第3章 文学与美国革命：1764-1815
3.1 复习笔记
I. Historical Overview（历史概述）
(1) In a period of 50 years, the American nationhood transformed from its colonial status to that of independence and federation.
在50年间，美国作为一个国家从殖民地形态转变为独立的联邦国家。
(2) It was in this period that American nationhood, with the United States as its name, began to emerge.
在这期间，以美利坚合众国之名，美国的国家意识开始萌生。
(3) Literature in the period of American Revolution was predominantly public and utilitarian.
美国革命时期的文学主要是公共的和功利性的。
(4) American drama began to emerge, amidst difficulties.
美国戏剧在困难中开始出现。
(5) Most novels in the period were either frivolous or heavily didactic.
这一时期的大多数小说或是枯燥无味，或是说教性太强。
i. Enlightenment（启蒙运动）
What is the Enlightenment? （什么是启蒙运动？）
The Enlightenment, starting in the 17th century with the scientific revolution, was a momentous intellectual movement that gradually established a system of modern values that emphasize reason, science, knowledge and progress.
启蒙运动开始于17世纪，与科学革命相伴而生，是一场重要的知识运动，逐步建立起一套强调理性、科学、知识和进步的现代价值体系。
Development of the Enlightenment （启蒙运动的发展）
The Enlightenment developed quite rigorously in France and other European countries in the 18th century. It was also in the 18th century that influences of the Enlightenment reached the colonies of America.
18世纪，启蒙运动在法国和其他欧洲国家获得迅猛发展。同时，启蒙运动的影响也扩散到美洲殖民地。
The Enlightenment in America （美国的启蒙运动）
American intellectuals took different things from the Enlightenment. People like Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson were inspired by the political and social dimensions of Locke and Hobbes. They developed political positions and arguments insisting on the necessary and infallible progress of human affairs.
美国知识分子从启蒙运动中获得不同的东西。如富兰克林和杰斐逊等人受到洛克和霍布斯政治和社会思想的启发。他们确定了自己的政治立场和观点，坚持必要的和正确的人类事业的发展。
Comments on the Enlightenment （对启蒙运动的评价）
(1) With hindsight, it is clear that the Enlightenment was primarily a positive force that helped change the world.
从后来的发展状况看，启蒙运动显然是一种改变世界的积极力量。
(2) In some way, the Enlightenment has gone to extreme. “Enlightened” people have done terrible things to nature, animals, even humankind themselves.
在某种程度上，启蒙运动已走向极端。“被启蒙”的人类已向大自然、动物界甚至是人类自己做出十分可怕的事情。
ii. Deism and Unitarianism（自然神论和上帝一位论）
Deism（自然神论）
The emergence of Deism in the 18th century America came directly from the Enlightenment. Thomas Jefferson summarized deism as follows:
18世纪，自然神论直接来源于启蒙运动。托马斯·杰斐逊将自然神论总结如下：
The doctrines of Jesus are simple, and tend all to the happiness of man.
耶稣的教义很简单，都有关人类的福祉。
1) That there is only one God, and he is all-perfect.
只有一位上帝，他是完美无瑕的。
2) That there is a future state of rewards and punishments.
在未来会有奖惩。
3) That to love God with all thy heart and thy neighbor as thyself is the sum of religion. These are the great points on which he [Christ] endeavored to reform the religion of the Jews.
全身心热爱上帝和爱邻如己是宗教意义的全部。这是祂[耶稣]努力改革犹太宗教的出发点。
Deism was an integral part of the American Constitution, especially the First Amendment.
自然神论是美国宪法中不可分割的一部分，尤其是在第一修正案中。
Unitarianism（上帝一位论）
Deism became institutionalized after the American Revolution. Institutionalized Deism is also Unitarianism that quickly gained followers in Boston, New York, and Philadelphia. Their statements are strikingly similar to those summarized by Jefferson:
美国革命后，自然神论制度化。制度化的自然神论也就是迅速获得波士顿、纽约和费城等地追随者的上帝一位论。他们的信条与杰斐逊总结的及其相似：
1) The fatherhood of God.
上帝如慈父。
2) The brotherhood of man.
人类如兄弟。
3) The leadership of Jesus.
耶稣的领导权。
4) Salvation by character.
品行救赎。
5) Progress of mankind onward and upward forever.
人类永远发展前进。
iii. The American Culture（美国文化）
Before the 1760s, in addition to Native American tribal cultures, American culture was a composite of European cultures brought to the New World by European traders and colonists. English influence was not the only cultural influence. French settlers lived in the Northern colonies, Swedes along the Delaware, Dutch on the Hudson, Germans and Scotch-Irish in New York and Pennsylvania, and Africans in the South, in New England and in Middle colonies. All groups contributed to what is known as the American civilization.
18世纪60年代以前，除了美国本土部落文化以外，美国文化是欧洲贸易者和殖民者带到“新世界”的欧洲文化的混合产物。英国的影响不是唯一的。法国移民居住在北部殖民地，瑞典人居住在塔拉华州，荷兰人居住在哈得孙河流域，德国人和苏格兰-爱尔兰人居住在纽约和宾夕法尼亚，非洲人居住在南方、新英格兰和中部殖民地。所有的这些群体形成了众所周知的美国文明。
iv. The American Revolution（美国革命）
Background（背景）
By 1763 the British colonies had attained a certain degree of maturity in political expression and economic development. A discontentment against the colonial policy of the British government grew. On the other hand, the successful conquest of French Canada by the combined forces of Britain and its colonies encouraged the ambition for expansionism in the colonies.
到1763年，英国殖民地在政治上和经济上已达到一定程度的成熟。殖民地对英国政府在殖民地的殖民政策感到日益不满。另一方面，英国和其殖民地对法属加拿大的成功征服增加了英国在殖民地扩张的野心。
After 1763, the imposition of direct taxation by the British government clashed with the newfound feeling of unity and liberties in the colonies. The conflict between the natural rights and the imperialist interests of the British Empire was the reason for the Boston Tea Party and later, the shots in Lexington which started the War of Independence.
1763年以后，由英国政府实行的直接征税与殖民地新形成的团结感与自由感形成激烈冲突。天赋人权和英国的帝国主义利益之间的冲突成为波士顿倾茶事件和后来标志着美国独立战争开始的莱克星顿枪击事件的原因。
Result（结果）
In 1783, 13 colonies in America won their independence and established a federal government.
1783年，美国的13块英属殖民地获得独立，组建了联邦政府。
II. Voices of the Enlightenment and Visions of the Revolution（启蒙运动的声音和革命运动的愿景）
i. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) （本杰明·富兰克林）
1．Brief Introduction（简介）
In Franklin’s lifetime, he was an inventor, scientist, printer, political statesman, diplomat, an exemplary self-made man, a revolutionary hero, and, of course, an author. His achievements in all these roles were remarkable and may even be considered revolutionary.
在富兰克林的一生中，他是一位发明家、科学家、出版商、政治家、外交家，是一位白手起家的典范和革命英雄，当然，也是一位作家。他在所有领域的贡献都很突出，甚至是革命性的。
With his restless energy, his optimism and his innovative spirit, Franklin exemplifies the Age of Enlightenment or what Franklin himself called the Age of Experiment.
他充沛的精力、乐观的态度和创新精神使他成为启蒙运动时期，或他自己所称为的实验时代的代表。
Franklin’s religion might be described as transcendental. Since Franklin was interested in being practical, there was also a practical side to his religious belief.
富兰克林的宗教或许被认为是超验的。因为富兰克林热衷于实用，所以他的宗教里也有实用的一面。
Partly because he was very good at promoting himself, Franklin established for the public the image of a self-made man, and an archetypal American success story that has since become part of American popular culture.
部分原因是富兰克林善于推销自己，他为大众树立了白手起家的形象，成为作为美国主流文化一部分的美国成功故事的原型。
Franklin played a very important and active role in public life and government.
富兰克林在公共生活和政府工作中发挥了积极重要的作用。
2．Major Works（主要作品）
Poor Richard’s Almanacs (1732)
《穷查理历书》（1732）
The Autobiography
《自传》
The Way to Wealth
《致富之道》
3．Appreciation of Works（作品赏析）
◆The Autobiography（《自传》）
(1) The Autobiography was probably the first of its kind in literature. It is the simple yet immensely fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty and obscurity into which he was born, the faithful account of the colorful career of American’s first self-made man. He represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free by nature, endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Through telling a success story of self-reliance, the book celebrates the fulfillment of the American dream.
《自传》是自传体文学中的处女作。它简明而极其引人入胜地叙述了富兰克林由穷苦卑微而跃至富有、闻名的故事。它忠实地记录了美国第一位自力更生者光辉灿烂的职业生涯。他代表着，在美国，人本质是善良自由的，拥有上帝赋予的不可剥夺的自由及追求幸福的权力。该书通过讲述自力更生而获取成功的故事，歌颂了美国梦的实现。
(2) The Autobiography is also an eloquent elucidation of the fact that Franklin was a spokesman for the new order of eighteenth-century enlightenment. It is also a Puritan document. It is a record of self-examination and self-improvement. The book is also a convincing illustration of the Puritan ethic that, in order to get on in the world, one has to be industrial, frugal and prudent.
《自传》充分说明了富兰克林是18世纪美国启蒙运动的代言人。这也是一本清教文献。它记录了清教徒的自我反省和自我完善。它也是清教徒道德原则的最好说明，即为了取得成功，人必须勤劳、简朴、谨慎。
(3) The style of The Autobiography reveals that it is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness and concision.
《自传》的文体体现出清教徒朴素、直率、简洁的风格。
ii. Thomas Paine (1737-1809) （托马斯·潘恩）
1．Brief Introduction（简介）
Paine was born in Thetford, England, the son of a Quaker corset maker. In 1774, when Paine was 37 years old he came to America, with a letter of introduction from Franklin. He studied pamphlets Americans had written since 1760 in opposition to British policies in the colonies. He soon established as a revolutionary journalist and pamphleteer. It was Paine who famously declared: “Where liberty is, there is my country.”
潘恩出生在英国的塞特福德，父亲是一位贵格会教徒和胸衣制造商。1774年，当潘恩37岁时，他带着富兰克林的介绍信来到美国。从1760年他就开始研究美国人写的关于反对英国殖民地政策的小册子。他很快成为一位革命记者和小册子作家。他曾经典地宣称：“哪里有自由，那里就是我的国家。”
2．Major Works（主要作品）
The Case of the Officers of The Excise (1772)
《税务官的状况》（1772）
Common Sense (1776)
《常识》（1776）
American Crisis (1776-1783)
《美国危机》（1776-1783）
Rights of Man
《人权》
The Age of Reason (1794-1795)
《理性时代》（1794-1795）
3．Appreciation of Works（作品赏析）
◆The American Crisis（《美国危机》）
The American Crisis displayed Paine’s strong deist beliefs, inciting the laity with suggestions that the British are trying to assume powers that only God should have.
《美国危机》表现出佩恩强烈的自然神论信仰，告知世人英国试图行使只有上帝才可行使的权利。
Paine sees the British political and military maneuvers in America as “impious”.
佩恩认为英国在美国的政治和军事行为是“不虔诚的”表现。
Paine states that he believes God supports the American cause. He maintains a positive view overall, hoping that this American crisis can be quickly resolved.
佩恩声明他相信上帝会支持美国的独立事业。他保持着乐观的态度，希望美国危机能够尽快解决。
iii. Thomas Jefferson (1743-1836) （托马斯·杰斐逊）
1．Brief Introduction（简介）
Thomas Jefferson was born on the Virginia frontier and graduated from William and Mary College in 1762. He read widely in the classics, English law, and such thinkers as Harrington, Milton, Hobbes, Locke, and Voltaire, but he never read Rousseau. Jefferson went to the Continental Congress in1775. At different times, he served as Minister to France (1784-1789), Secretary of State under Washington (1789-1793), and President of the United States (1801-1809).
托马斯·杰斐逊出生在弗吉尼亚边境地区，1762年毕业于威廉与玛丽学院。他阅读广泛，涉及经典著作、英语法律和哈林顿、弥尔顿、霍布斯、洛克以及伏尔泰等思想家的著作，但是他从未读过卢梭。1775年，杰斐逊进入大陆议会。在不同的时期，他担任过驻法部长、华盛顿国务卿和美国总统。
He accepted the main tenets of Deism. And he believed in natural rights, political equality, and natural altruism. He was deeply interested in science and agricultural experiments. He was also an architect, scholar and educator.
他接受了自然神论的主要信条。他相信天赋人权、政治平等和自然利他主义。他对科学和农业试验十分感兴趣。他还是一位建筑师、学者和教育家。
2．Major Works（主要作品）
The Declaration of Independence (1776)
《独立宣言》（1776）
Notes on the State of Virginia (1785)
《弗吉尼亚日记》（1785）
3．Appreciation of Works（作品赏析）
◆The Declaration of Independence《独立宣言》
The Declaration of Independence is often discussed as consisting of five parts: Introduction, the Preamble, the Indictment of George III, the Denunciation of the British people, and the Conclusion. It has come to be considered a major statement on human rights, particularly its second sentence: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness.
《独立宣言》通常被认为包括五个部分：“引言”、“序文”、“对乔治三世的控告”、“对英国人的谴责”以及“总结”。它已被认为是一则重要的人权宣言。尤其是第二句话：我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的，即人人生而平等，造物主赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。
iv. Alexander Hamilton (1757-1804) （亚历山大·汉密尔顿）
1．Brief Introduction（简介）
Hamilton was born in the West Indies. He came to New York in 1772 and in the following year was enrolled into King’s College (Columbia University today), New York. In 1775 he joined the army and served on George Washington’s staff.
汉密尔顿出生在西印度群岛，1772年来到美国，第二年，他进入纽约的皇家学院（今哥伦比亚大学）。1775年，他参军入伍，在乔治·华盛顿部下服役。
Hamilton was a conservative. Philosophically, he was at first a Lockean but gave that up in favor of Hobbean principles.
汉密尔顿实一位保守派。在哲学方面，他起初是一位洛克派哲学家，后来放弃这一派别，转为推崇霍布斯的哲学观点。
Hamilton was killed in a duel in 1804.
1804年，他在一次决斗中被杀害。
2．Major Works（主要作品）
The Federalist Papers
《联邦党人文集》
3．Writing Features（写作特点）
Hamilton’s writing shows a calm appeal to reason and experience; his language is dignified, precise, with coherent orderliness.
哈密尔顿的写作体现了对理性和经验的一种平静的呼吁。他的语言庄严、精确、连贯整齐。
His writing reflects his broad range of reading which included Hume, Hobbes, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Adam Smith and the Greek classics.
他的写作反映出他阅读广泛，包括休谟、霍布斯、卢梭、孟德斯鸠、亚当·斯密的作品和古希腊文学经典著作。
III. Poetry, Drama and the Novel（诗歌、戏剧和小说）
i. Philip Freneau (1752-1832) （菲利普·弗伦诺）
1．Brief Introduction（简介）
Freneau wrote primarily poetry. Freneau graduated from the College of New Jersey (Princeton University today).
弗伦诺主要写诗歌。他毕业于新泽西大学（今普林斯顿大学）。
He holds an important place in American literary history for two reasons. First, his enthusiastic celebration of all things American produced some exceptional poems, making him a forerunner of American Romanticism. Second, he used satire as a main poetic device and a political weapon against the British during the war.
他在美国文学史上具有重要的地位，原因有二：第一，他对美国一切事物的热情激发他创作了一些非凡的诗歌，使他成为美国浪漫主义的先驱；第二，独立战争期间，他将讽刺手法作为主要的诗歌技巧和政治武器抵抗英国。
Freneau died in a snowstorm.
弗伦诺在一场暴风雪中死去。
2．Major Works（主要作品）
“The Beauties of Santa Cruz”
《圣克鲁斯的美景》
“To a Wild Honeysuckle” (1786)
《致野忍冬花》
“To the Memory of the Brave Americans” (1781)
《纪念勇敢的美国人》（1781）
“On Mr. Paine’s Rights of Man”
《论潘恩先生所说的人权》
4．Appreciation of Work（作品赏析）
◆“To a Wild Honeysuckle” （《致野忍冬花》）
“The Wild Honey Suckle” is probably Freneau’s most famous poem, and was wildly read by people. In this poem, the poet expresses a keen awareness of the loveliness and transience of nature. He has deep love for nature and pity for transience of natural beauty. However, he is optimistic overall, as he knows that life and death are inevitable law of nature.
《致野忍冬花》或许是弗伦诺最有名的一首诗，被人们广泛阅读和传诵。诗中，诗人表达了一种对自然生命的可爱和短暂易逝的深刻认识。他热爱大自然，又为大自然生命的短暂感到惋惜。然而，诗人是乐观的，因为他知道生死乃自然之道。
By writing this kind of poem, Freneau also wants to state that native American writer can also find their own native writing materials.
通过写此类诗歌，弗伦诺也意在表明美国本土作家能够在自己的国家找到写作素材。
ii. Royall Tyler (1757-1826) （罗耶尔·泰勒）
Overview of the Author（作家概观）
Tyler is a dramatist best known for The Contrast, which was the first performed American comedy and therefore a milestone in American theatrical history.
泰勒是一位剧作家，以作品《对照》闻名遐迩。《对照》是搬上舞台的第一部美国戏剧，因此成为美国戏剧史上的里程碑。
Tyler wrote a few more plays that have hardly survived. He authored a picaresque novel The Algerian Captive (1797) that satirizes education, medical quacks, slavery, and the treatment of prisoners in Algeria.
泰勒写了更多的戏剧，但没有留存下来。他写的一部流浪汉小说《阿尔及利亚俘虏》（1797）讽刺了教育、庸医、奴隶制和对阿尔及利亚囚犯的不公平对待。
iii. William Hill Brown (1765-1793) （威廉·希尔·布朗）
Overview of the Author（作家概观）
William Hill Brown’s novel The Power of Sympathy (1789) followed the sentimental mode and its characteristic theme of seduction.
威廉·希尔·布朗的小说《同情的力量》（1789）遵循了伤感模式，主要主题是诱惑。
Some argue that this should be recognized as the first American novel, because the secondary plot of the story was based on an actual story in Boston.
有些人说这部作品应被视为美国的第一部小说，因为作品的第二情节是基于发生在波士顿的一件实事写成的。
iv. Charles Brockden Brown (1771-1810) （查尔斯·布罗克登·布朗）
1．Brief Introduction （简介）
Brown seemed an exception for the era in which he lived, and he had no political, ideological or religious agenda to follow.
布朗似乎是他那个时代的一个例外，他不追随任何政治、意识形态或宗教派别。
He presented a chaotic vision of the world and the human nature, in contrast to the more optimistic vision of the founding fathers and other Enlightenment writers.
他代表了一种混乱的世界观和人性，与开国之父和其他启蒙运动作家的积极态度形成了对比。
2．Writing Style（写作风格）
Brown’s style was influenced by the Gothic romance that emphasizes horror and by the Richardsonian sentimentalism which is seen in the kind of introspection found in his novels.
布朗的写作风格受到强调恐怖特点的哥特式小说的影响，同时还受到理查森伤感主义的影响，小说中存在一种自省。
3．Major Works（主要作品）
Alcuin (1789)
《阿尔昆》（1789）
Wieland (1789)
《维兰德》（1789）
Ormond (1799)
《奥蒙德》（1799）
Edgar Huntly; or Memoirs of a Sleep-Walker (1799)
《埃德加·亨特利》（1799）
v. Hugh Henry Brackenridge (1748-1816) （休·亨利·布雷肯里奇）
1．Brief Introduction （简介）
Brackenridge was born in Scotland and came to America in 1753. He graduated from Princeton in 1772. Although Brackenridge wrote blank verse dramas, his reputation is more associated with his novel Modern Chivalry.
布雷肯里奇出生在苏格兰，1753年来到美国，并于1772年毕业于普林斯顿大学。虽然他主要写无韵诗戏剧，但是他的声誉主要来自他的小说《现代骑士精神》。
2．Major Works（主要作品）
The Battle of Bunkers Hill (1776)
《碉堡山之战》（1776）
The Death of General Montgomery (1777)
《蒙哥马利将军之死》（1777）
Modern Chivalry
《现代骑士精神》
3．Appreciation of Works（作品赏析）
This novel is very long, four or five times longer than the average novel. The setting is the American frontier.
The novel satirizes political and social conditions on the frontier. It takes the outward form of a picaresque novel, and it has many of the stock elements of 18th century British novels.
这部小说的篇幅很长，是一般小说的四到五倍长。故事背景是美国边疆。小说讽刺了边疆的政治和社会状况。它采用了流浪汉小说的形式，并包含了很多18世纪英国小说的元素。