第一部分 大不列颠和北爱尔兰联合王国
第1章 土地和人民
1.1 复习笔记
Ⅰ. Different Names for Britain and its Parts
Ⅱ.Geographical Features
1.England
2.Scotland
3.Wales
4. Northern Ireland
Ⅲ.Rivers and Lakes
Ⅳ.Climate
1. A maritime type of climate
2. Factors which influence the climate in Britain
3.Rainfall
4. Natural calamities
Ⅴ.The People
1.The English
2.The Welsh
3.The Scots
4.The Irish
5.Immigrants
Ⅰ. Different Names for Britain and its Parts
1. The British Isles are made up of Great Britain, Ireland and hundreds of small ones. The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
2. There are three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.
3. The British Commonwealth is a free association of independent countries that were once colonies of Britain.
Ⅰ．英国的不同称谓和它的组成
1．不列颠群岛由大不列颠，爱尔兰和数百个小岛组成。英国的官方名称为大不列颠和北爱尔兰联合王国。
2．大不列颠群岛有三个行政区域：英格兰，苏格兰和威尔士。
3．英联邦是由独立国家组成的自由联盟，那些国家曾是英国的殖民地。
Ⅱ.Geographical Features
Britain is an island country. It is surrounded by the sea. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe. It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.
Ⅱ．地理特征
英国是一个岛屿国家，四周环海。它位于北大西洋的欧洲北部沿海地区。英国因南部的英吉利海峡和东部的北海而与欧洲其他地区相隔。
1.England
England occupies the largest, southern part of Great Britain with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Pennines, a range of hills running from North Midlands to the Scottish border, are the principal mountain chain.
1．英格兰
英格兰位于英国的南部，面积最大。西部是威尔士，北部是苏格兰。奔宁山脉从北部低地绵延至苏格兰边境，是主要的山脉。
2.Scotland
There are three natural zones: the Highlands in the north, the central Lowlands, and the southern Uplands.
2．苏格兰
苏格兰有三大自然区域：北部的高原地区，中部的低地和南部的高地。
3.Wales
Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Most of Wales is mountainous. The capital of Wales is Cardiff.
3．威尔士
威尔士位于英国的西部，境内大部分地区多山。威尔士的首府是加迪夫。
4.Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland is a fourth region of the United Kingdom. It has a rocky and wild northern coastline. Belfast is the capital.
4．北爱尔兰
北爱尔兰是英国的第四个区域。北部海岸线荒凉且多岩石。贝尔法斯特是北爱尔兰的首府。
Ⅲ.Rivers and Lakes
1. The longest river in Britain is the Severn River. The second largest and most important river in Britain is the Thames River.
2. River Clyde is the most important river in Scotland.
3. There are many lakes in Britain, the Lake District in north-west England and North Wales. However, the largest lake in Britain is the Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland.
Ⅲ．河流和湖泊
1．英国最长的河流是赛汶河。第二长河和最重要的河流是泰晤士河。
2．克莱德河是苏格兰最重要的河流。
3．英国有很多湖泊，湖区位于英格兰的西北部和北威尔士。然而，英国最大的湖泊是北爱尔兰的内伊湖。
Ⅳ.Climate
1. A maritime type of climate
It has a favorable maritime climate—winters are mild, not too cold and summers are cool, not too hot, and it has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the whole year.
Ⅳ．气候
1．海洋性气候
英国有一个宜人的海洋性气候，冬天温和，不太冷；夏天凉爽，不太热。全年降水稳定。
2. Factors which influence the climate in Britain
①The surrounding waters tend to balance the seasonal differences by heating up the land in winter and cooling it off in summer.
②The prevailing south-west winds blow over the country all the year round.
③The North Atlantic Drift passes the western coast of the British Isles and warms them.
2．影响英国气候的因素
①周围的海域平衡了季节的变化，冬天加热，夏天降温。
②西南部的盛行风一年四季都吹向英国。
③北大西洋暖流经过不列颠群岛的西部沿海地区，带来温暖。
3.Rainfall
Britain has a steady reliable rain throughout the whole year. The average annual rainfall in Britain is over 1,000 mm.
3．降水
英国全年降水稳定。每年的平均降水超过1000毫米。
4.Natural calamities
Sometimes there are several months of drought, and at other times too much rain causes flooding. Fog, frost and severe gales are not uncommon.
4．自然灾害
有时会有几个月的旱灾，有时过量降雨会导致洪灾。雾，霜和强风也是很常见的。
Ⅴ.The People
Britain has a population of 57,411,000 (1990). 90 % of the population is urban and only 10 % is rural.
Ⅴ．人民
英国的人口有五千七百四十一万一千（1990年）。90%的人口居住在城市，仅10%居住在农村。
1.The English
The English are Anglo-Saxons, but the Scots, Welsh and Irish are Celts. Regional speech is usually “broader” in northern England than that of southern England.
1．英国人
英国人的祖先是盎格鲁-撒克逊人，但是苏格兰，威尔士和爱尔兰人的祖先是凯尔特人。英格兰北部的地区方言比南部要更明显。
2.The Welsh
The ancestors of the Welsh were the ancient Britons who escaped from the invading Angles and Saxons.
2．威尔士人
威尔士人的祖先是古代的不列颠人，早期为躲避入侵的盎格鲁-撒克逊人而逃到了这里。
3.The Scots
Some Germanic Angles settled in the Scottish lowlands and in the borderlands between Scotland and England.
3．苏格兰人
一些日耳曼的盎格鲁人定居在苏格兰低地和苏格兰与英格兰之间的边境之地。
4.The Irish
Hundreds of years ago Scots and English Protestants were sent to live in Northern Ireland. Since then there has been bitter fighting between the Protestants and the Roman Catholics.
4．爱尔兰人
数百年前，苏格兰和英格兰的新教徒被送往北爱尔兰定居。自此之后，新教徒和罗马天主教徒之间的斗争不断。
5.Immigrants
About three million have come to Britain to live and find work since World War Ⅱ. They are mainly from the West Indies, India and Pakistan.
5．移民
二战之后，大约有三百万人来到英国居住和工作。他们主要来自西印度群岛，印度和巴基斯坦。