第5章 早期浪漫主义
5.1 复习笔记
I. The Other American Dream（另一个美国梦）
What is the other American dream? （另一个美国梦是什么）
The other American dream refers to the dream in authors’ works, which reflects America’s changes, development, and so on.
另一个美国梦是指作家作品中所写的梦，反映了美国的变化、发展等。
Examples（举例）
An excellent case in point is Washington Irving’s famous tale “Rip Van Winkle”. Since its main metaphor for the emerging American nation is a dream, the tale tells of an American dream, albeit a dream very different from the common version of American dream, which is the myth that one’s hard work is a sufficient guarantee of one’s acquisition of wealth and success in America. For that reason, we should call Irving’s story a narrative of “the other American dream” that tells the more complex truth.
华盛顿·欧文的著名故事《瑞普·凡·温克尔》是一个优秀案例。因为故事中作为新生美国的主要隐喻是一场梦，讲述的是一场美国人的梦，与一个人可以通过努力工作可以获得财富和成功的“美国梦”不同。因此，我们可以将欧文的故事称为揭示复杂真理的“另一个美国梦”。
Hawthorne created similar tales of dreams. “Young Goodman Brown” is such a tale.
霍桑也创作了类似关于梦的故事。《小伙子布朗》就是这样的一个故事。
II. Washington Irving (1783-1859) （华盛顿·欧文）
1．Brief Introduction（简介）
Washington Irving was born in New York’s lower Manhattan in 1783, the youngest of 11 children. His first name was taken from George Washington. His father was a moderately wealthy Scottish hardware merchant. As a child, Irving was frail in health and was precocious. His earlier education was received from various seminaries in New York.
华盛顿·欧文于1783年出生在纽约的曼哈顿，在11个孩子中最小。他是以乔治·华盛顿命名的。他的父亲是一位还算富裕的五金商人。他小时候体质虚弱，发育过早。他在纽约的一些神学院中获得早期教育。
Washington later said that when he was a child there was a general lack of stories connected with the life around him. Since he liked all sorts of real and quaint stories, he would also wander into the Dutch part of New York where he looked for and listened to tales told by the descendants of the early Dutch settlers.
华盛顿后来说他小时候没有与他身边生活相关联的故事。因为他喜欢各种真实奇观的故事，所以他会漫游到纽约的荷兰人居住区，寻找那些早期荷兰定居者的后代，倾听他们的故事。
2．Major Works（主要作品）
“Rip Van Winkle”
《瑞普·凡·温克尔》
“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”
《睡谷的传说》
A History of New York
《纽约外史》
A History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus
《哥伦布的生平和航行》
The Sketch Book
《见闻札记》
3．Irving’s Style（欧文的写作风格）
(1) The general criticism of Irving is that he lacks intellectual depths.
批评家一般认为欧文的作品缺乏深度。
(2) His style is not didactically stated.
他的作品没有说教特点。
(3) His style is suggestive and highlights attitudes and moods.
他的风格具有启发性，强调人物的态度和情绪。
(4) In Irving’s satire and humor, there is always a kindness, an understanding, which reveals his magnanimous humanity.
在欧文的讽刺和幽默中总有一种善解人意，揭示出他宽宏大量的品性。
(5) More importantly, beneath the trivialities of comic materials burns a passion for life; and in the sadness of his romantic melancholy one feels the presence of the immutable law of change.
更重要的是，在这些微妙的喜剧素材下燃烧着一种对生命的热爱。读者可以在他浪漫忧郁的悲伤中感受到变化的永恒规律。
4．Literary Achievements and Position（文学成就及地位）
(1) He was the first great prose stylist of American romanticism, and his familiar style was destined to outlive the formal prose of such contemporaries as Scott and Cooper, and to provide a model for the prevailing prose narrative of the future.
他是第一位伟大的美国浪漫主义散文家，其随笔风格注定了他比同时期的其他作家，如司各特和库珀更经久不衰，这种随笔风格也为后来盛极一时的叙事散文奠定了基础。
(2) He was the first great belletrist, writing always for pleasure, and to produce pleasure.
他是第一位伟大的纯文学作家，他一直为乐趣和制造快乐而写作。
(3) He was among the first of the modems to write good history and biography as literary entertainment.
他是首批将历史和传记结合起来进行娱乐文学创作的现代作家之一。
5．Appreciation of Works（作品赏析）
◆“The legend of Sleepy Hollow” （《睡谷的传说》）
The story is set in 1790 in the countryside around the Dutch settlement of Tarrytown, New York, in a secluded glen called Sleepy Hollow. Sleepy Hollow is renowned for its ghosts and the haunting atmosphere that pervades the imaginations of its inhabitants and visitors. The most infamous specter in the Hollow is the Headless Horseman, said to be the ghost of a Hessian trooper who had his head shot away by a stray cannonball during “some nameless battle” of the American Revolutionary War, and who “rides forth to the scene of battle in nightly quest of his head”.
故事设置在1790年的纽约塔里敦荷兰定居点周围农村的一个隐密幽谷——睡谷中。睡谷以其中的鬼魂和撩人心弦的氛围著称，因为能引起人们无限遐想。幽谷中最邪恶的鬼魂是“无头骑士”，据说是一名赫斯骑兵的鬼魂，他在独立战争中的“一次说不上名字的战役中”被大炮炸掉了头颅，因而“在夜间骑马前往战场找寻头颅”。
“The legend of Sleepy Hollow” is among the earliest examples of American fiction still read today.
《睡谷的传说》是美国最早出现并至今仍被广泛阅读的小说之一。
III. James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) （詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库珀）
1．Life（生平）
Cooper was born in Burlington, New Jersey, in 1789. Cooper spent his youth in his father’s village Coopertown, which was not far from the border of the 18th century frontier. He went to Yale at 13 where he studied with great interest Shakespeare and the major poets of the 18th century. Two years later he was dismissed from Yale because of his rowdy behaviors.
库珀于1789年出生在新泽西州伯灵顿。他的童年在他父亲的库珀镇度过，该镇距离18世纪的边疆不远。13岁时，他进入耶鲁大学，在那里他对莎士比亚和18世纪的主要诗人产生了浓厚的兴趣。两年后，他由于粗暴行为被开除。
The first important American novelist began his literary career on a dare. James Fenimore Cooper was reading a boring English novel when he said to his wife that he could write a better one himself. His wife challenged him to make good his boast; so at the age of thirty, Cooper began a career that would bring him wealth and world-wide fame.
他是美国首位重要的小说家，他凭着自己的胆识开始了他的文学生涯。一次，他在读一本枯燥的英国小说时，突然对妻子说他能够写出比这更好的小说。他的妻子却挑衅地说他是在说大话。就这样，30岁的库珀便开始了之后为他带来财富和世界声誉的文学事业。
2．Comparison between Cooper and Irving（库珀和欧文的比较）
Both Irving and Cooper show a distinctly romantic strain and both were deeply concerned with what it means to be American. Yet, there are some significant differences between the two:
欧文和库珀的作品中都具有浪漫主义色彩，都反映了浓厚的美国性。但是，两者也具有明显的不同之处：
(1) Irving is more an interpreter of legends, whether local or European. Cooper, on the other hand, triumphed by his interpretation of romantic and realistic life on the frontiers of the forest and the sea.
欧文倾向于解读传奇故事，不论是本地的还是欧洲的。而库珀善于描写森林和大海等疆域的浪漫真实的生活。
(2) Irving’s literary achievement is in short stories, essays and romanticized history and autobiography, but Cooper’s accomplishment is primarily in the novel.
欧文的文学成就主要在短篇小说、散文、浪漫历史和自传方面，而库珀的主要成就在小说方面。
(3) In contrast to Irving, Cooper was more casual about literary craftsmanship.
与欧文相比，库珀的文学手法更随意。
3．Major Works（主要作品）
The Spy (1821)
《间谍》（1821）
The Pilot (1824)
《领航者》（1824）
Leather-stocking Tales (1832-1841)
《皮袜子故事集》（1832-1841）
The Deerslayer
《杀鹿者》
The Last of the Mohicans
《最后的莫希干人》
The Pathfinder
《探路人》
The Pioneers
《拓荒者》
The Prairie
《大草原》
4．Literary Achievement（文学成就）
(1) Cooper launched two kinds of immensely popular stories: the sea adventure tale, and the frontier saga.
库珀开创了两种极受欢迎的故事类型：海上冒险故事和边疆传奇。
(2) In 1839, he wrote the first official history of the U.S. Navy.
1839年，他写了第一部美国海军的官方历史。
(3) Cooper’s enduring fame rests on his frontier stories, especially the five novels that comprise the Leather-stocking Tales (1832 to 1841).
库珀的经久不衰在于他的边疆小说，尤其是组成《皮袜子故事集》的五部小说。
(4) With some main characters and a vast group of supporting characters, virtuous or villainous, Cooper made the American conscious of his past, and made the European conscious of America.
库珀塑造的一些主角和大量配角，既有善良的也有邪恶的，不但使美国人认识了他们的过去，也使欧洲人认识了美国。
5．Appreciation of Works（作品赏析）
◆The Last of the Mohicans《最后的莫希干人》
The Last of the Mohicans is a famous novel telling stories about race, friendship, love for nature, virtues and so on. In the story, Cooper highly praises those noble characteristics of “the last of the Mohicans”.
《最后的莫希干人》是一部关于种族、友谊、热爱大自然、美德等的名著。故事中，库珀高度赞扬了“最后的莫希干人”的高贵品质。
IV. William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878) （威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特）
1．Brief Introduction（简介）
Bryant was born in Hampshire County, Massachusetts and was brought up in a family with two cultures and philosophies. To the young Bryant, the physical world is two worlds in one: the world of harsh elements such as wind, rain and snow, as his mother and grandfather saw it; and the herbal garden of romantic beauty and healing potential as his father saw it. The duality within the family in part explains why Bryant grew up a Federalist and Calvinist but gradually became a Democrat, a Unitarian, and romanticist.
布莱恩特出生在马萨诸塞州的汉普郡，并在一个有着双重文化和人生观的家庭长大。对年轻的布莱恩特来说，世界是两面的：一面是充满狂风、暴雨和大雪的残酷世界；一面是充满浪漫之美和治愈潜力的花园。家庭的两面性使得布莱恩特成长为一位联邦主义者和加尔文主义者，但是又逐渐成为一位民主主义者、一位论派教徒和浪漫主义者。
2．Major Works（主要作品）
“Thanatopsis”
《死亡随想》
“To a Waterfowl”
《致水鸟》
3．Appreciation of Works（作品赏析）
◆“Thanatopsis”《死亡随想》
“Thanatopsis” was Bryant’s best-known poem, was in large part written when the poet was only 16 years old.
《死亡随想》是布莱恩特最著名的诗歌，做诗时他只有16岁。
The poem, the title of which means “view of death”, should be read in the light of both literary tradition and Bryant’s own religious background. From some English poets he learned of the possibilities of blank verse and the themes of the “graveyard school” of writers.
诗歌标题的意思是“死亡观”，应该在文学传统和诗人的宗教信仰背景下来读这首诗。他从一些英国诗人那里学到无韵诗的写法和“墓园诗派”诗人的主题。
◆“To a Waterfowl”《致水鸟》
“To a Waterfowl” expresses both the poet’s grateful view, at the close of a day of self-doubt and despair, of a solitary bird on the horizon, and his sense of a divine power guiding and protecting everything in nature. The clarity of the central image and the aptness and simplicity of the moral analogy have always been admired, even by those who dislike “preaching” in poetry.
《致水鸟》不仅描绘了诗人在令人产生自我怀疑和绝望的日暮时分看到孤鸟飞翔的悦目景象，也表达了自己所感受到了一种引导、保护自然界一切生物的神圣力量。诗中清晰的意象和简明有力的道德类比一直为读者所钦佩，甚至得到了那些讨厌“说教”的人的认可。