七、信息与传媒
TEXT 66
The latest data from the Reuters Digital News Report shows a decline in trust in the UK media of 7%.In one YouGov survey，Wikipedia was held to be marginally more trust worthy than the BBC.
It is due，I believe，to two main factors：the increased polarisation of our society and the increased use of social media and alternatives to what they call the MSM，the mainstream media.“We've moved to a marketplace where quality journalism competes on an equal footing with raucous opinion，”explains Richard Gingras，head of Google News.He goes on to point out the key challenge posed by social media：“Affirmation is more satisfying than information.”
In the space of just three years，we have seen a referendum on whether to split up the UK，followed by one on whether to split away from the EU.We have had two general elections，changed prime ministers，gone from having a majority government to a minority one，and seen the unlikely rise of an opposition leader who was at first regarded by himself as having no chance of getting to 10 Downing Street.
Some might say“it was ever thus”.Ever since Winston Churchill accused the BBC of being unwilling to choose between the fire and the fireman in the General Strike，broadcasters have faced criticism.But this time it is different.First，because the fracturing of our politics means the criticism is coming from all sides and from grassroots campaigns.Second，because in the past the purpose of the attacks was to persuade the BBC into changing the way it reported a particular story or to drop this or that programme or journalist.Our critics now see their attacks as a key part of their political strategy.In order to succeed they need to convince people not to believe“the news”.
Campaigners on left and right have been looking at and learning from the method behind what some regard as the madness of Donald Trump's attacks on the“failing”press as purveyors of“fake news”. Attacks on the media are now part of a guerrilla war being fought on social media，hour after hour，day after day.I believe the BBC should respond by adopting a mission to engage with those who do not treat news bulletins as“appointments to view”，and those who don't trust what they're told.
Research shows that people who don't trust the media often think they don't hear the views of“people like me”.They should，but we should also confidently tell them that they will hear people with whom they'll disagree.
1.The text is mainly concerned with____.
[A] the polarized views of the society
[B] the increased use of social media
[C] the decline of trust in the BBC
[D] the alternatives to the MSM
2.It is implied that Richard Gingras____.
[A] deplores the fate of the BBC
[B] affirms the value of the MSM
[C] praises the triumph of social media
[D] attacks the BBC's conservative tradition
3.The current criticism at the BBC is different in that it_____.
[A] asks the BBC to carry on more radical reform
[B] inflicts greater destruction on British politics
[C] confuses the idea of the fire with the fireman
[D] aims to persuade people not to trust the BBC
4.The critics of the BBC____.
[A] adapt a political strategy similar to Donald Trump's
[B] regard Trump's strategy as crazy and useless
[C] intend to fight a guerrilla war with social media
[D] want to see a comprehensive reform in the BBC
5.The author concludes the discussion by pointing out that____.
[A] it is time that BBC should adjust its programmes
[B] mainstream news cannot silence dissident voice
[C] the BBC should cater to the taste of most people
[D] the BBC should become a voice for grassroots class
考研必备词汇
其他词汇
1.raucous 吵闹的，闹哄哄的
2.purveyor 散播者，传播者
3.guerrilla war 游击战
疑难长句注解
1.It is due...mainstream media.（第二段）
本句中所说的两个因素，第一个是the increased poliarisation of our society，这里主要指见解的两极化，而不是指财富的两极化；第二个是the increased use of social media and alternatives to what they call the MSM，即社交媒体和其他媒体手段的使用正在取代主流媒体。
2.I believe the BBC should...they're told.（第五段）
本句中adopting a mission to engage with是说要与某人作战，这里mission指特殊战斗任务（combat operation assigned to a person or a military unit），engage with也是与某人交战的意思；news bulletins指新闻报道（新闻简报）;appointments to view是说传统媒体定点播报新闻的做法。
译文
路透社数字新闻报告的最新数据显示，对英国媒体的信任下降了7%。一项YouGov调查显示，对维基百科的信任程度比BBC略高一些。
我认为，这归因于两个主要因素：我们社会更大程度的两极化和社交媒体以及我们称之为MSM（主流媒体）的替代物的更多使用。“我们已经移入一个市场，在其中，高质量的新闻在平等的立足点上与乱糟糟的见解竞争”，谷歌新闻负责人Richard Gingras说。他接着指出来自社交媒体的关键挑战：“（被人）肯定比获得信息更令人有满足感。”
仅仅在三年的时间内，我们就看到了关于是否分裂英国的公投，然后是关于是否脱欧的公投。我们举行了两次大选，更换了首相，从多数政府走向少数政府，看到了在野党领袖不可思议的崛起，他起初自己也认为是没有机会进入唐宁街10号的。
有人也许说：“本来就是这样。”自温斯顿·丘吉尔指责BBC不愿意在总罢工时在火与消防队员之间做出选择以来，广播公司一直面临批评。但是这次不同。首先，因为我们的政治分裂意味着，批评正来自各个方面，来自草根层的竞选运动。其次，因为在过去抨击的目的是劝说BBC改变报道某个新闻的方式，或者终止这个或那个节目或记者的职务。我们的批评者现在把自己的抨击看作其政治策略的一个关键部分。为了成功，他们需要说服人们不要相信“那条新闻”。
唐纳德·特朗普抨击“失败的”新闻界散播“虚假新闻”，一些人把这种做法看作发疯，但是来自左派和右派的竞选者正在观察和学习这种疯狂背后隐藏的方法。对媒体的抨击现在成为游击战的一部分，这种战争每个小时、每天都在社交媒体上进行。我认为BBC应该带着一种使命感做出反击，回击那些不把新闻简报看作“定点观看”内容的人，回击那些不相信新闻内容的人。
研究表明，不相信媒体的人经常认为自己没有听到“像自己的人”的观点。他们应该听到，但是我们也应该自信地告诉他们，他们也要听一听跟自己观点不同的人的观点。
TEXT 67
Much of Greenspoint was inundated under several feet of water in what Houstonians call the Tax Day Flood，an intense storm that dumped 17 inches of rain on the city.Residents were still recovering from that deadly deluge.As a growing body of research has shown，disasters tend to be worse for poor and minority communities.Low-income communities frequently sustain more damage in storms because they tend to be built on cheaper land that is often more flood-prone.
That's not to say that only the poor have suffered in the rain.As many major disasters do，Harvey assaulted the homes of the middle class and the wealthy as well.Houstonians are only now starting to get a picture of the extent of the damage across a metropolitan area nearly 10 times larger than greater Washington.But many who work in poorer parts of the city fear what they will find as the waters recede.“One thing which makes me pause is I see a lot of the rescues are being done in neighborhoods that are medium income or high income，”said Chrishelle Palay，director of the Texas Low Income Housing Information Service.She's been getting messages from her contacts in more impoverished and heavily minority areas，who tell her they are still waiting for help.Part of the problem has been a lack of attention from authorities and outsiders.
Among experts，one of the best-known facts about disasters—yet one that consistently surprises much of the general public—is that the vast majority of rescues，and the bulk of the immediate relief effort，are conducted by neighbors helping neighbors，rather than by authorities such as police，military or aid groups.Survivors find inventive ways to procure food and share supplies，and they often risk their own lives to save others.In whiter，wealthier areas，these efforts are often celebrated as signs of the unique spirit of a community.
But in poor and minority neighborhoods，such efforts are more often ignored or even vilified by officials and the media.After Katrina，“poor and mostly African-American victims were simplistically framed either as looters and dangerous thugs or as ‘deserving’ victims—mainly women and children—who were helpless and unable to care for themselves in the aftermath of the disaster，”Tierney wrote.Reports of violence，which repeated investigations found were inaccurate，in turn helped justify repressive measures，including the killing of unarmed survivors by police：“Missing from these accounts was any attempt to understand how poor African Americans aided and supported one another during the disaster.”
1.The main idea of the text is that____.
[A] the authorities are slow in rescue effort
[B] the poor often suffer more in disasters
[C] the authorities always favor the wealthier
[D] the poor should save themselves in disasters
2.Palay worried that____.
[A] the wealthier would refuse to help the poor
[B] authorities paid little attention to poor areas
[C] more poor areas would be assaulted by storms
[D] her organization was reluctant to help the poor
3.The wealthier suffer too but they____.
[A] easily get aid from the government
[B] get more immediate help from authorities
[C] have the means of saving themselves
[D] store more food and other provisions
4.In disaster news reports，which of the following is rarely mentioned?
[A] The poor people help each other.
[B] The poor rob other people and shops.
[C] Police arrest some rooters and thugs.
[D] The poor fail to save themselves.
5.The word“vilify”（last paragraph）probably means____.
[A] show sympathy for
[B] express hatred for
[C] make fun of
[D] say abusive things about
考研必备词汇
疑难长句注解
1.Houstonians are only now starting...Washington.（第二段）
2017年8月25日夜晚，哈维飓风袭击了包括休斯敦在内的得克萨斯州沿海地区城镇，造成了40多人死亡和重大财产损失。词组get a picture of意为“获得对……的全面认识”，特别指在听到别人的叙述或报道后开始明白形势；10 times larger than greater Washington作定语，修饰a metropolitan area，其中提到的greater Washington（华盛顿大都会区）包括华盛顿市区、马里兰州和弗吉尼亚州的一部分，甚至还包括西弗吉尼亚的一小部分。
2.Among experts...military or aid groups.（第三段）
本句很长，但结构并不复杂，包括一个表语从句。在主语部分，among experts实际上是one of the facts best-known among experts，即专家们都知道的一个事实；the general public指“公众，大众”，即我们经常所说的“群众”，他们感到惊奇是因为他们没想到救灾中的自救比等待外来救援更加重要。在表语从句中，the bulk of意为“大部分”。
3.“Missing from these accounts...the disaster.”（第四段）
这是一个倒装句，其中any attempt to...the disaster是主语，Missing from these accounts是表语。
译文
在被休斯敦人称作“税日洪水”的灾难发生时，绿点区大多被淹没在几英尺的水下，洪水是强风暴造成的，它给这座城市带来了17英寸的降雨。居民们仍处在从那场致命洪水中恢复的过程中。越来越多的研究表明，灾难对贫困的社区和少数民族社区会造成更坏的影响。低收入社区经常在风暴来临时遭受更多损失，因为它们往往被建造在更廉价的地面上，而这种地面更容易发大水。
这并不是说在暴风雨中只有穷人受灾。像许多大灾难一样，哈维也袭击了中产阶级和富人的家。休斯敦人只是现在才开始认识到都市区遭受毁坏的程度，这个区域比大华盛顿区大十倍。但是很多在这个城市更贫困区域工作的人担心洪水退去后他们将看到的景象。Chrishelle Palay是得克萨斯州低收入住房信息服务处主任，她说：“让我感到犹豫的是，我看到很多救援工作正在中等收入或高收入的社区内进行。”她从更贫困地区和少数民族集聚区的联系人那里获得信息，他们告诉她他们正在等待救助。其中部分问题是政府和外面的人缺乏对他们的关注。
专家们都知道，有关灾难的一个最为人熟知的事实——这一事实还经常令公众感到惊奇——是绝大部分救援工作和大部分直接救助，是通过邻里之间互相帮助完成的，而不是靠警察、军队或救援团体等政府机构。幸存者很有创意地获得食物，分享供应，他们经常冒着生命危险去救别人。在白人居民多的更富裕区域，这些救援工作经常被颂扬为社区独特精神的标志。
但是在贫穷和少数民族居住区，这种工作更经常被官员和媒体忽视或者甚至被恶意中伤。在卡特里娜飓风过后，“贫穷的大部分非裔美国遭难者被简单化地捏造成打劫者、危险的强盗或‘罪有应得的’受害者（这主要是妇女和儿童），他们在灾难后无助，没能力照顾自己”，Tierney写道。对暴力事件的报道——这些报道经反复调研被证明不准确——反过来为一些强制性措施提供了辩护，包括警察杀死手无寸铁的幸存者：“这些报道中缺乏任何试图了解非裔美国穷人在灾难中如何互助互救的愿望。”
TEXT 68
No，the pope didn't endorse Donald Trump. No，Hillary Clinton didn't sell arms to terrorist groups. Yes，cousin Shelley really is getting married. You can trust some of what you read on Facebook，but do not believe every headline that pops up on your Facebook feed. The internet，and Facebook in particular，is awash in a sea of fake news. The stories，mainly political in nature，represent a pernicious mix of lies，exaggeration and fantasy peddled as journalism.
Some of the fakery is satirical and should fool only the gullible. But a lot of junk floating out there looks legitimate. For example，“According to the National Prevarication Institute，more than 5,000 Americans die each year from exposure to fake news.” That is，of course，not true. There's no such outlet as National Prevarication Institute，and if exposure to fake news was deadly we would all be in the ground. A lot of people apparently believed it，since it was passed around Facebook more times than a surprising but true New York Times article.
Craig Silverman of BuzzFeed，a real person working for a real website，studied Facebook and found that the 20 top-performing false election stories generated more shares and reactions than the 20 best-performing election stories from 19 major news websites.
There are financial as well as political motives for distributing fake news. Outlandish stories attract readers，which generates ad revenue. But these fake articles cause real damage：They harden preconception and fan discord in a divided nation. They heighten mistrust in democratic norms and distract from legitimate issues. In Berlin on Thursday，President Barack Obama warned about fake news：“If we can't discriminate between serious arguments and propaganda，then we have problems.” A remarkable statement，but you can't blame him：Maybe you saw the photo on Facebook of first lady Michelle Obama holding up a sign that reads “An immigrant is taking my job.” Real photo，doctored message.
How to hold on to reality in a virtual world? Google and Facebook say they are trying to stop fake news sites from making money through ad sales，but it's on individuals to read skeptically. Here are a few suggestions，based on our experience：Scrutinize the source. Fake stories typically come from obscure websites masquerading as established ones. Validate what you read by scanning other sources or Googling keywords or quotes to confirm the facts. Rely on the mainstream news media. Professional journalists strive to report the news fairly—and take responsibility for the accuracy of their work. While everyone makes judgments on what to read and watch，count on real reporters to deliver the facts.
1.The word “pernicious” （Para. 1） probably means_____.
[A] perplexing
[B] malicious
[C] artificial
[D] superficial
2.A lot of fake news fools people due to_____.
[A] its political nature
[B] its satirical content
[C] its wide circulation
[D] its surprising coverage
3.Craig Silverman has found that_____.
[A] the most popular news stories are widely shared
[B] people are really attracted by election new stories
[C] many election websites themselves are fake
[D] false news spreads more rapidly than real news
4.Fake news has the political motive of_____.
[A] increasing revenue from advertisements
[B] boosting prejudice between social groups
[C] highlighting the effect of propaganda
[D] rendering laws less authoritative
5.The author gives readers all the following advice except_____.
[A] refusing to pay for ad-promoted goods
[B] using other sources to validate the news
[C] reading news covered by mainstream media
[D] reading a news story with a suspicious mind
考研必备词汇
其他词汇
1.awash 泛滥的，淹没的
2.pernicious 有毒的，有害的
3.fakery 欺骗，造假
4.prevarication 搪塞，说谎
5.doctored 捏造的
6.masquerade 冒充，假装
译文
不，教皇不支持特朗普。不，希拉里·克林顿没有卖武器给恐怖组织。是的，Shelley表妹真的要结婚了。你可以相信在Facebook上读到的一些东西，但是不要相信Facebook推送中出现的每一个头条新闻。互联网——特别是Facebook上充满着假消息。一些报道本质上都是政治宣称，它们其中混杂着一些有害的谎言、夸大其词和妄想，把自己装扮成新闻来推销。
一些造假非常荒唐，只能愚弄容易上当的人。但是漂流在网上的大量垃圾却看起来似乎是合理的。比如，“根据国家撒谎研究院的统计，每年有5000人因为接触到假新闻而死亡。”这当然不是真的。根本不存在这样一个发消息的机构，而且，如果接触假新闻是致命的，那么我们大家都已经被埋在地下了。许多人显然相信这样的消息，因为它在Facebook上传来传去，比一篇令人吃惊的但内容真实的《纽约时报》文章流传都广。
BuzzFeed网站的Craig Silverman是一个真人，为一家真实的网站工作，他研究Facebook，结果发现20条效率最高的假选举新闻，比19家主要新闻网站的最高效的20条选举新闻获得了更多分享和反馈。
散播虚假新闻有经济动机也有政治动机。各种奇奇怪怪的报道吸引读者，而这能带来广告收益。但是这些虚假文章产生真实的破坏：它们强化了一些先入之见，在分裂的国家煽动不和谐；它们强化了对民主规范的不信任，分散人们对合理问题的注意力。周四在柏林，奥巴马总统就虚假新闻警告说，“如果我们不区分严肃的论辩与宣传，那么我们就是有问题的。”这说得挺好，但是你也无法责怪他：你可能看到第一夫人米歇尔·奥巴马在Facebook上的照片了，她手里举着一个标志，上面写着，“一个移民抢了我的工作”。照片是真的，但上面的信息是篡改的。
在虚拟世界里如何坚持真相呢？谷歌和Facebook说，它们正试图停止虚假消息网站，不容许它们通过广告推销挣钱，但是还得靠读者自己带着怀疑的眼光去阅读。以下几个建议是基于我们的经验：审视来源。虚假报道通常来自不明不白的网站，它们伪装成知名网站的样子。浏览其他来源或在谷歌上搜索关键词或引用来确认事实，以便验证你读的内容。依靠主流新闻媒体。专业记者努力公平地报道新闻——他们对报道的准确性负责。虽然每个人都能对所读所看做出判断，但是依靠真正的记者来报道事实。
TEXT 69
Wikipedia editors，many of whom are unpaid and live across the globe，take it upon themselves to manage every word，link and image published to Trump's and Clinton's biographical and campaign pages. Since Clinton and Trump announced their candidacies in 2015，their biographical pages have been edited nearly 12,000 times by more than 2,000 unique users，according to Wikipedia revision history statistics.
Anyone with Internet access can add，delete or modify anything on Wikipedia. Occasionally，a mischievous user will delete Trump's entire page or rewrite Clinton's name. But most edits are constructive，and vandalism occurs in only 7 percent of them，according to a group of researchers from the University of California at Santa Cruz and the University of Pennsylvania. The group also created STiki，a tool to help Wikipedia editors catch changes on a page that might be vandalism. Another defense against vandals is a page's protection status. Clinton and Trump's pages currently allow only registered users to make an edit. One Trump editor，who goes by Buster7 and has contributed more than 250 edits to Trump's personal and presidential campaign pages，said vandalism isn't that problematic. Sometimes a drive-by vandal will “splash” his graffiti on the article，but there are so many editors paying attention that it gets removed almost right away.
When any new information about Clinton or Trump is made public，editors discuss—sometimes for days—before publishing facts to a page. Earlier this month，they debated adding revelations of Trump's lewd comments about women in a 2005 video to the introductory paragraph. “A no-brainer，” one editor wrote. “This is the most covered issue in the campaign.” Another editor suggested excluding the story for now，proposing that they reconsider “when this can be put into perspective.” In the Clinton editing camp，editors discussed including information about campaign-related emails leaked from WikiLeaks. One editor said the group couldn't assume the emails were authentic，saying their other sources claimed Russia might have manipulated the emails for “political gains”.
These kinds of discussions are mandatory，said Frank Margheriti，a 20-year-old editor who goes by the name MelbourneStar and has contributed to several Clinton-related pages. “The world is using Wikipedia to read up about Clinton and Trump，so we owe it to everyone to present information that is factually accurate，verifiable and neutral as possible，” he said. Other discussions are less controversial but can still be a source of contention for veteran editors. Wikipedia as a whole has become less biased since its founding in 2001，according to a Harvard Business School study.
1.Volunteer editors consider it their duty to_____.
[A] maintain and edit the candidates' personal pages
[B] update information about the candidates' in Wikipedia
[C] keep every link to the candidates' pages unblocked
[D] enlist and coordinate all the editors across the world
2.The word “vandalism” （Para. 2） probably means_____.
[A] destructive behavior
[B] childish mischief
[C] accidental deletion
[D] editing principle
3.Buster7 actually says that_____.
[A] the pages have a self-correcting mechanism
[B] registered users can never become vandals
[C] there is no need of fearing any mischievous users
[D] more editing can be carried out by online tools
4.The attitudes of the two Trump's page editors are_____.
[A] complementary
[B] similar
[C] identical
[D] opposite
5.The text concludes its discussion by saying_____.
[A] some discussions must be held among different editors
[B] Wikipedia is becoming a reliable source of information
[C] Wikipedia users should show due respect to the editors
[D] there are still some problems unsolved with online editing
考研必备词汇
其他词汇
1.vandalism 破坏行为
2.vandal 破坏者
3.lewd 下流的，淫秽的
4.put into perspective 被合理地看待
疑难长句注解
Sometimes a drive-by vandal...right away. （第二段）
本句中drive-by vandal并非指开车路过的破坏者，而是指偶然进入网页搞破坏的人；splash原指水溅起或把水泼向，这里是比喻，“把乱涂乱画泼向文章”，就是上面说到的那些对网页内容的恶意修改；remove指把乱涂乱画的内容移除，这里指把被恶意修改的内容恢复；right away意为“立刻”。
维基百科的编者们很多都是不领取报酬的人，居住在世界各地，认为自己有义务管理发表到特朗普和克林顿（希拉里·克林顿，下同）个人信息网页和竞选网页上的每一个词汇、链接和形象。根据维基百科修订历史数据，自克林顿和特朗普2015年宣布参选以来，他们的个人信息网页已经被2000多个人用户编辑了近12000词。
任何能接入互联网的人都能增添、删除或修改维基百科上的任何东西。偶然，一个捣乱的用户会删除特朗普的整个网页或者给克林顿改名。但是，据加州大学圣克鲁斯大学和宾大的一组研究者统计，所做的大部分编辑是建设性的，破坏行为仅占其中7%。这组研究者也创造了STiki，能帮助维基百科的编辑者找出被恶意改变的东西。另一个预防破坏的办法是网页保护状态。克林顿和特朗普的网页目前只允许注册用户编辑。特朗普网页的一个编辑自称Buster7，他为特朗普的个人信息和竞选网页贡献了250次修订，他指出，破坏问题没那么严重。有时，偶尔经过的捣乱分子会在文章上“洒”一些涂鸦，但是有那么多人关注着网页，捣乱内容几乎立刻被清除。
有关克林顿和特朗普的新信息公之于众后，编辑们在将事实发布在网页上之前会展开讨论——有时讨论好几天。本月初，他们辩论了有关特朗普的爆料，即他在2005年的一个录像内容中对女性的下流评价，讨论是否将之添加到导言段落中。一个编辑写道，“这是明摆着的，因为这是大选中报道最多的爆料。”另外一位编者提议现在应该排除这一信息，他提议他们重新考虑“什么时候添加这一爆料合适”。在克林顿的编辑阵营里，编辑者们讨论是否添加维基解密爆料的与大选相关的电子邮件信息，他们提到，有其他来源说，俄罗斯可能操纵了电邮的爆料，从中“获得政治利益”。
Frank Margheriti是一位20岁的编辑，其网名是MelbourneStar，他为克林顿网页贡献了好几个编辑内容，他说，这类的讨论是必须做的。他说，“全世界都使用维基百科了解克林顿和特朗普，所以我们对所有人都负有责任，提供的信息必须尽量事实确凿、可验证并客观。”其他讨论内容没有这么针锋相对，但是仍然是老练的编辑争辩的来源。根据哈佛大学商学院的研究，自2001年创建以来，维基百科总体上已经成为更客观的信息来源。
TEXT 70
As much as journalists may fancy themselves superhuman observers of history, the truth is that we are as susceptible to trauma as the victims whose stories we tell.
Those covering natural disasters or war are not the only ones who suffer. “It turns out that almost all journalists are exposed to traumatic-stress experiences,” said Elana Newman, a professor of psychology at the University of Tulsa who studies journalism and trauma. That includes reporters who show up along with the first responders when a car crashes, a train derails or someone is shot; the photo and video editors who must sift through footage from terrorist attacks, experiencing trauma secondhand; and freelancers who weather the hazards of the profession without traditional organizational supports.
Specific data about journalists and mental health is hard to come by. Research on the topic only began to pick up steam in the mid-1990s, and journalists are notoriously reluctant to divulge information about themselves. A 2001 study found that upwards of 85 percent experience work-related trauma. Other research shows that 4 to 28 percent suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder over the course of their careers, and up to 20 percent experience depression. Even when psychological symptoms like nightmares, flashbacks, insomnia and anxiety don't rise to the level of a disorder, they still take a toll.
David Handschuh was snapping photos for the New York Daily News when the south tower of the World Trade Center collapsed on Sept. 11, trapping him beneath twisted metal and a dusting of powdered concrete. His leg was shattered; he was covered in burns. But Handschuh, who now works as a photo editor at Yahoo, says the scale of the destruction made it, paradoxically, easier to handle. “If it wasn't so completely unbelievable, it would have been more traumatic,” he says.
It is one of the more surprising findings in the literature: Journalists exposed to trauma for prolonged periods of time are able to develop more robust defense mechanisms than those who experience mental and emotional stress intermittently. As Handschuh said, “It's not just the big scary things that are going to play with your mind.” The point isn't that journalists exposed to mass devastation are invincible, but that those suffering most are often tucked away where others don't think to look.
“Journalists are soldiers,” Handschuh said. “We're not getting shot at most of time. But we are witnessing things with our notebooks that normal, rational human beings are running from. And we're staying and recording and telling the truth.”
1.Psychologist Elana Newman has found that_____.
[A] almost all journalists have some mental health problems
[B] newsroom editors may also be affected by traumatic events
[C] natural disasters have the same traumatic effect as terrorist attacks
[D] freelancers who experience trauma secondhand suffer less
2.Which of the following is true according to the third paragraph?
[A] Disastrous events have been on the rise since the mid-1990s.
[B] Journalists don't want to talk about how disasters affect them.
[C] Accurate data about post-traumatic stress is easily accessible.
[D] Most traumatic experiences will not lead to mental disorder.
3.According to David Handschuh, large scale disasters_____.
[A] are more difficult to cope with mentally
[B] are completely unbelievable to journalists
[C] cause more post-traumatic stress
[D] are easier to cope with psychologically
4.The expression “play with your mind” （Para. 5） means_____.
[A] torture your mind
[B] appease your mind
[C] defend your mind
[D] make you alert
5.In what way are journalists like soldiers?
[A] They fight terrorists bravely.
[B] They are susceptible to trauma.
[C] They willingly put their lives at risk.
[D] They tell nothing but the truth.
考研必备词汇
其他词汇
1.responder 回答者
2.derail 脱轨
3.sift through 从……中筛选
4.upwards of 以上，多于
疑难长句注解
1.That includes reporters who show up...organizational supports.（第二段）
本句很长，提到了灾难性事件对三种人的伤害，用分号把几个宾语以及who引导的定语从句切割成几个并列的部分。在第一部分when又引导三个并列的状语从句。在第二部分，experiencing trauma secondhand实际上是指经历间接的创伤，因为这些编辑并没有去过现场，而只是编辑记者从现场发回的文字和图像内容。在第三部分，weather是一个动词，意为come through something safely（安全渡过），traditional organization这里指新闻机构，因为自由撰稿人不属于任何新闻机构，所以这里说他们不受这些机构的保护或支持。
2.The point isn't that journalists...think to look.（第五段）
本句是一个并列句，由not...but连接两个that引导的表语从句。在第一个分句中，exposed to mass devastation是分词短语，作定语修饰journalists，指“接触大规模毁灭性事件”的记者。在第二个分句中，tuck away意为“藏起来，塞入（某个地方）”，where引导的从句是地点状语从句，但是这里并非指某个具体地点，而是指心理中的某个地方，即上文第三段提到的记者不愿意向人倾诉他们的心理创伤。
译文
虽然记者们可能把自己想象成历史的超级观察家，事实是，我们像我们报道中的受害者一样容易遭受创伤。
那些报道自然灾难或战争的记者不是唯一遭受痛苦的人。“结果经常是，几乎所有记者都曾经有过留下创伤和压力的经历，”Elana Newman说，她是塔尔萨大学心理学教授，研究新闻工作与创伤。这些人包括发生撞车、火车出轨或枪击案时与被采访人一起出现在现场的记者；包括那些筛选有恐怖袭击镜头内容的图片和影像编辑，他们经受着二手的创伤；也包括自由撰稿人，他们要在没有传统机构的支持下经受职业危险。
有关记者和心理健康的具体数据很难获得。对这个话题的研究到20世纪90年代中期才开始加速发展，而且，众所周知，记者们也不愿泄露自己的信息。一项2001年的研究发现，85%以上的记者经历过与职业相关的创伤。其他研究表明，4%~28%的记者在他们的职业进程中遭受过创伤后压力紊乱症，多达20%的记者经受过抑郁症。即使噩梦、重现、失眠、焦虑这样的心理症状不会发展到紊乱症的程度，它们仍然能造成伤害。
David Handschuh在9.11那天正在为《纽约每日新闻》抢拍照片时，世贸中心的南塔楼倒塌了，把他困在扭曲的钢结构中，身上落满了一层混凝土粉末。他的一条腿粉碎性骨折；身上全是灼伤。但是，现在在雅虎公司当图片编辑的Handschuh说，矛盾的是，大规模的破坏反而更容易应对。他说：“如果事情不是那么完全不可思议，带来的创伤反而会更大。”
研究文献中最令人吃惊的发现之一是：与那些间断地经受心理和情感压力的人相比，长时期持续经受创伤的记者能形成更强的自我防护机制。像Handschuh所说的那样，“折磨你心理的不只是那些可怕的大事件。”这并不是说，遭受大规模毁灭性打击的记者是不可战胜的，这只是说明，遭受最大痛苦的人把自己隐藏在了其他人想不到去看的地方。
Handschuh说，“记者就是士兵。我们大部分时候不会被射杀。但是我们用记录本记录下的东西，都是理性的常人急于躲开的东西。但是我们留下来了，记录并转告真相。”
TEXT 71
Media titan CBS attacked a proposal from Time Warner Cable to resolve the ongoing CBS blackout in the nation's top media markets as a “sham,” as the two sides seemed to dig in for an extended battle.
For a fifth straight day, millions of cable viewers remained without CBS, the highest-rated broadcast network in the country. CBS is home to popular programming such as “The Big Bang Theory,” “Big Brother,” “NCIS,” “60 Minutes,” and, come fall, NFL football.
On Friday night, Time Warner Cable, the nation's second-largest cable company, pulled CBS programming from its customers after the breakdown of negotiations between the corporate giants over so-called retransmission rights, which cable and satellite companies pay to broadcasters to carry their channels. According to published reports, CBS had been asking for an increase from Time Warner Cable of about 100%, to $2 per subscriber from $1.
On Monday afternoon, however, Time Warner Cable seemed to lay out a path through the impasse. In a letter to CBS chief Les Moonves, Time Warner Cable CEO Glenn Britt proposed that CBS could return to Time Warner Cable customers on an a la carte basis. That would mean that individual cable subscribers could choose to buy CBS programming for an additional cost on top of their normal cable package fees. Britt said such an arrangement would “allow customers to decide for themselves how much value they ascribe to CBS programming.”
This suggestion shocked many industry observers, because a la carte pricing has long been the bête noire of the cable industry. Giving consumers the ability to pick and choose channels would undermine the entire cable industry business model, which has long been based on selling bundles of channels to subscribers. By raising the specter of a la carte pricing, Time Warner Cable was essentially calling the CBS price increase a bluff. In effect, Time Warner Cable is saying to CBS: “You think your programming is worth twice what we've been paying? Well, let's let the consumers decide.”
In a strongly worded response, CBS turned around and accused Time Warner Cable of bluffing. “Today's so-called proposal is a sham, a public relations vehicle designed to distract from the fact that Time Warner Cable is not negotiating in good faith,” CBS said in a statement emailed to TIME. “Anyone familiar with the entertainment business knows that the economics and structure of the cable industry doesn't work that way and isn't likely to for quite some time. In short, this was an empty gesture from a company that is expert at them.”
Retransmission fees have become substantial sources of revenue for broadcasters, and have led to financial disputes between broadcasters and cable and satellite providers. CBS, under president and CEO Les Moonves, has been particularly aggressive in retransmission fee negotiations. As the talks deteriorated leading up to Time Warner Cable's blackout of CBS, Moonves declared, “We're at war with Time Warner Cable.”
1.What does Time Warner Cable do that angers CBS?
[A] It stops transmitting CBS programming.
[B] It demands CBS to increase retransmission fees.
[C] It wants to replace CBS as the top cable network.
[D] It attempts to drive CBS out of the media markets.
2.It is clear that CBS, unlike Time Warner Cable,_____.
[A] has consumers' support in the negotiation
[B] annoys its rivals with its popular programs
[C] hurts subscribers by asking for a fee increase
[D] is a well-known broadcasting corporation
3.An a la carte pricing is one by which_____.
[A] each subscriber pays his own fees
[B] subscribers pay for each channel they watch
[C] subscribers don't pay the normal package fee
[D] subscribers can bargain over the price of the programs
4.When CBS accuses Time Warner Cable of not “negotiating in good faith”, it means the latter_____.
[A] has no belief in the success of the negotiation
[B] does not treat the negotiation seriously
[C] does not believe negotiation is of any use
[D] tries to destroy CBS's faith through negotiation
5.It can be concluded that_____.
[A] Time Warner Cable is on the wrong side
[B] Les Moonves should be blamed for the blackout
[C] the blackout will continue for some time
[D] CBS is reluctant to continue negotiation
考研必备词汇
其他词汇
1.blackout 关闭，断电
2.dig in 构筑工事，挖战壕
3.retransmission （二次）转播
4.impasse 僵局，死路
5.a la carte（法语）照菜单点菜；单点
6.bête noire（法语）令人厌恶的人或事
7.bluff 欺骗，虚张声势
疑难长句注解
1.Media titan CBS attacked...extended battle.（第一段）
本句的主干结构是：Media titan CBS attacked a proposed...as a “sham”，即“CBS批评这个提议是一场骗局”。本文中，the nation和the country都指美国；dig in原本指挖战壕准备打仗，这里用作比喻。
2.On Friday night, Time Warner Cable...their channels. （第三段）
本句中，the nation's second-largest cable company是Time Warner Cable的同位语；谓语pulled CBS programming from its customers指blackout过程，或第二段第一句提到的现象，即观众无法看到CBS的节目。另外，the corporate giants指CBS和时代华纳这两个公司，which引导的从句是定语从句，修饰retransmission rights（这里指转播费，而不是权利）。
3.That would mean that individual cable...package fees.（第四段）
本句中，on top of意为“在……之上，在……之外”，package fee指各种项目的组合费用。这句话主要是用来解释a la carte pricing。
4.By raising the specter...a bluff.（第五段）
本句的介词短语部分是一个比喻，其中raise指arouse or awaken（唤醒），specter指“幽灵，鬼怪”，与第一句中的bête noire（黑色野兽）相呼应。在主句中，bluff指玩扑克牌时虚张声势的做法，时代华纳说，CBS要求加价的做法只不过是一种虚张声势，意思是显摆自己的节目质量高。
5.Anyone familiar with...some time.（第六段）
本句的主干结构是：anyone...knows that...，其中在that引导的宾语从句中，有两个谓语并列使用。另外值得一提的是，虽然在that引导的宾语从句中主语是个并列成分：the economics and structure，但谓语还是用了第三人称单数形式（doesn't和isn't），这说明，作者把“有线电视行业的经济运作和结构”看作一个一体化的概念。再者，isn't likely to for quite some time是一个省略成分，其完整形式应该是isn't likely to work that way for quite some time。
译文
媒体巨头哥伦比亚广播公司（CBS）猛烈抨击时代华纳有线电视公司的一项提议，CBS正在被屏蔽在美国顶尖媒体市场之外，时代华纳提出这个提议是为了解决这个问题，但CBS称这项提议是“骗局”，看来，双方似乎都挖好了战壕，准备打一场持久战。
连续5天来，数以百万的有线电视观众看不了CBS这个美国评价最高的广播电视网。CBS播放许多受人欢迎的节目，比如《大爆炸理论》《大哥》《海军罪案调查处》《60分钟》等，秋季到来时还要转播全国橄榄球联盟比赛。
星期五晚间，时代华纳有线电视公司这个全国第二大的有线电视公司，切断了CBS的电视节目，把它排除在其客户名单之外，原因是这两个巨头围绕所谓转播权的谈判破裂，这种转播费用是有线电视和卫星公司支付给广播公司的，以便后者会转播自己的频道。根据公开发表的报告，CBS一直在要求时代华纳增加约100%的转播费，从每个订户1美元，增加到2美元。
然而，星期一下午，时代华纳有线电视公司似乎提出了一个打破僵局的路径。在给CBS老板莱斯·穆恩福斯的信中，时代华纳首席执行官格莱恩·布瑞特提议，CBS可以以单项标价形式重返时代华纳客户名单。这意味着，每一个有线电视订户可以选择购买CBS的广播节目，并在支付正常的有线电视租金之外再交购买节目费。布瑞特说，这种安排将“允许顾客自行决定他们认为CBS的节目到底值多少钱”。
这一建议令行业内的许多观察家震惊，因为单价付费长期以来一直被看作有线电视业的眼中钉、肉中刺。给消费者选择频道的能力会伤害整个有线电视业的商业模式，这一模式长期以来一直以向订户捆绑销售频道为基础。通过让单项定价这个幽灵得以复活，时代华纳基本上把CBS的提价要求看作虚张声势。实际上，时代华纳等于跟CBS说：“你认为你的电视节目值我们所付的钱的两倍？好吧，我们让消费者来决定吧。”
在措辞激烈的回复中，CBS反过来指责时代华纳虚张声势。“今天的所谓提议是一个骗局，是一种公关手段，被用来掩盖这样一个事实，即时代华纳没有在诚心诚意地谈判，”CBS在发给时代华纳的一份电子邮件声明中说，“熟悉娱乐业的任何人都知道，有线电视业的经济模式和结构不是那样运作的，而且在未来相当长的时间内也不可能那样运作。总而言之，这是号称专家的一个公司发出的空洞姿态。”
转播费是广播公司的重要收入来源，导致了广播公司与有线电视和卫星供应商之间的经济冲突。在总裁兼首席执行官莱斯·穆恩福斯的领导下，CBS在转播费的谈判上特别咄咄逼人。在谈判破裂导致时代华纳切断CBS的广播节目后，穆恩福斯宣布：“我们与时代华纳进入战争状态。”
TEXT 72
The media may not be telling us much these days about corruption in our local city or town, but there's one story that no one can escape: the Powerball lottery drawing. Last week, the most recent Powerball awarded $448 million in winnings, the third highest in history so far. And the networks were all over it.
We learned that a third of the pot will go to a group dubbed the Ocean's 16, employees at a garage in New Jersey that normally services state vehicles but who took some time out to buy some lottery tickets. We learned that another third will go to Paul White, a project engineer from Minnesota, who will use some of his new wealth to buy his father's first car, a 1963 Chevy Impala. And, we're just a bit frustrated that we don't yet know where the remaining millions are heading. But rest assured, once the winner or winners come forward, we'll hear the story in great detail.
Everyone loves to hear about ordinary people who turn into millionaires overnight. It's hardly any wonder, then, that lottery stories lead the national and local newscasts across the U.S. But the media are only covering part of the story. What we don't learn is that these Powerball lotteries raise enormous amounts of money for the 43 states that participate—and they do it through an exorbitant tax on everyone who buys the tickets. Experts estimate that, for every dollar spent on lottery tickets, only about 50 cents goes to the prizes, about 12 cents goes to run the lottery, and the remaining 38 cents goes to the state—a much higher take for “the house” than you'd find in Las Vegas or Atlantic City.
An astonishing 60% of the overall population buys lottery tickets, and in general we all spend about the same amount regardless of how much we have. This means that the lottery states are taking proportionately more from the poor than they are from the rich. And many studies show in different ways that the poor are substantially overrepresented in spending their money on lotteries. For every big winner, there are tens of millions of the least fortunate among us who are frittering away what little they have in the hopes that, against all odds, they may improve their lives.
The media make things worse by hyping the winners of the lotteries nonstop across all outlets. Not only does the incessant coverage feed the myth that you, too, can be a winner, but it amounts to one of the biggest promotional giveaways around today. The state lotteries couldn't buy the sort of publicity being given to them for free on TV news. You may think that state lotteries are a good thing or a bad thing, but by covering only the good—and none of the bad—the media are no longer just reporting a news story. They're urging us all to join in the frenzy.
1.The author seems to suggest that_____.
[A] the media have reported little about corruption
[B] the prize from the recent Powerball is too high
[C] the media cover too much of Powerball lottery
[D] too much of the prize goes to the Ocean's 16
2.The word “pot” （the first sentence in Para. 2） probably means_____.
[A] the total amount of money in a bet
[B] the coverage of the Powerball lottery
[C] the lottery tickets for the recent lottery
[D] the entire content of the news reporting
3.What the news does not cover about the lotteries is_____.
[A] what happens to lotteries if there are no winners
[B] what the states do with the money raised
[C] that heavy tax is levied on the ticket buyers
[D] that the winners of the prizes pay heavy taxes
4.In its coverage, the media over-emphasize_____.
[A] the amount of money won
[B] the amount of money raised
[C] the lottery drawing
[D] the winners of the lotteries
5.It is implied in the text that incessant coverage of lotteries by the media_____.
[A] does nobody good
[B] actually preys on the poor
[C] is a bad thing for the state
[D] benefits the media
考研必备词汇
其他词汇
1.pot 赌注总额
2.exorbitant 过高的
3.fritter （一点点地）浪费掉
4.hype 大肆宣传
疑难长句注解
1.We learned that a third of the pot...tickets. （第二段）
本句中，pot原指全部赌金，这里指彩票获奖数额，dub意为“称作”，employees...tickets是group的同位语。在that引导的定语从句中，service是动词，意为“检修，维修”，take time out意为“留出时间”。
2.But rest assured...great detail.（第二段）
本句中，rest assured是祈使句，意为“请放心”，come forward意为“被提出来，产生出来”，story在本文中的意思不是“故事”，而是“报道”。
3.Experts estimate that...Atlantic City.（第三段）
本句中，the state指美国的州，take意为“抽取，提成”，the house这里指“赌场”，Las Vegas和Atlantic City都是美国著名的赌城。
4.For every big winner...their lives. （第四段）
本句中，the least fortune指运气最差的人，即从来没有抽到过奖的人，fritter away指一点点地消耗掉，what little they have是指穷人本来挣钱就少，against all odds指克服一切不顺利的境况。
5.Not only does the incessant...around today.（第五段）
本句是由not only...but （also）连接的并列句，在前半句中，由于not only放在句首，句子采用了部分倒装结构，即助动词与主语的倒装。本句中，feed the myth意为“促进了这个神话的传播”，myth后that引导的从句是它的同位语。在后半句中，amount to意为“等于是，相当于”，giveaway指在促销过程中发出的赠品。所谓“等于是促销过程中发出的最大赠品”，指下一句提到的内容，即各州彩票销售处不用再花钱做广告促销彩票，媒体对获奖人的宣传足以起到广告作用。
译文
最近，媒体也许没有告诉我们我们所在城镇的腐败问题，但是有一条新闻它们都避免不了：强力球彩票的抽奖。上周，最近的强力球彩票金额达到了4.48亿美元，是有史以来第三次最高的数额。各大新闻网都在谈论它。
我们知道，1/3的彩票金额将归一个叫作“大洋16”的组织，他们受雇于新泽西州的一个汽车修理厂，通常为本州的汽车提供维修业务，但是他们也花些时间购买彩票。我们还知道，另有1/3归保罗·怀特所有，他是来自明尼苏达州的一位项目工程师，他将使用这笔新财富的一部分购买他父亲的第一辆车，一辆1963年的雪佛兰“羚羊”。令我们感到沮丧的是，我们仍然不知道剩余的部分会落到谁的手中。但是，可以肯定的是，一旦一位或多位大奖得主出现，我们就能听到报道的细节。
每个人都喜欢听到普通人一夜工夫成为百万富翁的故事。因此，毫无疑问，在美国上下，有关彩票的报道成为全国或地方新闻的头条。但是，媒体仅仅报道部分故事。我们不知道的是，这些强力球彩票为参与其中的43个州筹集了大量的钱财，而且，他们是通过对购买彩票的人征收过高税额筹集的。专家估计，每花在彩票上1美元，只有50美分变成奖金，大约12美分用于管理彩票，剩余的38美分归各州所有。这比拉斯维加斯或大西洋城的“场地”费抽取的份子高多了。
购买彩票的人数占总人口的60%，高得令人吃惊，总的来说，不管我们挣多少钱，我们都花费几乎相同的钱数。这意味着，发行彩票的州从穷人那里拿到的钱从比例上来说高于从富人那里获取的钱。而且，许多研究都以不同方式表明，花钱买彩票的穷人比富人的比例大得多。我们中有数千万的人一点点把自己挣到的那点儿钱花掉，期望获得好运，改变自己的生活，正是这些最不幸运的人造就了那些获大奖的每一个人。
媒体通过各种渠道不断夸大赢彩票的人，这使情况变得更糟。不间断的报道不仅催生了每一个都可能赢得彩票的神话，而且它等于是今天能获得的一个最大的营销赠品。州彩票处不能购买这些宣传，但是它却在电视新闻中被免费赠予它们了。你可能认为设立州彩票处是一件好事儿或认为那是一件坏事儿，但是，通过只报道它们好的一面而丝毫不报道它们坏的一面，媒体不再仅仅是报道一条消息。它们正在敦促我们都加入这种疯狂举动。