名词和形容词性质,常表示“全体”“所有的”“一切”的意思;在句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语、同位语或状语。

All are here.

大家都到了。(主语,all指人)

All is known.

一切都明白了。(主语,all指事物,不可数)

She has told me all about it.

她把一切都告诉我了。(宾语)

Bill visited all of us.

比尔看望了我们所有的人。(宾语)

That’s all.

话讲完了。(表语)

Is that all you can help me?

这就是你能帮助我做的事吗?(表语)

All the apples in that box go bad.

那箱子里所有的苹果都烂了。(定语)

They have all gone to America.

他们全都到美国去了。(同位语)

We all want to have a try.

我们都想试一试。(同位语)

He is all excited.

他非常激动。(状语,加强语气)

She was all wet.

她身上全湿了。(状语)

◎当all用作主语时,如果后面跟有人称代词,须在它们之间加上of;如果后面跟的是名词,它们之间可加of,也可不加。

All of them are from Beijing.

他们全都是北京人。(them为人称代词,of不能省略)

All(of)the books are here.

所有的书都在这儿。(books为名词,of可省略)

◎当all作同位语时,它在句中的位置随谓语动词而定。当谓语动词是实义动词时,all放在动词前面;谓语动词是be时,all放在be后面;谓语是由情态动词或助动词加实义动词组成时,all放在它们之间。

They all know the answer. 他们都知道这答案。

They are all students. 他们都是学生。

You can all go home.

你们都可以回家了。

◎当all用作人称代词宾语的同位语时,all放在宾语后面。如you all,them all,us all

I’ll have to think them all again.

我得将它们重新考虑一次。

each的用法

each具有名词和形容词性质,在句中可用作主语、定语、宾语和同位语。指每个人或事物的个别情况,相当于汉语的“各个”。

Each of the boys has a bike.

每个男孩都有一辆自行车。(主语,强调个体,每一个)

There are flowers on each side of the river.

河两岸都是花。(定语)

Two men came and I gave a book to each.

两个人来了,我给他们每人一本书。(宾语)

The teacher gave the pupils four textbooks each.

教师给每个学生4本教科书。(同位语)

We each have a new schoolbag now.

现在我们每人都有一个新书包。(同位语)

学一学,练一练

选择括号中正确的代词填空。

1. Nike had dinner with (I, me)       .

2. Besty and (I, me)       had dinner with Nick last night.

3. My brother drove Emily and (I, me)       to the store. He didn’t come in. (He, him)       waited for (we, us)       in the car. (We, Us)       hurried.

4. Ms. Lee wrote a note on my test paper. (She, Her)       wanted to talk to (I, me)      .

5. Ted invited (I, me)       to go to the game with (he, him)      .

参考答案

1. me

2. I

3. I, He, us, We

4. She, me

5. me, him