（二）冠词的误用
1．定冠词的误用
（1）定冠词误作不定冠词
错句1
With oil price rising sharply, many people now consider a bicycle a popular means of transportation.
With oil price rising sharply, many people now consider the bicycle a popular means of transportation.
由于油价大幅增长，现在许多人认为自行车是一种受欢迎的交通工具。
解析 定冠词和不定冠词都可表示类别，有时可以换用，如：“The/A dog is a faithful animal.(狗是忠实的动物。)”正确句子中的the表示类别。此处如果用不定冠词a，则不表示类别，而表示泛指。
错句2
She has a potential to become a world-class musician.
She has the potential to become a world-class musician.
她有潜力成为世界级音乐家。
解析 potential为不可数名词，由于被其后作定语的不定式修饰，须加定冠词。
错句3
Would you rather live in a town or in a country?
Would you rather live in a town or in the country?
你喜欢住在城里还是乡下？
解析 country作“国家”解时为可数名词，作“乡下，乡村”解时只有单数形式，而且要与定冠词连用。
错句4
I won't buy a pair of shoes unless you knock 10 dollars off the price.
I won't buy the pair of shoes unless you knock 10 dollars off the price.
你要是不减价10美元，我不会买这双鞋。
解析 正确句子中的the pair of shoes之后没有修饰语，但这是买卖双方都清楚的那双鞋，定冠词在这里表示特指。
错句5
It is expected that China will replace the United States as a global No.1 nation for scientific and technological invention.
It is expected that China will replace the United States as the global No.1 nation for scientific and technological invention.
预计中国将取代美国，成为全球第一的科技创新国家。
解析 定冠词在句中表示序数，如同序数词前的用法。
错句6
She has worked in a fashion industry since she left school.
She has worked in the fashion industry since she left school.
她离开学校之后一直在时装业工作。
解析 industry作“工业”解是为不可数名词，如heavy industry(重工业)；作“行业”解时为可数名词，如local industries(地方工业)。如正确句子所示，表示某一特定行业时，须加定冠词，再如：the steel industry(钢铁业), the tourist industry(旅游业)。
（2）定冠词误作零冠词
错句7
Australia is considered a sporting nation and most Australians owe their love for sport to excellent conditions for it.
Australia is considered a sporting nation and most Australians owe their love for sport to the excellent conditions for it.
澳大利亚被视为体育之国，大多数澳大利亚人都把自己对体育的热爱归功于该国适合搞体育的极好的环境。
解析 该句为并列句，主语分别为Australia和Australians, excellent conditions前面须加定冠词，以特指澳大利亚的环境。
错句8
Thanks to the invention of smartphone, we can now talk face to face even if we might be a long way apart.
Thanks to the invention of the smartphone, we can now talk face to face even if we might be a long way apart.
由于智能手机的发明，我们现在能够面对面地谈话，即使我们可能相隔很远。
解析 句中的定冠词表示类别，而零冠词不可与可数名词的单数连用。
错句9
The organization's aim is to educate the public about dangers of smoking.
The organization's aim is to educate the public about the dangers of smoking.
该组织的目的是对公众进行吸烟危害的教育。
解析 danger作“危害”解时为可数名词，正确句子中的dangers之后有修饰语of smoking，因此，前面须用定冠词表示特指。
错句10
Car exhausts are having an effect on world's climate.
Car exhausts are having an effect on the world's climate.
汽车废气排放物正在影响世界气候。
解析 如正确句子所示，定冠词可用于表示大家所熟知的事物，再如：the weather, the atmosphere, the air, the sea, the sky, the ground, the wind, the rain, the environment, the sun, the moon, the earth, the universe。
错句11
He has a lot of friends in Middle East.
He has a lot of friends in the Middle East.
他在中东有好多朋友。
解析 如正确句子所示，定冠词用于许多表示地点的专有名词前，再如：the Red Sea(红海), the Gulf of Mexico(墨西哥湾)。
错句12
This is my second visit to UK.
This is my second visit to the UK.
这是我第二次游览英国。
解析 凡是带有states, union, united, republic等的国名，前面都带定冠词。the UK的全称是the United Kingdom，再如：the USA(the United States of America), the USSR(the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)(苏联)。
错句13
Was the videophone invented in 1990's?
Was the videophone invented in the 1990's?
可视电话是20世纪90年代发明的吗？
解析 正确句子中的定冠词用于表示年代。
2．不定冠词的误用
（1）不定冠词误作定冠词
错句14
Paper cutting, the traditional folk art form which originated from ancient China, was listed as a world cultural heritage by the United Nations in 2010.
Paper cutting, a traditional folk art form which originated from ancient China, was listed as a world cultural heritage by the United Nations in 2010.
剪纸，起源于古代中国的一种传统民间艺术形式，2010年被联合国列为世界文化遗产。
解析 正确句子中的不定冠词表示一类人或物中具体的一个。
错句15
Lisa was playing in the street when she saw a red car go past driven by the teacher of her school.
Lisa was playing in the street when she saw a red car go past driven by a teacher of her school.
莉萨在大街上玩耍时看到一辆红色轿车开了过去，开车的是她学校的一位老师。
解析 正确句子中的不定冠词表示她学校众多老师中的某一位。
错句16
She dreamed of the future where she could spend more time painting.
She dreamed of a future where she could spend more time painting.
她梦想着一种自己可以用更多时间作画的未来生活。
解析 future作“前景”解时为可数名词，前面的不定冠词表示“一种”。
错句17
He is more of the fool than Dick.
He is more of a fool than Dick.
他比迪克傻。
解析 系动词之后的“of+a/an+fool/man/scholar/poet等可数名词”，表示人的某种品质。再如：“He is more of a poet.(他更有诗人气质。)”
错句18
It's the most important issue and we need to discuss it in detail.
It's a most important issue and we need to discuss it in detail.
这是个非常重要的问题，我们需要详细讨论。
错句19
I really must buy the second pair of shoes.
I really must buy a second pair of shoes.
我确实得另买一双鞋。
解析 如正确句子所示，序数词与不定冠词连用时不表示顺序，而表示“另一，又一”(another)，再如：“He succeeded in his experiment the second time, and then he did it a third time.(他第二次试验成功了，接着他又做了一次。)”
错句20
He was born at Christmas, which was Sunday.
He was born at Christmas, which was a Sunday.
他出生于圣诞节，那天是个星期天。
解析 正确句子中的不定冠词与Sunday连用，表示当年圣诞节那天是个星期天。
错句21
In writing English, after each word we leave space.
In writing English, after each word we leave a space.
书写英语时，每个单词之后留一个空格。
解析 space为不可数名词时作“空间”解，如：disk space(磁盘空间)。如正确句子所示，作可数名词时作“空，空隙，空当，空格”解，再如：a parking space(停车空地)。
错句22
The walk is expected to last all day, so bring packed lunch.
The walk is expected to last all day, so bring a packed lunch.
预计要走一整天的路，所以你们要带上备好的午饭。
解析 三餐的名词前通常加零冠词，但是，如正确句子所示，当它被形容词修饰时，加不定冠词表示a kind of。再如：“We had a very late breakfast.(我们早饭吃得很晚。)”
错句23
Do you think an advertisement is help when you apply for a job?
Do you think an advertisement is a help when you apply for a job?
你求职时觉得广告有帮助吗？
解析 help通常为不可数名词，当它作单数名词与不定冠词连用时，如正确句子所示，其意思是“有帮助的人或事物”。再如：“She is quite a help to her mother. (她是妈妈的得力帮手。)”
错句24
I've got headache.
I've got a headache.
我头疼。
解析 headache是可数名词，与不定冠词连用。类似的用法还有have (got)a cold(感冒)。前面用零冠词的疾病名称仅限于flu(流行性感冒), gout(痛风)，hepatitis(肝炎)等不可数名词，如：“I was in bed with flu for ten days.(我因患流感，卧床10天。)”
错句25
I'd like beer, please.
I'd like a beer, please.
请给我来杯啤酒。
解析 物质名词beer为不可数名词，但是，如正确句子所示，当它与不定冠词连用时为可数名词，表示“一杯/瓶/罐”。
错句26
They have good knowledge of the surrounding countryside.
They have a good knowledge of the surrounding countryside.
他们对周围农村的情况很熟悉。
解析 knowledge作“知识，学问”解时，通常为不可数名词，前面带零冠词，如：medical knowledge(医学知识)。而如正确句子所示，当它被形容词修饰时，为单数形式的名词，前面带不定冠词，再如：“He has a wide knowledge of music.(他在音乐方面知识渊博。)”
3．零冠词的误用
（1）零冠词误作定冠词
错句27
His grandfather devoted his whole life to bringing out the secret of the nature.
His grandfather devoted his whole life to bringing out the secret of nature.
他的祖父毕生致力于揭示大自然的秘密。
解析 nature作“自然(界)”解时为不可数名词，须与零冠词连用。
错句28
There are hundreds of millions of stars in the space.
There are hundreds of millions of stars in space.
太空中有无数的星球。
解析 space作“太空，外层空间”解时为不可数名词，须与零冠词连用。
错句29
He suggested that we should choose only the good books to read.
He suggested that we should choose only good books to read.
他建议我们只选好书读。
解析 如正确句子所示，零冠词与复数可数名词books连用表示泛指。
错句30
Obama was first elected the President of America in 2008.
Obama was first elected President of America in 2008.
奥巴马2008年第一次当选美国总统。
解析 在正确句子中，零冠词用于表示头衔的名词前。
错句31
He was in the hospital recovering from a heart operation.
He was in hospital recovering from a heart operation.
他做了心脏手术，正在住院恢复。
解析 如正确句子所示，有些单数名词，当表示相关活动时，通常用零冠词，如：go to school(bed, church, town, class, college)(去上学，去睡觉，去做礼拜，进城，去上课，去上大学); in bed(school, class, college, church, prison, hospital)(在睡觉，在上学，在上课，在上大学，在做礼拜，在坐牢，在住院)。
错句32
Badly dressed people don't care much about the dress.
Badly dressed people don't care much about dress.
穿着不得体的人不太在意衣服。
解析 dress为可数名词时作“连衣裙”解，如：a short dress(短连衣裙)。如正确句子所示，dress在表示“(男人或女人的)衣服”时，为不可数名词，与零冠词连用。再如：to wear casual dress(穿便服)。
错句33
Mark was blind from the birth.
Mark was blind from birth.
马克先天失明。
解析 如正确句子所示，birth常常为不可数名词，与零冠词连用，再如：at birth (出生时), date of birth(出生日期)。但是，有时它用作可数名词，如：“It was a difficult birth.(那是一次难产。)”
错句34
She is arriving on March the 25th.
She is arriving on March 25th.
她将于3月25日到达。
解析 如正确句子所示，表示日期时，在书面语中用零冠词。在口语中，前面要用定冠词，如：March the twenty-fifth。
错句35
I have some spare time this week but the next week I'll have to start working.
I have some spare time this week but next week I'll have to start working.
这周我有些空闲时间，但是下周我要开始工作了。
解析 如正确句子所示，当next所指的时间与现在有关时，前面须用零冠词。
（2）零冠词误作不定冠词
错句36
What he said is a common knowledge.
What he said is common knowledge.
他说的是常识。
解析 抽象名词knowledge为不可数名词，须与零冠词连用。
错句37
On my birthday, I had a good fun with my friends.
On my birthday, I had good fun with my friends.
我生日那天，和朋友们玩得很高兴。
解析 fun为不可数名词。再如：for fun(为取乐), in fun(闹着玩地)。
错句38
Wish you a good luck!
Wish you good luck!
祝你好运！
解析 luck为不可数名词，与上面同类的错误还有a good news, a good advice等。
错句39
What a beautiful scenery!
What beautiful scenery!
多么美丽的景色！
解析 scenery为不可数名词，与其词义相近的landscape, view和scene为可数名词。
错句40
This is a good job for you, but you can't get a high pay from it.
This is a good job for you, but you can't get high pay from it.
这对你来说是份好工作，但是你无法由此获得高薪。
解析 pay(工资，薪水)为不可数名词，只能与零冠词连用。它作定语时前面可出现不定冠词，如：a pay increase(加薪)。此时不定冠词所限定的是increase。
错句41
I bought the car five years ago, and it is still in a very good condition.
I bought the car five years ago, and it is still in very good condition.
我五年前买的这辆车，现在车况依然良好。
解析 condition作“条款，条件”解时为可数名词，如：“Health is a condition of happiness.(健康是幸福的一个条件。)”condition作“环境，状况”解时只有复数形式，如：working conditions(工作环境)。如正确句子所示，当它作“状态”解时为不可数名词，再如：a used car in bad condition(车况糟糕的旧车)。
错句42
She sent a word that she would be late.
She sent word that she would be late.
她捎信来说她要晚些来。
解析 word作“消息，信息”解时只有单数形式，而且前面为零冠词，再如：“If word gets out about the affair, he will have to resign.(要是这一绯闻传出去，他就得辞职。)”
错句43
A child as she is, she could not have done so.
Child as she is, she could not have done so.
她虽然是个孩子，但她不可能做出这样的事来。
解析 如正确句子所示，as引导的让步状语从句的结构是：与零冠词连用的名词+as+主语+系动词。再如：“King as he was, he was unhappy.(他虽然是国王，但并不幸福。)”
4．冠词在短语中的误用
（1）定冠词在短语中的误用
错句44
It's out of question to ask him for help.
It's out of the question to ask him for help.
请他帮助是不可能的。
解析 词组out of the question的意思是“不可能的”，而out of question的意思是“毋庸置疑的”。
错句45
We young people sang and danced till the celebration came to end late into the night.
We young people sang and danced till the celebration came to the end late into the night.
我们年轻人又唱又跳，直到庆祝活动深夜结束。
解析 定冠词用于短语come to the end(结束)中。
错句46
Your plan is none better than ours.
Your plan is none the better than ours.
你们的计划一点儿也不比我们的好。
解析 “none+the+形容词比较级”的意思是“一点儿也不”，再如：“He seems none the worse for the experience.(这次经历似乎一点儿也没给他造成伤害。)”
错句47
I prefer to travel in front of the car.
I prefer to travel in the front of the car.
我喜欢坐在轿车的前座。
解析 in front of的意思是“在……的面前，当着……的面”。in the front of的意思是“在……的前部”。再如：“Write your name in the front of the book.(在前面的书页写上你的名字。)”
错句48
The policeman caught the thief by hand.
The policeman caught the thief by the hand.
警察抓住小偷的手。
解析 by hand的意思是“用手”，catch/seize/take sb.by the..．的意思是“抓住/拉住某人的……”。再如：“He seized her by the hair.(他揪住她的头发。)”
错句49
Some animals can see in dark.
Some animals can see in the dark.
有些动物能够在黑暗中看见东西。
解析 in the dark的意思是“在黑暗处，全然不知”。如：“I am in the dark about the plan.(我对这个计划全然不知。)”
错句50
The flight attendant told us that nothing was matter; it was just a storm.
The flight attendant told us that nothing was the matter; it was just a storm.
空中乘务员告诉我们没出什么事，只是遇上了一场风暴。
解析 matter作“问题”解时，必须与定冠词连用，再如：“Is anything the matter? (有什么问题吗？)”
（2）不定冠词在短语中的误用
错句51
All of sudden someone grabbed me around the neck.
All of a sudden someone grabbed me around the neck.
突然有人掐住我的脖子。
解析 短语all of a sudden的意思是“突然，猛地”。
错句52
Don't take the chance going out in this weather without an umbrella.
Don't take a chance going out in this weather without an umbrella.
这种天气没有伞不要冒险外出。
解析 短语take a chance的意思是“冒险，投机”。
错句53
The article was written in hurry and I have to go over it again.
The article was written in a hurry and I have to go over it again.
那篇文章是匆匆忙忙写出来的，我还要看一遍。
解析 短语in a hurry的意思是“匆忙地，仓促地”。
错句54
Are you trying to make fool of me? Anyone can see it's a fake!
Are you trying to make a fool of me? Anyone can see it's a fake!
你想愚弄我吗？谁都明白这是赝品！
解析 短语make a fool of的意思是“愚弄，使出丑”。
错句55
The police are at loss for an explanation of the affair.
The police are at a loss for an explanation of the affair.
警方不知如何解释这一事件。
解析 短语at a loss的意思是“困惑，不知所措”。
错句56
She had a good rest, and was feeling much better as result.
She had a good rest, and was feeling much better as a result.
她痛痛快快地休息了一下，所以感觉好多了。
解析 短语as a result的意思是“作为结果，因此”。
错句57
When he offered me the job, I accepted like shot.
When he offered me the job, I accepted like a shot.
当他提出给我这份工作时，我马上接受了。
解析 短语like a shot的意思是“立即，飞快地”。
错句58
These agreements have effect on the buyers and the sellers.
These agreements have an effect on the buyers and the sellers.
这些协议对买卖双方都起作用。
解析 短语have an effect on的意思是“对……起作用，对……有影响”。
错句59
I will be finished in one day or two.
I will be finished in a day or two.
我将在一两天之内把事情做完。
解析 in a day or two=in one or two days。
（3）零冠词在短语中的误用
错句60
He was taken a prisoner in the war and spent the next two years in a prisoner-of-war camp.
He was taken prisoner in the war and spent the next two years in a prisoner-of-war camp.
他在战争中被俘，接下来的两年是在战俘营度过的。
解析 be taken prisoner(被俘)是个固定短语。
错句61
None of us felt tired, as we took the turns in driving the car.
None of us felt tired, as we took turns in driving the car.
我们谁都不觉得累，因为我们轮流开车。
解析 take turns (in doing sth.)(轮流做某事)是个短语，意思同in turn。该句中的从句可改写为：as we drove the car in turn。
错句62
He was too excited to tell his story from the beginning to the end.
He was too excited to tell his story from beginning to end.
他太激动了，以致无法从头至尾地把故事讲完。
解析 from beginning to end(从头至尾)是个短语。
错句63
I had decided to give it up, but on the second thought(s), I decided to try another time.
I had decided to give it up, but on second thought(s), I decided to try another time.
我本来决定放弃，但转念一想，我决定再试一次。
解析 短语on second thought(s)的意思是“又一想，转念一想”。
错句64
Brian is in the charge of the new project.
Brian is in charge of the new project.
布莱恩负责这个新项目。
解析 in charge of(掌管，负责，照料)是个短语。in the charge of的意思是“由……掌管或照料”。
错句65
His answer was a sort of disappointing.
His answer was sort of disappointing.
他的回答有点儿令人失望。
解析 sort/kind of是个短语，意思是“有点儿，有几分”。
错句66
At the first sight, their demands seemed reasonable.
At first sight, their demands seemed reasonable.
乍看起来，他们的要求似乎是合理的。
解析 at first sight是个短语，意思是“初看起来，乍看起来”。
错句67
You must be careful in the future.
You must be careful in future.
你今后一定要细心。
解析 in future=from now on(今后), in the future=in the time to come(将来)，如：“Nobody knows what will happen in the future.(谁也不知道将来会发生什么。)”