Day 2
Boston Tea Party
1.The Boston Tea Party arose from two issues confronting the British Empire in 1765：the financial problems of the British East India Company and an ongoing dispute about the extent of Par- liament's authority，if any，over the British American colonies without seating any elected representation.The local government's attempt to resolve these issues produced a showdown that would eventually result in revolution.
2.As Europeans developed a taste for tea in the 17th century，rival companies were formed to import the product from China.In England，Parliament gave the East India Company a monopoly on the importation of tea in 1698.When tea became popular in the British colonies，Parliament sought to eliminate foreign competition by passing an act in 1721 that required colonists to import their tea only from Great Britain.The East India Company did not export tea to the colonies；by law，the company was required to sell its tea wholesale at auctions in England.
British firms bought this tea and exported it to the colonies，where they resold it to merchants in Boston，New York，Philadelphia，and Charleston.
3.Controversy between Great Britain and the colonies arose in the 1760s when Parliament sought，for the first time，to impose a direct tax on the colonies for the purpose of raising revenue.Some colonists，known in the colonies as Whigs，objected to the new tax program，arguing that it was a violation of the British Constitution.Britons and British Americans agreed that，according to the constitution，British subjects could not be taxed without the consent of their elected representatives.In Great Britain，this meant that taxes could only be levied by Parliament.Colonists，however，did not elect members of Parliament，and so American Whigs argued that the colonies could not be taxed by that body.According to Whigs，colonists could only be taxed by their own colonial assemblies.Colonial protests resulted in the repeal of the Stamp Act in 1766，but in the 1766 Declaratory Act，Parliament continued to insist that it had the right to legislate for the colonies “in all cases whatsoever”.
4.Parliament finally responded to the protests by repealing the Townshend taxes in 1770，except for the tea duty，which Prime Minister Lord North kept to assert “the right of taxing the Americans”.This partial repeal of the taxes was enough to bring an end to the non-importation movement by October 1770.From 1771 to 1773，British tea was once again imported into the colonies in significant amounts，with merchants paying the Townshend duty of three pence per pound.Boston was the largest colonial importer of legal tea；smugglers still dominated the market in New York and Philadelphia.
5.■The price of legally imported tea was actually reduced by the Tea Act of 1773.■Protesters were instead concerned with a variety of other issues.■The familiar “no taxation without representation” argument，along with the question of the extent of Parliament's authority in the colonies，remained prominent.■Samuel Adams considered the British tea monopoly to be “equal to a tax” and to raise the same representation issue whether or not a tax was applied to it.Some regarded the purpose of the tax program—to make leading officials independent of colonial influence—as a dangerous infringement of colonial rights.This was especially true in Massachusetts，the only colony where the Townshend program had been fully implemented.
6.Colonial merchants，some of them smugglers，played a significant role in the protests.Because the Tea Act made legally imported tea cheaper，it threatened to put smugglers of Dutch tea out of business.Legitimate tea importers who had not been named as consignees by the East India Company were also threatened with financial ruin by the Tea Act.Another major concern for merchants was that the Tea Act gave the East India Company a monopoly on the tea trade，and it was feared that this government-created monopoly might be extended in the future to include other goods.Nonetheless，a number of colonists were inspired by the Boston Tea Party to carry out similar acts，like the burning of the Peggy Stewart.The Boston Tea Party eventually proved to be one of the many reactions that led to the American Revolutionary War.
1.In Paragraph 1，the author suggests that
（A）The Boston Tea Party overcamefinancial hardship.
（B）The Boston Tea Party caused the fall of the British East India Company.
（C）Through the struggle against The Boston Tea Party，the Parliament strengthened its authority.
（D）The governmental interruption was carried out.
2.The word monopoly in the passage is closest in meaning to
（A）exclusive right.
（B）temporary expedient.
（C）turning point.
（D）economic recession.
3.The word its in the passage refers to
（A）law.
（B）tea.
（C）the company.
（D）England.
4.Based on the information in Paragraph 2，which of the following is true of the East India Company?
（A）During the 18th century，it had to be faced with an increasing number of rival firms.
（B）In 1721，it couldn't avoid foreign competition because of Parliament's legal action.
（C）British firms purchased tea through its distribution in England.
（D）Merchants in several cities in the States made profits by direct imports from China.
5.According to Paragraph 3，why did a controversy take place?
（A）Some governmental officials refused the new tax program.
（B）Whigs violated the British Constitution.
（C）British subjects could not be taxed without the representatives' agreement.
（D）The Parliament aimed to raise tax income.
6.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
（A）Despite protests' repeal argument against the Stamp Act，Parliament tried to penetrate into legislating the right to implement for the colonies.
（B）Even if colonists protested against the repeal of the Stamp Act，Parliament continued to argue having the right for the colonies.
（C）Despite colonists' insistence on the repeal of the Stamp Act，Parliament passed the bill of legislation for the colonies.
（D）Parliament kept insisting it had the right to legislate for the colonies，and colonists had to protest the repeal of the Stamp Act.
7.In Paragraph 4，which of the following is NOT true of British tea?
（A）Smuggling was prevalent in New York.
（B）Boston was the largest colonial importer of legal tea.
（C）Parliament declared a partial repeal in 1770.
（D）Merchants made huge profits by importing tea in 1771 to 1773.
8.The word infringement in the passage is closest in meaning to
（A）violation.
（B）prevention.
（C）dependence.
（D）caution.
9.According to Paragraph 5，what can be inferred about the protesters of the protest movement?
（A）Protesters claimed not to pay the high taxes.
（B）Massachusetts was the center of the controversy on the price of legally imported tea.
（C）Protesters attempted to challenge against Parliament's authority in the colonies.
（D）The protest movement was primarily concerned with no taxation without representation argument.
10.In Paragraph 6，the author mentions all of the following as concerns for merchants EXCEPT
（A）The fact that merchants had to import Dutch tea more in the future.
（B）Threats that smugglers' business area might be interfered.
（C）Fear that legitimate tea importers had not been assigned as consignees.
（D）Fear that the Tea Act might be extended to other products.
11.The word inspired in the passage is closest in meaning to
（A）manipulated.
（B）motivated.
（C）enticed.
（D）elaborated.
12.Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
The protest movement that culminated with the Boston Tea Party was not a dispute about high taxes.
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square[■] to add the sentence to the passage.
13—14. Directions：An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth 2 points.
A number of controversies occurred between the East India Company and colonists.
Voyager 1's Interstellar Trip
1.Voyager 1 is a space probe launched by NASA，National Aeronautics and Space Administration，on September 5，1977.Part of the Voyager program to study the outer solar system，Voyager 1 launched 16 days after its twin，Voyager 2.Having operated for 38 years，6 months and 23 days，the spacecraft still communicates with the deep space network to receive routine commands and return data.It is the farthest spacecraft from Earth and the only one in interstellar space.
2.In the 1960s，a grand tour to study the outer planets was proposed，which prompted NASA to begin work on a mission in the early 1970s.Information gathered by the Pioneer 10 spacecraft helped Voyager's engineers design Voyager to cope more effectively with the intense radiation environment around Jupiter.Initially，Voyager 1 was planned as “Mariner 11” of the Mariner program.Due to budget cuts，the mission was scaled back to be a flyby of Jupiter and Saturn and renamed the Mariner Jupiter-Saturn probes.As the program progressed，the name was later changed to Voyager，since the probe designs began to differ greatly from previous Mariner missions.
3.The probe's primary mission objectives included flybys of Jupiter，Saturn，and Saturn's large moon，Titan.While the spacecraft's course could have been altered to include a Pluto encounter by forgoing the Titan flyby，exploration of the moon，which was known to have a substantial atmosphere，took priority.It studied the weather，magnetic fields，and rings of the two planets and was the first probe to provide detailed images of their moons.After completing its primary mission with the flyby of Saturn on November 20，1980，Voyager 1 began an extended mission to explore the regions and boundaries of the outer heliosphere.On August 25，2012，Voyager 1 crossed the heliopause to become the first spacecraft to enter interstellar space and study the interstellar medium.Voyager 1's extended mission is expected to continue until around 2025，when its radioisotope thermoelectric generators will no longer supply enough electric power to operate any of its scientific instruments.
4.Chaotic controversy over Voyager's accurate location arose in 2000.Scientists at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory stated that Voyager 1 entered the termination shock in February 2003.■This marks the point where the solar wind slows down to subsonic speeds.■Some other scientists expressed doubt，discussed in the journal Nature of November 6，2003.■The issue would not be resolved until other data became available，since Voyager 1's solar-wind detector ceased functioning in 1990.■
5.While Voyager 1 is commonly spoken of as having left the solar system simultaneously with having left the heliosphere，the two are not the same.The solar system is usually defined as the vastly larger region of space populated by bodies that orbit the sun.The craft is presently less than one seventh the distance to the aphelion of Sedna，and it has not yet entered the Oort cloud，the source region of long-period comets，regarded by astronomers as the outermost zone of the solar system.
6.Each Voyager space probe carries a gold-plated audio-visual disc in the event that the spacecraft is ever found by intelligent life forms from other planetary systems.The disc carries photos of the Earth and its life forms，a range of scientific information，spoken greetings from people such as the secretary-general of the United Nations and the president of the United States and a medley， “Sounds of Earth,” that includes the sounds of whales，a baby crying，waves breaking on a shore，and a collection of music，including works by Mozart，Blind Willie Johnson，Chuck Berry，and Valya Balkanska.Other Eastern and western classics are included，as well as various performances of indigenous music from around the world.The record also contains greetings in 55 different languages.
15.According to the information in Paragraph 1，which of the following is true of Voyager 1?
（A）Through Voyager 1，the outer solar system's mysteries have been solved.
（B）The deep space network made its trip to space keep working until now.
（C）Voyager 1 was doomed to be the only interstellar spaceship when it was launched by NASA.
（D）A series of Voyagers cooperate with each other to communicate and receive data.
16. The word cope in the passage is closest in meaning to
（A）arrange.
（B）deal with.
（C）deposit.
（D）retain.
17. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
（A）The mission was renamed the Mariner Jupiter-Saturn probes，because of elongated programs.
（B）The mission was cut off in scale，renamed the Mariner Jupiter-Saturn probes.
（C）The mission had to be renamed because of too much pressure of budget cuts.
（D）The mission was originally planned to explore around all the solar system planets before budget cuts.
18. The word it in the passage refers to
（A）probe.
（B）mission.
（C）exploration.
（D）atmosphere.
19. The author includes the phrase “Voyager 1 began an extended mission to explore” in Paragraph 3 primarily to suggest
（A）The mission for Saturn and its moon was completed.
（B）Voyager 1 succeeded in exploring beyond the scheduled orbit.
（C）Lack of electric power supply will prevent Voyager 1 from operating scientific instruments.
（D）Titan will be explored in more detail，crossing the heliopause.
20. The author's view of electric power in Paragraph 3 is
（A）progressive.
（B）passive.
（C）exceptional.
（D）Pessimistic.
21. All of the following statements are made in Paragraph 4 about termination shock EXCEPT
（A）Scientists were debating over the solar wind's slowing down point.
（B）Some other scientists expressed doubt about the fact that the solar wind slows down.
（C）The journal Nature strongly supported termination shock in February 2003.
（D）The controversy couldn't be solved since Voyager 1's detector ceased working.
22. The word simultaneously in the passage refers to
（A）concurrently.
（B）accidentally.
（C）securely.
（D）contemporarily.
23. According to Paragraph 5，what can be said of the solar system?
（A）Voyager 1 is considered to move towards the edge of the solar system.
（B）There are some bodies that don't orbit the sun in the solar system.
（C）Many scientists believe the Oort cloud is at a distance one seventh the aphelion of Sedna.
（D）Voyager 1 hasn't reached the end of the heliosphere yet.
24. Paragraph 6 suggests that which of the following was a reason a gold-plated audio-visual disc is installed?
（A）Planners wanted to be boastful of their scientific technologies.
（B）Scientists had possibility in mind that their craft might be faced with intelligent being.
（C）Investigators were highly concerned about the security of their space probe.
（D）Inventors tried to fix mechanical problems.
25.It can be inferred from the passage that
（A）A study of the outer planets prompted NASA to launch a series of spacecrafts in the 1960s.
（B）Voyage 1 was a first space probe launched by NASA to study the outer solar system.
（C）Voyager 2 was the first probe to provide detailed images of Titan.
（D）Both Voyager probes are equipped with audio-visual discs.
26. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
This failure meant that termination shock detection would have to be inferred from the data from the other instruments on board.
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square[■] to add the sentence to the passage.
27—28. Directions：Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the term to whichthey relate.Two of the answer choices will NOT be used.This question is worth 2 points.
Einstein's Predictions
1.Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist.He developed the general theory of relativity，one of the two pillars of modern physics（alongside quantum mechanics）.Einstein's work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science.Einstein is best known in popular culture for his mass-energy equivalence formula E=mc＜sup＞2＜/sup＞（which has been dubbed “the world's most famous equation”）.He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for his “services to theoretical physics”，in particular his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect，a pivotal step in the evolution of quantum theory.
2.■General relativity is a theory of gravitation that was developed by Albert Einstein between 1907 and 1915.■According to general relativity，the observed gravitational attraction between masses results from the warping of space and time by those masses.■It provides the foundation for the current understanding of black holes，regions of space where gravitational attraction is so strong that not even light can escape.■As Albert Einstein later said，the reason for the development of general relativity was that the preference of inertial motions within special
relativity was unsatisfactory，while a theory which from the outset prefers no state of motion（even accelerated ones）should appear more satisfactory.Consequently，in 1907 he published an article on acceleration under special relativity.In that article titled “On the Relativity Principle and the Conclusions Drawn from It”，he argued that free fall is really inertial motion，and that for a free-falling observer the rules of special relativity must apply.This argument is called the equivalence principle.In the same article，Einstein also predicted the phenomena of gravitational time dilation，gravitational red shift and deflection of light.In 1911，Einstein published another article “On the Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of Light” expanding on the 1907 article，in which he estimated the amount of deflection of light by massive bodies.Thus，the theoretical prediction of general relativity can for the first time be tested experimentally.
3.In 1916，Einstein predicted gravitational waves，ripples in the curvature of space time which propagate as waves，traveling outward from the source，transporting energy as gravitational radiation.The existence of gravitational waves is possible under general relativity due to its Lorentz invariance which brings the concept of a finite speed of propagation of the physical interactions of gravity with it.By contrast，gravitational waves cannot exist in the Newtonian theory of gravitation，which postulates that the physical interactions of gravity propagate at infinite speed.The first，indirect，detection of gravitational waves came in the 1970s through observation of a pair of closely orbiting neutron stars，PSR B1913+16.The explanation of the decay in their orbital period was that they were emitting gravitational waves.Einstein's prediction was confirmed on 11 February，2016，when researchers published direct observation，on Earth，of gravitational waves，exactly one hundred years after the prediction.
4.While developing general relativity，Einstein became confused about the gauge invariance in the theory.He formulated an argument that led him to conclude that a general relativistic field theory is impossible.He gave up looking for fully generally covariant tensor equations，and searched for equations that would be invariant under general linear transformations only.In June 1913，the Entwurf（“draft”）theory was the result of these investigations.As its name suggests，it was a sketch of a theory，less elegant and more difficult than general relativity，with the equations of motion supplemented by additional gauge fixing conditions.After more than two years of intensive work，Einstein realized that thewhole argument was mistaken and abandoned the theory in November 1915.
5.Einstein collaborated with others to produce a model of a wormhole.His motivation was to model elementary particles with charge as a solution of gravitational field equations，in line with the program outlined in the paper “Do Gravitational Fields play an Important Role in the Constitution of the Elementary Particles?”.These solutions cut and pasted Schwarzschild black holes to make a bridge between two patches.If one end of a wormhole was positively charged，the other end would be negatively charged.These properties led Einstein to believe that pairs of particles and antiparticles could be described in this way.
29. The word pivotal in the passage is closest in meaning to
（A）insignificant.
（B）crucial.
（C）intensive.
（D）modest.
30. According to Paragraph 1，which of the following about Einstein is true?
（A）He contributed to developing Nobel prizes.
（B）He contemplated on philosophical concepts and evolution of nature.
（C）He's still famous for an energy-related formula.
（D）He discovered the evolution of quantum theory.
31. In Paragraph 2，why does the author mention general relativity?
（A）To aid comprehension of blackholes.
（B）To illustrate the observed gravitational attraction.
（C）To clarify how even light can'tescape.
（D）To defy an essential tool in modern astrophysics.
32. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
（A）Inertial motions and no motion result in a satisfying outcome，which was the origin of the development of general relativity.
（B）The development of general relativity derives from opposite results related to motion.
（C）A theory with no state of motion should be satisfactory，and then inertial motions tend to be unsatisfactory.
（D）The reason of the development of general relativity demonstrates why both theories prove either satisfactory or unsatisfactory.
33. The word its in the passage refers to
（A）the existence.
（B）general relativity.
（C）gravitational radiation.
（D）energy.
34. The word propagate in the passage is closest in meaning to
（A）secrete.
（B）conjecture.
（C）appoint.
（D）spread.
35. According to Paragraph 3，all of the following are associated with gravitational waves EXCEPT
（A）The Newtonian theory of gravitation supports finite speed propagation in physical interactions of gravity.
（B）The first attempt to detect gravitational waves was carried out by indirect observation.
（C）Einstein's gravitational hypothesis was at odds with the Newtonian theory.
（D）Observation methods were developed from indirect detection to direct research on Earth.
36. Based on the information in Paragraph 4，which of the following is true of the Entwurf?
（A）It was added by extra gauge invariance.
（B）It was more plausible and straightforward than general relativity.
（C）Einstein's general relativity was contradicted by general linear transformations of the Entwurf theory.
（D）Einstein demonstrated that it was misled and relinquished.
37. According to Paragraph 5，two patches best indicate
（A）two ends of a wormhole.
（B）particles and antiparticles.
（C）gravitational fields.
（D）charge and the program.
38. It can be inferred from the passage that
（A）Einstein was convinced of the gauge invariance while developing general relativity theory.
（B）Einstein's predictions about gra- vitational waves proved to be true a decade later.
（C）Einstein succeeded in generally covariant tensor equations.
（D）Because of the gauge invariance，Einstein believed that general field theory is not available.
39. According to Paragraph 5，which of the subsequent applications followed by finding out positive and negative charges is possibly linked to Einstein's hypothesis?
（A）Constitution of the elementary particles.
（B）Proofreading of Schwarzschild black holes.
（C）Traits of particles.
（D）A model of a wormhole.
40. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
General relativity has developed into an essential tool in modern astrophysics.
Where would the sentence best fit? Click on a square[■] to add the sentence to the passage.
41—42.Directions：An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth 2 points.
Einstein went through many findings and possibilities regarding gravitation.
