第2章　书写文字的发展历程

2.1　复习笔记

对于语言的书写方式是怎么产生和形成的这个问题，可以找到不少历史遗迹和资料作为回答的依据。当今的世界上存在许多具有书写体系的语言，它们的书写方式各不相同，但是，如果究其起源，似乎都可以追溯到人类的祖先为了传递信息或保留信息在洞穴的石壁上刻画出来的、模仿实物的简单的图形。

本章要点：

The development of writing

书写文字的发展历程

本章考点：

书写文字的起源，发展历程；象形文字和表意文字的异同；语标书写法是最具代表性的使用者以及它的优缺点；音节书写法和字母书写法的特点；英语的书写和发音存在差异的原因。

本章内容索引：

I. Pictograms and ideograms

1．Pictogram (pictographic writing)

2．Ideogram (ideographic writing)

3．The distinction between pictogram and ideogram

II. Logograms

1．Logogram (logographic writing)

2．Two examples

3．Advantages and disadvantages

III. Rebus writing

IV. Syllabic writing

V. Alphabetic writing

1．The definition of alphabetic writing

2．Consonantal alphabet

VI. Written English

I. Pictograms and ideograms（象形文字和表意文字）

【考点】象形文字和表意文字的定义及异同

1．Pictogram (pictographic writing) 象形文字（图画文字）

When some of the pictures came to represent particular images in a consistent way, we can begin to describe the product as a form of picture-writing, or pictograms.

It is a way of writing in which a picture/drawing of an object is used to represent the object.

为了传递信息或保留信息刻画出来的、模仿实物的简单的图形就是象形文字。

它是一种用图画来表示物体的文字。

2．Ideogram (ideographic writing)（表意文字）

The picture developed as more abstract and used other than its entity is considered to be part of a system of idea-writing, or ideogram.

It is a way of writing in which each symbol represents a concept.

图画变得更加抽象，并取代实物，并成为表意文字的一部分。

它是一种用象征性书写符号代表一个概念的书写方式。

3．The distinction between pictogram and ideogram（象形文字和表意文字的区别）

The distinction between pictograms and ideograms is a difference in the relationship between the symbol and the entity it represents. The more ‘picture-like’ forms are pictograms, the more abstract, derived forms are ideograms.

它们的区别在于符号和其所指实物之间关系的差异。象形文字更倾向于图画式的形式，而表意文字更多的是抽象关系。

II. Logograms（语标书写法）

【考点】语标书写法的定义及其优缺点

1．Logogram (logographic writing) 语标书写法（语标文字）

It is a way of writing in which each symbol represents a word.

The relationship between the written form and the object it represents has become arbitrary.

语标书写法指的是每个符号代表一个单词的书写方式。

书写形式和其所指实物之间的关系是任意的。

2．Examples（例子）

①Cuneiform: a way of writing created by pressing a wedge-shaped implement into soft clay.

②Characters: forms used in Chinese writing.

①楔形文字：一种书写方式，通过按压楔形工具在软泥板上书写。

②汉字：汉语书写形式。

3．Advantages and disadvantages（优势与劣势）

①Advantages: Two different dialects can be based on the same writing system.

②Disadvantages: There is vast number of different written forms.

①优势:两种不同的方言可以基于相同的书写系统。

②劣势:存在大量不同的书写形式。

III. Rebus writing（谜画写字）

【考点】谜画写字的定义

It evolves a process whereby the symbol used for an entity comes to be used for the sound of the spoken word used for that entity.

It is a way of writing in which a pictorial representation of an object is used to indicate the sound of the word for that object.

画谜指的是使用代表某一物体的符号来表示这一物体在该语言中的名称。

用图画用来表示代表物体的单词。它的谜面就是一幅图画。

IV. Syllabic writing（音节书写法）

【考点】音节书写法的定义

When a writing system employs a set of symbols which represent the pronunciations of syllables, it is described as syllabic writing.

音节书写法指的是使用一套特定的符号来表示一套特定的音节发音。

V. Alphabetic writing（字母书写法）

【考点】字母书写法的定义

1．The definition of alphabetic writing（字母书写法定义）

It is a way of writing in which one symbol represents one sound segment.

每个符号代表一个单独的发音的书写方法。

2．Consonantal alphabet（辅音音素文字）

It is a way of writing in which each symbol represents a consonant sound.

辅音因素文字是一种文字书写系统，其中每一个符号都代表一个辅音。

VI. Written English（英语的书写）

The reason behind frequent mismatch between the forms of written English and the sounds of spoken English must be sought in a number of historical influences on the form of written English.

影响英语书写发展的众多历史因素导致英语的书写形式和口语形式常常不能匹配。