第2章 殖民地时期的美国文学：1620-1763
2.1 复习笔记
I. In the Colonial Period（殖民地时期）
(1) The colonial period covers almost the entirety of the 17th century and a great portion of the 18th century.
殖民地时期几乎包括了整个17世纪和18世纪的一大部分。
(2) In 1763, Indian tribes waged frontier warfare and in a few months eliminated British posts in the Ohio region, thus forcing King George to sign the Royal Proclamation of 1763. The map as a result of the 1763 Proclamation defined Northern, Middle and Southern colonies at the time.
1763年，印第安部落发动了边疆战役，几个月内就撤除英国在俄亥俄地区的职权，迫使英王乔治签署了1763年皇家宣言，此宣言将当时的殖民地划分为北部、中部和南部殖民地。
(3) In the earlier colonial period, much of the literature was produced by Puritan and Pilgrim writers.
在殖民地早期，大多数文学作品是由清教徒和朝圣者创作的。
(4) In the earlier colonial period, Southern literature emerged with distinctly non-Puritan characteristics.
在殖民地早期，南方文学出现了明显的非清教徒的特点。
(5) What colonial writers of the South have in common with those of the North is that they often wrote for utilitarian purposes.
南方作家与北方作家的共同点是他们经常为了功利主义而写作。
II. Puritan Literature（清教徒文学）
1．The story of the Puritan（清教徒的故事）
The story of the Puritans began in England. In 1543, under the rule of King Henry VIII, the Church of England was formed. Since the British monarch then controlled the church, British citizens were required to follow the rules and practices of the Church. Those who were religiously non-conforming to this established authority were called “Puritans”, a name which suggests their determination to build a church as pure as possible, in contrast to the perceived corruption of the Church of England.
清教徒的故事开始于英国。1543年，在亨利八世的统治下，英国国教形成。自从英国国王控制了教会，英国公民就不得不遵守教堂的规则和惯例。那些不遵循这一宗教权威的人被称为“清教徒”，意即他们决定建立一个尽可能纯洁的教堂，与英国国教可以预见的腐败形成对比。
They lived a very hard and difficult life and were persecuted by the Church of England severely, so many of them separated from the Church of England altogether and came to America.
他们生活困苦艰辛，遭受到英国国教的严重迫害，所以许多人从国教中分离出来，并一起前往美国。
2．Calvinism（加尔文主义）
Calvinism is a specific and rather rigid brand of Puritanism. Calvinists are those who follow the teachings of John Calvin, a religious reformer in France. They were supposedly the purest of the pure that came to the New World.
加尔文主义是清教主义一个特殊的、更加严格的分支。加尔文教徒是法国宗教改革家约翰·加尔文的追随者。他们或许是来到“新世界”的清教徒中最为纯洁的教徒。
3．Puritan Beliefs（清教徒信仰）
“Original sin” and “grace” are two most important premises in Puritanism.
“原罪”和“恩惠”是清教主义两个最重要的前提。
i. William Bradford (1590-1657) （威廉·布拉德福德）
1．Life（生平）
William Bradford was born in Austerfield, Yorkshire, England. After his father died and his mother remarried, Bradford was raised by his uncles and grandparents who taught him farming and animal husbandry.
威廉·布拉德福德出生在英国约克郡的奥斯特费尔德。父亲去世后母亲改嫁，于是叔叔和祖父母抚养他，并教他从事农业和畜牧业。
Bradford at first wanted to become a farmer. But his plan changed when, in his mid-teens, he was inspired by a sermon to join the Scrooby Pilgrims.
最初，布拉德福德想要成为一名农场主，但是，在他十五岁时，由于受到斯克罗比朝圣者布道的启发而改变了主意。
In 1620, the Bradford party sailed on the Mayflower and came to Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Between 1621 and his death in 1656, Bradford was elected 30 times the Pilgrim Governor of Massachusetts.
1620年，布拉德福德一行人乘坐“五月花号”来到马萨诸塞州的科德角。在1621年至他去世的1656年间，他曾30次当选马萨诸塞州的州长。
2．Major Works（主要作品）
Of Plymouth Plantation
《普利茅斯种植园史》
ii. John Winthrop (1588-1649) （约翰·温斯洛普）
John Winthrop was born in Suffolk, England, of prosperous ancestry. He studied law at Trinity College, Cambridge University. At the age of 18 John Winthrop was married and became steward and justice of peace on his father’s estate at Groton.
约翰·温斯洛普出生在英国萨福克郡的一个显赫家庭中。他曾在剑桥大学三一学院学习法律。18岁时，温斯洛普结婚，成为他父亲在格罗顿地产的管家和治安法官。
John Winthrop came to America in 1630 on the Arbella.
1630年，约翰·温斯洛普乘坐“阿尔贝拉号”前往美国。
iii. Anne Bradstreet (ac.1612-1672) （安妮·布拉德斯特里特）
1．Life（生平）
Anne Bradstreet was born in Northampton, England. When Anne was 16, she came to Massachusetts with her family, and at that time, she had married Simon Bradstreet two years earlier.
安妮·布拉德斯特里特出生在英国的北安普顿。16岁时，她举家来到马萨诸塞州，那时，她已与西蒙·布拉德斯特里特结婚两年了。
When she was young, she suffered from smallpox and the bouts of rheumatic fever. So, for the rest of her life, her health was precarious.
她年轻的时候，患过天花和风湿病，所以在她以后的岁月里，她的健康状况一直不好。
2．Poetic characteristics（诗歌特点）
(1) Because of her own health problems, images of human body, illness and mortality are dominant in her poetry.
由于自身健康原因，身体、疾病和死亡意象主导着她的诗歌。
(2) Her poetry reveal deep human love, passion, pain, as well as those pleasures associated with home such as entering friends and seeing children grow and marry.
她的诗歌揭示了深厚的人间之爱、激情、痛苦和与家庭有关的快乐，如友谊带来的快乐和儿女成长、嫁娶带来的幸福等。
(3) Some poems of her show a Puritan consciousness.
她的一些诗歌也表现出了清教意识。
3．Major Works（主要作品）
The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America
《美国新崛起的第十位缪斯女神》
“To My Dear and Loving Husband”
《致我亲爱深爱的丈夫》
“A Letter to My Husband”
《给我丈夫的一封信》
“The Flesh and the Spirit”
《肉体与精神》
“Contemplations”
《沉思》
vi. Mary White Rowlandson (1637-1711) （玛丽·怀特·罗兰德森）
1．Brief Introduction （简介）
Mary White Rowlandson was born in Somersetshire, England. She was married to a minister at Lancaster. During King Phillip’s War (1675-1678), she and her three children were captured by Algonkian Indians for three months and were ransomed for £20 raised by the women of Boston in a public subscription.
玛丽·怀特·罗兰德森出生在英国的萨默塞特郡。她嫁给了兰开斯特的一位牧师。在菲利普国王战争期间，她和三个孩子被阿尔纲吉印第安人关押了三个月，最后，波士顿的一个公共订阅组织的妇女们筹措了20英镑把他们赎了出来。
2．Major Works（主要作品）
A Narrative of the Captivity and Restauration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson
《玛丽·罗兰德森夫人关于囚禁和恢复的叙述》
v. Edward Taylor (1642-1729) （爱德华·泰勒）
1．Life（生平）
Taylor was born in Sketchley, England and he grew up a nonconformist. After graduating from college, he became a schoolmaster. But his teaching career was cut short for the religious reason.
泰勒出生在英国的斯盖赤雷，他从小不信奉英国国教。大学毕业后，他成为一名校长。但是，由于宗教原因他的教学生涯很短暂。
In 1668 Taylor came to America and studied Theology at Harvard College. Graduating in 1671 with advanced standing, he chose to serve as a minister in a community of western Massachusetts. It was in that position that Taylor’s spiritual preparation took a poetic turn.
1668年，泰勒来到美国，在哈佛大学学习神学。1671年免修毕业，他选择到马萨诸塞州西部的一个社区做牧师。正是这一职位使得泰勒具备了转向诗歌创作的精神准备。
2．Poetic Characteristics（诗歌特点）
(1) That the word “meditation” occurs some 200 times in the titles of Taylor’s poems strongly suggests that he is a meditative poet.
“沉思”一词在泰勒诗歌的题目中出现了大约200次，这充分说明泰勒是一位沉思诗人。
(2) Taylor’s poetry shows an anguished search for God, an intense personal struggle with his spirituality and with Satan.
泰勒的诗歌显示出对上帝的苦苦探求和一种与他个人精神以及与撒旦的强烈抗争。
(3) Taylor’s meditations follow the same poetic structure: six-line stanzas, iambic pentameter, ababcc rhyme scheme. That suggests that writing poetry is a ritualistic activity for Taylor.
泰勒的沉思诗歌遵循着一样的结构：六行诗节、抑扬格五音步、ababcc的格律。这表明对泰勒来说写诗是一种惯例活动。
III. Persecution within Puritan Community（清教徒社会内部的迫害）
Witchcraft trials in the 17th century were a deeply troubling yet significant phenomenon within the Puritan community. In 1542, the English Parliament made witchcraft a capital offense. Subsequently, several hundred people were accused and hanged.
女巫审判案是17世纪清教徒社区中深深困扰清教徒的一个重大事件。1542年，英国议会将巫术定为死罪。因此，几百人被控告并被施以绞刑。
In New England, 234 were put on trial for being “witches.” Between 1647 and the end of the 17th century, as many as 36 were executed.
在新英格兰，234人因被指控为“巫师”而受审。从1647年到17世纪末，36人被处决。
The biggest witchcraft hunting took place in Salem in 1692, in which 19 had been executed and 150 were imprisoned, waiting for trial.
最大规模的巫术逮捕发生在1692年，那一年，19人被处决，150人被投进监狱，等待受审。
i. Cotton Mather (1663-1728) （科顿·马塞）
1．Brief Introduction（简介）
Cotton Mather, son of the influential minister Increase Mather, was a socially and politically in uential Puritan minister, a prolific author of more than 450 books and pamphlets.
科顿·马塞是极具影响力的牧师英克里斯·马塞的儿子，是一位兼具社会和政治影响力的清教徒牧师。他著作颇丰，专著和小册子多达450多本。
He is often remembered for his role in the persecution of the so-called witches.
他在所谓的女巫审判案中发挥了作用，人们也因此将其铭记在心。
2．Major Works（主要作品）
Magnalia Christi Americana (1702)
《玛格诺拉》
ii. Samuel Sewall (1652-1730) （塞缪尔·席沃）
1．Brief Introduction（简介）
Samuel Sewall, who served as a member of the colonial council (1691-1725) and Chief Justice of the colony (1718-1728), was a judge at the Salem trials and later openly recanted his error.
塞缪尔·席沃是殖民地议会中的一员，同时担任殖民地首席法官。他是女巫审判案中的一名法官，后来公开承认自己在审判中的过错。
2．Major Works（主要作品）
The Diary of Samuel Sewall
《塞缪尔·席沃的日记》
VI. Dissension within Puritan Community（清教徒社会内部的纠纷）
Since Puritanism created a volatile mixture, it could and did lead to rigid orthodoxy and to dissension. Of the quarrels with Puritan beliefs in the 17th century, the cases of Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams are of particular significance.
由于清教产生了不稳定的混乱局面，所以有可能导致严格的正统和纠纷。在17世纪关于清教信仰的纷争中，安妮·哈钦森和罗杰·威廉姆斯的案例最为显著。
i. Anne Hutchinson (1595-1643) （安妮·哈钦森）
(1) Anne Hutchinson is identified by later generations as a fighter for religious freedom and women’s rights.
安妮·哈钦森被后人称为争取宗教自由和妇女权利的斗士。
(2) She was articulate, strong-willed and intellectually gifted. She served as a healer and midwife.
她能言善辩、意志坚强、聪慧过人，是一位治疗师和助产士。
(3) She married to a prominent merchant and was a mother of 13 children.
她嫁给了一位著名的商人，生育了13个孩子。
(4) Anne Hutchinson attracted a circle of women and men to her Boston home for discussions of sermons.
安妮·哈钦森吸引了许多女人和男人到她波士顿的家里讨论布道。
(5) Hutchinson’s opinion was believed to be provocative and she was banished as “a woman not fit for our society,” and walked, with some followers, to Providence and later, to Rhode Island and because of her leadership in dissension from orthodox Puritanism that the two places later grew to be a refuge for dissenters.
哈钦森的宗教观点被认为具有煽动性，因此她作为“一位社会异己”而被驱逐，之后与一些追随者步行来到普罗维登斯，后又到达罗德岛州。由于她在分离清教正统中发挥了领导作用，后来这两地成为清教分离派的避难所。
ii. Roger Williams (1603?-1683) （罗杰·威廉姆斯）
1．Brief Introduction（简介）
Roger Williams was born in London and came to America at the end of 1630. He was a religious radical who believed he was among the purest of Puritans, so pure, in fact, that his notion of a pure church was unobtainable.
罗杰·威廉姆斯出生在伦敦，于1630年底来到美国。他是一位宗教激进者，相信自己是清教徒中最为纯洁的一位，由于太纯洁，事实上，他的纯洁教堂的目标根本无法实现。
He was sentenced to banishment on October 9, 1635, and then he fled to an Indian settlement. Later he purchased land from the Indian tribe of Narragansetts and founded Providence which was meant to be a heavenly city on earth.
1635年10月9日，他被判处流放，逃到一个印第安人居住区。之后，他从印第安纳拉甘塞特部落中购买了一块地，建立了普罗维登斯，意即人间的天堂城市。
Today, Williams is remembered not so much for the specifics of his religious radicalism but as an earlier expression of the American ideals of religious freedom and democracy.
如今，人们怀念威廉姆斯不是由于他的宗教激进主义，而是由于他较早表达了美国的宗教自由和民主思想。
2．Major Works（主要作品）
A Key into the Language of America (1643)
《一把开启美国语言的钥匙》（1643）
The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for Cause of Conscience, Discussed in a Conference between Truth and Peace (1644)
《在一个讨论真理与和平的会议上出于良知而提出的针对迫害的血腥宗旨》（1644）
“To the Town of Providence” (1655)
《致普罗维登斯小镇的一封信》（1655）
V. Jonathan Edwards and the Great Awakening（乔纳森·爱德华兹和大觉醒运动）
i. Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758) （乔纳森·爱德华兹）
1．Life（生平）
Edwards was born as the only son of 11 children of his parents. Tutored by his gifted parents, he entered Yale in 1716 at the age of 13 and graduated valedictorian four years later.
爱德华兹是家里11个孩子中唯一的男孩。他从小师从于才华出众的父母，1716年13岁时进入耶鲁大学，四年后，作为一名优秀毕业生毕业。
In 1727 Edwards became minister in the Congregational Church in Northampton, Massachusetts. In July the same year he married the charming and witty Sarah Pierrepont, the daughter of a prominent minister in New Haven.
1727年，他成为马萨诸塞州北安普顿公理教会的一位牧师。同年7月，他与纽黑文一位著名牧师的女儿——美丽聪慧的萨拉·彼伊本喜结连理。
Due to a crisis in revivalism, he resigned in 1750. From 1751 till 1757, Edwards preached in Stockbridge, a remote western Massachusetts mission. At Stockbridge, his family lived in poverty; they sold lace, did embroidery and painted fans in order to survive.
由于信仰复兴运动带来的危机，他于1750年辞职。从1751年到1757年，他在马萨诸塞州西部偏远的斯托克桥讲道。他和家人在斯托克桥过着贫困的生活，不得不通过卖饰带，做刺绣，画扇子以维持生计。
In 1757, he was appointed President of the College of New Jersey at Nassau Hall (now Princeton University).
1757年，他成为位于拿骚楼的新泽西大学（现在的普林斯顿大学）的校长。
In 1758, he died suddenly as a result of failed smallpox inoculation.
1758年，由于天花接种失败，爱德华兹突然去世了。
2．Major Works（主要作品）
Freedom of the Will (1754)
《自由意志》（1754）
The Doctrine of Original Sin Defended (1758)
《为原罪教义辩护》（1758）
The Nature of True Virtue (1765)
《论真美德的性质》（1765）
3．Style（风格）
His style, a reflection of his mind, is romantic in the mystic sense and powerful in terms of its evangelical passion.
他的风格是他思想的反映，于神秘色彩中凸显浪漫，福音热情中凸显力量。
4．Comments（评价）
Today he is generally regarded as a pioneering philosopher and the greatest mind of the colonial period.
如今，他通常被认为是殖民地时期的一位哲学先驱和最伟大的思想家。
He played a very important role in the Great Awakening.
他在大觉醒运动中发挥了十分重要的作用。
ii. The Great Awakening（大觉醒运动）
1．What is the Great Awakening? （什么是大觉醒运动？）
It was an evangelical movement meant to address, indeed redress, the new “sins”.
大觉醒运动是一场意在进行演说，实为匡正“新罪”的运动。
In the New World, the influence of the European Enlightenment was felt as an increasing interest in science and new currents of learning. Intellectually, such an influence fostered the pursuit of deism and skepticism among the educated. At the same time, the newly gained prosperity of Puritan and Quaker merchants were also luring them into the pursuit of materialist gains. Many people seemed to be drifting away from the old path of religious piety. Along with the fringes of settlement emerged groups of people for whom no minister was needed to preach the gospel. By the 1730s, the trends to fall away seemed to necessitate, for some, a revival of faith. Thus, the Great Awakening swept the colonies within a few years.
在“新世界”，欧洲启蒙运动的影响增加了人们对科学的兴趣，增加了学习的新流派。在智力上，这种影响促进了一些受教育者追求自然神论和怀疑论。同时，清教和贵格会商人新获得的成功也诱使他们追求物质财富。许多人仿佛都远离了宗教的虔诚之路。定居带上出现了许多不需要牧师来布讲福音的人们。到18世纪30年代，出现严重的信仰滑坡，对于一些人来说，进行信仰复兴是非常有必要的。因此，大觉醒运动在几年内便覆盖了整个美国殖民地。
It seems fair to say that Edwards the preacher saw the need to glorify God the same as the need to debase man.
似乎可以说传教士爱德华兹意识到了赞美上帝和贬低人类的需要。
2．Influence（影响）
Edwards, as part of the Great Awakening, embodied the evangelical principle and a passionate revivalist style which are still influential in American life today.
爱德华兹作为大觉醒运动的一分子，代表了福音派原则和一种充满热情的复兴风格，这种风格依然影响着当今的美国生活。
VI. Writers in the Southern Colonies（南方殖民地作家）
(1) Writers in the Southern colonies included planters, merchants, artisans and ministers. They wrote often for utilitarian purposes.
南方殖民地作家包括种植者、商人、工匠和牧师。他们通常为功利主义目的而写作。
(2) They wrote in such forms as journals, poems, letters, sermons and some of them did translations.
他们的写作形式一般有日记、诗歌、书信、布道辞等，也有一些作家从事翻译。
(3) Southern writers often showed a sense of satire and a spirit of exploration inherent in the Renaissance.
南方作家通常具有一种讽刺意识，并延续了文艺复兴的探索精神。
i. William Byrd (1674-1744) （威廉·伯德）
1．Life（生平）
William Byrd was born into a very wealthy planter family. He received his education in England from the age of 7 until he was 31. He returned to his Virginia estate in 1705 when his father died. He served as a member in the House of Burgesses, the assembly of representatives in colonial Virginia, and eventually was elected president of the House. Byrd made Virginia his permanent home at the age of 52.
威廉·伯德出生在一个非常富有的种植园主家庭。从7岁到31岁他都在英国接受教育。1705年，他父亲去世，他回到弗吉尼亚。他成为下议院的议员，是弗吉尼亚殖民地大会代表的一员，最终被选举为下议院主席。伯德于52岁时定居在弗吉尼亚。
2．Writing Features（写作特点）
(1) He wrote diaries, letters, and descriptions of personalities. He wrote for a small circle of friends and he wrote sometimes for himself.
他主要写日记、书信并描写人物性格。他为一些朋友写作，有时也为自己写。
(2) There were sharp and pointed satire and subtle irony in his works.
在他的作品中有锐利的讽刺，也有微妙的嘲讽。
(3) After he made Virginia his permanent home, he devoted much of his attention to American subjects and often, in his letters and diaries, depicted the contrasts between England and America.
他在弗吉尼亚定居后，将注意力转向美国主题，在他的书信和日记中通常描写英国和美国的不同之处。
(4) Byrd turned to Pope and Swift for literary models.
伯德在蒲柏和斯威夫特的作品中寻找文学模型。
3．Major Works（主要作品）
William Byrd: His Secret Diary for the Years 1709-1712
《威廉·伯德：1709至1912年间的秘密日记》
History of the Dividing Line betwixt Virginia and North Carolina
《弗吉尼亚和北卡罗来纳州的分界线历史》
The Secret History of the Dividing Line
《分界线的秘史》
ii. Ebnezer Cook (1667-1733) （艾伯内泽·库克）
1．Brief Introduction（简介）
Ebnezer Cook was a tobacco “factor” (merchant) and planter in Maryland. He was a prolific writer who spent much time in both Maryland and London.
艾伯内泽·库克是一位烟草“代理商”（商人），也是马里兰的一位种植园主。他大部分时间在马里兰和伦敦度过，是一位创作颇丰的作家。
2．Major Works（主要作品）
“The Sot-weed Factor”
《烟草代理商》
iii. Richard Lewis (1700?-1734) （理查德·刘易斯）
1．Brief Introduction（简介）
Richard Lewis was a poet who came to America from Wales. He was a schoolmaster and member of the colonial Assembly in Maryland.
理查德·刘易斯是一位诗人，来自英国的威尔士。他是一位校长，也是马里兰州殖民地大会的一位成员。
Lewis is a poet who writes of America, especially the wilderness in America, using an English poetic model, the pastoral.
刘易斯专注于写美国，尤其是美国的荒野，使用一种英国的诗歌模式——田园诗歌。
2．Major Works（主要作品）
“A Journey from Patpsko to Annapolis, April 4, 1730”
《1730年4月4日从佩特普斯考到安纳波利斯的旅程》
VII. Writers in the Middle Colonies（中部殖民地作家）
(1) The middle colonies included New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, land fertilized by three great rivers: the Hudson, Delaware, and Susquehanna.
中部殖民地包括纽约、新泽西和被哈得孙河、特拉华河以及萨斯奎汉纳河三大河流滋养着的宾夕法尼亚。
(2) The Middle colonies are culturally and ethnically more diverse, because that geographically standing between New England and the South, the middle colonies absorbed elements from regions on either side.
中部殖民地具有文化和种族多样性的特点，因为它位于新英格兰和南方的中间，可以从各方吸收不同元素。
i. Thomas Godfrey (1736-1763) （托马斯·戈弗雷）
1．Brief Introduction（简介）
Thomas Godfrey was not only a poet and dramatist; he was also a watchmaker. He was the untutored son of a glazier.
托马斯·戈弗雷是一位诗人、剧作家，也是一位钟表匠。他是一位玻璃工的儿子，未受过教育。
2．Writing Features（写作特点）
(1) He wrote poems imitating Alexander Pope and the emerging romantic poetry in England.
他模仿蒲柏写诗，也模仿英国新出现的一些浪漫主义诗人。
(2) His poetics are conventional.
他的诗学是比较传统的。
(3) Godfrey utilized the tested and the universal, instead of the new and local, to appeal to the public’s taste at the time.
戈弗雷利用已有的和普遍的而不是新颖的和本土的创作吸引读者。
3．Major Works（主要作品）
The Prince of Parthia
《帕提亚的王子》
ii. John Woolman (1720-1772) （约翰·伍尔曼）
1．Brief Introduction（简介）
John Woolman, Quaker diarist, was born and raised on a farm in New Jersey. His writings and deeds gained him the well-deserved reputation as the “Quaker Saint”.
约翰·伍尔曼是一位日记作家，在新泽西出生并长大。他的创作和事迹为他赢得了“贵格会圣人”的美誉。
Woolman first worked as a tailor, managed a farm and tried occasional jobs such as writing legal documents and teaching. As his wealth was accumulating he curtailed his business to a level enough for a modest living for his family. Eventually, Woolman gave up trade and devoted his time to his family and to his work as a spokesman for Quakers.
伍尔曼的最初职业是裁缝，管理着一个农场，也做其他临时工作，如写法律文件、教学等。当他的财富不断积累时，他将自己的事业缩小到能够维持家用的规模。最后，他放弃商业，全身心投入到家庭，并为贵格会做发言人。
Woolman is also known for his humanitarianism. He traveled in the South where he observed the inhuman system of slavery, and that made him an opponent of slavery.
伍尔曼也以他的人道主义而闻名。他到南方旅行，看到极不人道的奴隶制度，使他成为一名奴隶制反对者。
2．Writing Features（写作特点）
(1) Woolman’s prose style is limpid and pure, showing a simple and noble soul which expresses itself naturally.
伍尔曼的散文风格明晰纯净，显示出作者自身纯朴高尚的灵魂。
(2) The spiritual intensity in Woolman is comparable to that in the Puritan writers.
伍尔曼作品中的精神强度可以与清教徒作品中的精神强度相媲美。
3．Major Works（主要作品）
Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes
《关于奴隶制的一些思考》
Journal (1774)
《日志》（1774）
A Word of Remembrance and Caution to the Rich (1793)
《铭记之词和对富人的提醒》（1793）