第4章 动物与人类语言
4.1 复习笔记
本章用若干实例继续介绍动物交际系统和人类语言的根本区别。实际上，有实验表明，动物不具备学习语言的能力。
本章要点：
The differences between animal language and human language, using chimpanzees’ learning language as the example
动物与人类语言的根本区别，用猩猩学习语言来举例。
本章考点：
了解人类语言乃至交际系统和动物语言和交际系统存在较大差异。
本章内容索引：
I. Animals and human language
II. Chimpanzees and language
1．Gua
2．Viki
3．Washoe
4．Sarah and Lana
5．Nim Chimpsky
6．Hans, Buzz and Doris
7．The controversy
8．Sherman, Austin and Kanzi
9．The barest rudiments
I. Animals and human language（动物和人类语言）
The animal produces a particular behavior in response to a particular sound stimulus, but does not actually “understand” the meaning of the words uttered.
动物可以做出特定的行为来应对特别的声音刺激，但是却不能真正“理解”所听到的话语信息。
II. Chimpanzees and language（猩猩和语言）
Non-human primates do not have a physically structured vocal tract which is suitable for producing human speech sounds.
非人灵长类动物生理上不具备适合发出人类语音的结构性声道。
1．Gua
①In the 1930 s，two scientists (Luella and Winthrop Kellogg) raised an infant chimpanzee (Gua) together with their infant son.
②Gua was able to understand about 100 words, but did not “say” any of them.
①20世纪30年代，两位科学家（卢埃拉和温思罗普·凯洛格）将一只小黑猩猩和他们的孩子放在一起抚养。
②Gua能理解约一百个词，但是一个也“说”不出。
2．Viki
①In the 1940 s, Catherine and Keith Hayes attempted to get Viki to “say” English words by trying to shape her mouth as she produced sounds.
②Viki eventually managed to produce some “words”, rather poorly articulated versions of mama, papa and cup.
①20世纪40年代，凯瑟琳和基思·海斯训练一只名叫Viki的黑猩猩发音的嘴型。
②最终Viki勉强发出几个“词”，但发音仍不清晰。
3．Washoe
①Beatrix and Allen Gardner set out to teach a female chimpanzee called Washoe to use a version of American Sign Language.
②In a period of three and a half years, Washoe came to use signs for more than a hundred words and can combine them to produce “sentences”.
①贝娅特丽克丝和加德纳试图教一只母黑猩猩Washoe美国手势语。
②Washoe在三年半内学会了运用百余个词的手势，并能够将词汇组成“句子”。
4．Sarah and Lana
①Ann and David Premack used a set of plastic shapes taught Sarah for the purposes of communicating with humans.
②Duane Rumbaugh used artificial language Yerkish to train a chimpanzee called Lana.
③Both Sarah and Lana demonstrated an ability to use what looks like word symbols and basic structures.
Skepticism: They didn’t actually understand the meaning of the words they use.
①安和大卫·普瑞马克使用一套塑料模型教Sarah与人类交流。
②杜安·蓝保使用人造语言耶基斯语来训练一只名叫Lana的黑猩猩。
③Sarah和Lana都表现出使用类似单词和基本结构的能力。
质疑：它们并非真正理解它们所使用单词的意思。
5．Nim Chimpsky
①Nim was taught American Sign Language under controlled conditions, with careful records and videotaping of his classroom activities.
②Nim and Washoe simply produced promoted repetitions of their teachers’ signs as if they were taking part in “conversations”.
①他们在受控条件下教Nim北美手势语，并录下了他的课堂活动表现。
②Nim and Washoe只是在改进并重复老师的手势，看起来像是在进行“对话”。
6．Hans, Buzz and Doris
①Clever Hans’s using hoofbeats to answer arithmetical questions was actually responding to subtle visual cues provided by those asking him questions.
②Doris’s behavior consisted of conditioned responses to the different light signals and Buzz’s behavior was conditioned to responding to Doris’s calls.
①聪明的Hans对于提问的人提供的细微的细节线索做出的反应，通过马蹄声来回答算数问题。
②Doris的行为是对于不同的光信号作出的条件反射，而Buzz的行为是对于Doris叫声的条件反射。
7．The controversy（争论）
①The chimpanzees’ behavior is a type of conditioned response to cues provided (often unwittingly) by human trainers (psychologist Herbert Terrace).
②The need for domestic environment and taking part in “conversation” is important (the Gardners: any possible provision of cues by humans eliminated).
①这些猩猩的行为这是一种对于训练者（心理学家赫伯特·特勒斯）诱因的条件反射。
②重要的是内部环境和参与“对话”（加纳德夫妇：消除任何形式的诱因）。
8．Sherman, Austin and Kanzi
①Sherman and Austin became the first to communicate with each other using a version of the printed symbols of Yerkish (developed initially for Lana).
②Matata’s adopted baby, Kanzi, learned not by being taught, but by being exposed to, and observing, a kind of language in use at a very early age.
①Sherman和Austin能够使用印刷版的耶基斯语（起初是为Lana设计的）互相交流。
②Matata收养的孩子Kanzi是通过小时候接触并观察语言的使用而学会了一门语言，它并不是被教会的。
9．The barest rudiments（关于基础知识）
①There is no totally objective and non-controversial definition of what counts as “using language” and the criteria we use in each case don’t seem to be the same.
②Chimpanzees have the capacity to cope with “the barest rudiments of language”.
①对于“语言的使用”没有一个完全客观、毫无争议的定义，而且在每个案例中使用的标准都不一致。
②猩猩有能力学习“语言的基础知识”。