北京大学2011年博士研究生入学考试英语试题参考答案与解析
Part One Listening Comprehension(略)
Part Two Structure and Written Expression
11.【答案】A
【解析】admit of“容许,有……的可能”;require of“要求,要求得到”;need of“满足需要”;seek for“寻找,追求,探索”。根据句意,答案是A。
12.【答案】B
【解析】本题主要考查短语accustomed to的用法。在这一短语中,“to”为介词,后面需跟名词或动名词,又and前后连接的两个动词为并列关系。所以答案是B。
13.【答案】D
【解析】“in itself”为固定短语,意为“以其本身而言,本质上”;at,as,on这三个介词均不与itself搭配。根据句意可知,答案是D。
14.【答案】B
【解析】在if引导的表示虚拟的条件状语从句中,有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或have的虚拟条件句中的连词if省去,而将had,should,were等词提到主语之前。本句表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句。其句子结构为:从句,If+主语+ had +过去完成式动词+ ……主句,主语+would(should,could,might)+have+过去完成式动词+……所以答案是B。
15.【答案】A
【解析】discard“丢弃,抛弃”;discreet“小心的,慎重的”;discord“不和”;disgorge“吐出”;or前后连接的词为并列关系,故空格处应填入与root out意义相近的词。根据句意可知,答案是A。
16.【答案】D
【解析】infected…through表示“通过……感染”之意;shield…from表示“使某人摆脱……”之意。根据句意可知,答案是D。
17.【答案】C
【解析】bore“令人讨厌的人”;bored“无聊的,无趣的,烦人的”;boredom“厌倦”;bordom没有此词。根据句意可知,答案是C。
18.【答案】B
【解析】分析句子结构可知,dance与lack之间为主谓关系,所以用现在分词。所以答案是B。
19.【答案】C
【解析】分析句子结构可知,本句成分完整,所以排除B、D两项;空格后内容是“complains”的具体表现,如果跟that从句,放在society后面,易产生歧义,故排除A项。所以答案是C。
20.【答案】B
【解析】本题考查固定搭配。根据句中的but可以推知,此句是说“这个可怜的女孩在医院里待了半年多,但是她现在一点也没好转。”none the worse意思为“一点也不差,还是,仍然”,与文意正相反;none the better意思为“丝毫没有好转,依然如故”,因此应选B。
21.【答案】D
【解析】cry out for“迫切需要”。分析句子结构可知,句中的动词did修饰空格处所填内容,所以空格处用动词原形,排除A、C两项;又前半句动作发生在后半句发生的动作之前,因为后半句用一般过去时,故前半句应用过去完成时。所以答案是D。
22.【答案】B
【解析】trigger“引发,引起,触发”;meager“贫乏的,不足的”;vigor“精力,活力”;linger“逗留,闲荡,拖延,游移”。根据句意可知,答案是B。
23.【答案】C
【解析】本题主要考查“as…as”这一句型。as…as“像……一样”。分析句子结构可知,答案选C。
24.【答案】C
【解析】can but“只能”;cannot only“不能只”;cannot but“不得不,禁不住”;can only but无此用法。根据句意可知,答案是C。
25.【答案】A
【解析】inundate“淹没,泛滥,使充满”;imitate“模仿,仿效”;immolate“牺牲,献出,献祭”;insulate“使绝缘,隔离”。根据句意可知,答案是A项。
26.【答案】C
【解析】if only“但愿”,后用虚拟语气;only if意为“只要”,引导条件状语从句,放在句首时主句谓语用部分倒装,所以本题选C。
27.【答案】B
【解析】本题考查固定用法:concern about+sth./sb.为固定用法,是“对……的关心/忧虑”的意思。根据句意可知,答案是B。
28.【答案】C
【解析】resolve“决心,决定”;absolve“宣布免除”;dissolve“解散,使终结”;solve“解决,解答”。根据句意可知,答案是C。
29.【答案】B
【解析】本题主要考查固定短语。live on“靠……生活”,bail out“帮助摆脱困境”。根据句意可知,答案是B。
30.【答案】A
【解析】soar“飙升,骤然上升”;sour“发酵,变酸”;sore“弄伤”;source“发起,寻求来源”。根据句意可知,答案是A。
Part Three Cloze Test
31.【答案】D
【解析】空格所在句意思为:2008年也是过去10年唱片公司十分糟糕的一年,之前的2007年和2006年也是如此。本题考查so的用法,在“so+助动词/be动词/情态动词+主语”的倒装结构中,表示前面所述的肯定情况也适合于后者。所以答案是D。
32.【答案】B
【解析】空格所在句意思为:事实上,在过去的10年里,行业收入一直在下降。stagnate“(使)淤塞,(使)停滞,(使)变萧条”;decline“下降,下垂”;increase“增加,加大”;stultify“使显得愚笨,使变无效”。所以答案是B。
33.【答案】D
【解析】空格所在句意思为:几个世纪以来,一直有人在盗取知识产权。take“拿走,取”;rob“抢夺,抢掠”;steal“偷,窃取,偷窃”;pirate“掠夺,翻印”。所以答案是D。
34.【答案】B
【解析】空格所在句意思为:但是,生产明显拙劣的复制品一向是一种耗费时间的方式。upgrade“使升级,提升”;inferior“下等的,差的”;ineffective“无效的,(指人)工作效率低的”;preferable“更可取的,更好的”。所以答案是B。
35.【答案】D
【解析】空格所在句意思为:如今,高质的复制品已唾手可得。numerous“众多的,许多的”;ubiquitous“到处存在的,普遍存在的”;accessible“易接近的,可到达的”;effortless“容易的,不费力气的”。所以答案是D。
36.【答案】C
【解析】空格所在句意思为:但是,正如我在过去10年内所闻的那样,事情并没有那么糟糕。空格处用“that”代替上段提到的那种“唱片行业不景气的情况”。所以答案是C。
37.【答案】C
【解析】空格所在句意思为:也许是时候承认,我们可能永远也无法找到一种把想要免费娱乐的消费者和希望得到报酬的创作者协调起来的方式。satisfy“满足,使满意”;help“帮助”;reconcile“使和解,调解”;equate“使相等”。reconcile sb. with sb.“协调某人与某人的关系”,符合题意。所以答案是C。
38.【答案】C
【解析】空格所在句意思为:计算机神经科学家安德斯·桑贝格对这个问题进行反思。base on“基于”;capitalize on“利用”;reflect on“思考,反省”;draw on“吸收,利用”。所以答案是C。
39.【答案】C
【解析】空格所在句意思为:知识产权并不总是适合那种框架。match up with“和……相配”;fill in“填充,填写,替代”;fit into“适合”;set up“设立,竖立”。所以答案是C。
40.【答案】A
【解析】空格所在句意思为,他写道:“知识产权的本质使其很难保持社会性的和感情上的约束,这种限制阻止我们相互占有彼此的作品。constraint“约束,强制”;consciousness“意识,知觉”;norm“标准,规范”;etiquette“礼节”。所以答案是A。
Part Four Reading Comprehension
41.【答案】D
【解析】题目问:根据文章可知,古埃及人如何。根据第一段第五句“The ancient Egyptians knew about many tumors that had a bad outcome, and the Greeks made a distinction between benign tumors (oncos) and malignant ones (carcinos).”可知答案为D。
42.【答案】D
【解析】题目问:下列关于过去癌症的陈述中,哪一项最为本文所支持。根据最后一段第二句“In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, some physicians attributed cancer—notably of the breast and the ovaries—to psychological and behavioral causes.”可知D项正确。
43.【答案】C
【解析】题目问:癌症被称为现代病的原因。根据文章第二段最后两句“The agonizing manner of cancer death was dreaded, but that fear was not centrally situated in the public mind-as it now is. This is one reason that the medical historian Roy Porter wrote that cancer is“the modern disease par excellence,”and that Mukherjee calls it“the quintessential product of modernity.”可以推断C项正确。
44.【答案】B
【解析】本题考查推理能力。根据文章最后一段第一句话可知,人们曾经认为癌症是一种“现代病”,病因与“神经衰弱症”和糖尿病类似。这里提到“神经衰弱症”和糖尿病是为了说明癌症和它们的类似性,它们曾被认为是“文明病”。所以选B。
45.【答案】B
【解析】本题考查推理概括能力。第一段出现了文章的主题:癌症的诊治处理方法当然随着时代进步有变化,而其存在性质、表现和意义也发生了改变。文章三段内容主要围绕癌症的存在性质、表现和意义发生的改变进行论述。所以选B。
46.【答案】C
【解析】题目问:美国经济如何。通读全文可知,文章主要是讲述美国经济衰退且美国经济面临着自己的问题。由此可排除A、B两项;根据常识可排除D项。所以答案选C。
47.【答案】B
【解析】本题是细节推断题。根据第五段内容可知,现代经济的惊人发明会使一小部分企业家变得非常富有,所以A项错误;根据最后一段的“And this, in turn, has led to wider-and not unreasonable-fears that we are living in not merely a plutonomy, but a plutocracy, in which the rich display outsize political influence, narrowly self-interested motives, and a casual indifference to anyone outside their own rarefied economic bubble.”可知,这种局面转而使越来越多的人开始担心,我们不单是生活在富人经济体中,还生活在富豪统治集团中,后者中的富翁们拥有强大的政治影响力,狭隘的利己主义动机,和对一般人不经意的冷漠,因为一般人都生活在他们的经济圈子之外。以上这些想法并非是杞人忧天。据此可以推知,当今的超级富豪正逐渐自成一国,B项正确。
48.【答案】D
【解析】题目问:现代科技发明。根据第五段第二句“The wondrous inventions of the modern economy—Google, Amazon, the iPhone broadly improved the lives of middle-class consumers, even as they made a tiny subset of entrepreneurs hugely wealthy.”可知D项正确。
49.【答案】C
【解析】本题考查细节推理。根据最后一段的“But the financial crisis and its long, dismal aftermath have changed all that… but a plutocracy, in which the rich display outsize political influence”可知,经济危机和难以消除的余波改变了这一切。大规模的救助措施让华尔街马上得以咸鱼翻身,巨额奖金激发了那些寄生的银行家和其他精英人物们为了自己的利益开始又一轮的豪赌。这种局面转而使越来越多的人开始担心,我们不单是生活在富人经济体中,还生活在富豪统治集团中,后者中的富豪们拥有强大的政治影响力。据此可以推知,作者暗示金融危机和其造成的后果使美国人警觉到富豪们拥有过多的权力。C项正确。
50.【答案】A
【解析】题目问:文章的主要意图是什么。通读全文可知,文章主要讲述美国经济存在自身的问题——贫富差距日益明显,财富主要掌握在少数富人手中,占大多数的非富人所占有的经济比例却出人意料地小。由此可知,答案是A。
51.【答案】D
【解析】题目问:弗里德曼认为达尔文的《物种起源》伟大的原因是什么。根据文章第一段最后一句“It was understanding the idea's significance and selling it to the public that made Darwin great, according to the Arnold Arboretum's new director.”可知D项正确。
52.【答案】A
【解析】题目问:弗里德曼认为达尔文在后来杰作印刷品中附上的“历史草图”的目的是什么。根据第二段最后一句“Friedman said the“historical sketch”that Darwin attached to later printings of his masterpiece was intended to mollify those who demanded credit for their own earlier ideas.”可知A项正确。
53.【答案】A
【解析】本题考查事实细节。根据文中第五段中的“Though others had clearly pondered evolution before Darwin, he wasn't without originality. Friedman said that Darwin's thinking on natural selection as the mechanism of evolution was shared by few.”可知,虽然在达尔文之前就已经有人思考过进化的问题,但达尔文在这方面还是具有创造性。弗里德曼说,只有少数人认同达尔文在自然选择这种进化机制方面的见解。所以A项符合题意。
54.【答案】A
【解析】题目问:我们可以得知达尔文起先打算怎么写出自己的思想。根据文章第五段最后两句“Although the book runs more than 400 pages, Friedman said it was never the book on evolution and natural selection that Darwin intended. In 1856, three years before the book was published, he began work on a detailed tome on natural selection that wouldn't see publication until 1975.”可知A项正确。
55.【答案】C
【解析】题目问:科学发现需要什么,除了______。根据文章倒数第二段“Though others thought about evolution before Darwin, scientific discovery requires more than just an idea. In addition to the concept, discovery requires the understanding of the significance of the idea…Lastly, scientific discovery demands the ability to convince others of the correctness of an idea.”可知C项正确。
56.【答案】C
【解析】题目问:文章讲述的“睡眠不足”的意思是什么。根据文章第一段第三句“Research shows that adults need an average of seven to nine hours of sleep a night for optimal functionality.”和第三段第二句“Prolonged sleep deprivation has long been associated with diminished immune functions, but researchers have also found a direct correlation between“modest”sleep deprivation—less than six hours—and reduced immune response.”可推出C项正确。
57.【答案】B
【解析】题目问:根据第三段内容,正确的陈述是哪句。根据第三段最后一句“You'll be glad you got that extra hour of sleep the next time that bug comes around and leaves everyone else bedridden with a fever for three days.”可知B项正确。
58.【答案】D
【解析】题目问:存在所谓的“睡眠麻痹”的原因是什么。根据第四段第三句“Sleep paralysis occurs when the brain is aroused from its REM cycle, but the body remains in its immobilizing state.”可知D项正确。
59.【答案】B
【解析】本题考查推理能力。根据文章最后一段的“without it, our ability to consolidate memories…is impaired by a large degree.”可知,没有睡眠,我们巩固记忆的能力就会在很大程度上受到损害。再根据最后一句话“Research has revealed that REM sleep, or dream-sleep, helps solidify the“fragile”memories the brain creates throughout the day to that they can be easily organized and stored in the mind's long-term cache.”可知,研究显示,快速眼动睡眠或梦眠有助于巩固大脑白天产生的脆弱记忆,这样这些记忆就能很容易地在大脑的长期贮存区得到整理和存储。所以B项“白天产生的记忆是脆弱、易受损的”正确。
60.【答案】D
【解析】题目问:文中提到的睡眠不足对人的精神和身体所造成的影响。根据第二段最后一句“sleep deprivation could permanently hinder the brain's ability to regulate these hormones, leading to elevated blood pressure.”;第三段第三句“Prolonged sleep deprivation has long been associated with diminished immune functions, but researchers have also found a direct correlation between“modest”sleep deprivation—less than six hours—and reduced immune response.”;第四段前两句“During deep REM sleep, your muscles (except those in the eyes) are essentially immobilized in order to keep you from acting out on your dreams. Unfortunately, this effort your body makes to keep you safe while dreaming can sometimes backfire, resulting in sleep paralysis.”;最后一段前两句“For a second, imagine all of your memories are erased;every birthday, summer vacation, even what you did yesterday afternoon is completely lost, because you have no recollection of them. It's a chilling thought, but that is what a life without sleep would be like.”可知,D项正确。
Part Five Proofreading
61.【答案】few前加a
【解析】few含“否定意味”,a few含“肯定意味”,这里文中表示的是肯定,所以在few前加a。
62.【答案】as改为for
【解析】“for instance”为固定短语。
63.【答案】删除to
【解析】let后跟动词原形。
64.【答案】ship to之间加it
【解析】ship后缺少宾语。
65.【答案】encourage改为encouraging
【解析】现在分词短语“encouraging…”做increases的主语。
66.【答案】from改为to
【解析】根据该句前面出现的“ship to store”可知,from应该改为to。
67.【答案】that改为which
【解析】that前有逗号,该句为非限制性定语从句,非限制性定语从句应该用which引导。
68.【答案】send改为receive
【解析】该句要表达的意思是:当订单准备好后,他们会收到短信或电子邮件提醒。所以send应该改为receive。
69.【答案】only和we之间加do
【解析】“Not only…but also”连接两个句子时,Not only部分倒装,but also部分不倒装。后面实义动词,需要加助动词do。
70.【答案】likewise改为like
【解析】likewise“adv. 同样地,也”,句子中后面跟的是名词,表列举,这里应该用介词like。
71.【答案】did后加not
【解析】该句要表达的意思是:目前,沃尔玛的网站不包含食品,虽然Nave先生没有忽略这种可能性。句子中间的though表示让步,后面应该表示否定的意味,所以did后应该加not。
72.【答案】everything改为anything
【解析】该句要表达的意思是:今天我们要谈论的事情并不涵盖食品区域。所以everything应该改为anything。
73.【答案】after改为before
【解析】一般情况下,消费者都是先看再购买商品。文章这里要表达的意思是商家努力让消费者看商品之前就购买,所以after应该改为before。
74.【答案】trying前加and
【解析】This is a convenient play为主系表结构,句子完整,后面跟现在分词,之间缺少衔接词,所以trying前加and。
75.【答案】shortened改为shortening
【解析】这里表示的不是被动,而是正在进行的动作,所以shortened应该改为shortening。
Part Six Writing
Minimum wage in China
As domestic inflation is rising, the minimum wage becomes higher in many places. However, different opinions exist about the benefits and drawbacks of a higher minimum wage.
Supporters of raising the minimum wage think that it increases the standard of living for the poorest and most vulnerable class in society and raises the average income, motivates and encourages employees to work harder, and stimulates consumption. Opponents consider that it is less effective and more damaging to businesses than other methods of reducing poverty.
As far as I am concerned, it is obvious that the minimum wage legislation brings more harm than good. Firstly, raising minimum wages may harm some businesses where the labor cost affects the profit a lot. Secondly, it may reduce the demand for workers, so more and more laborers will not find jobs. And the rate of unemployment will increase. Thirdly, it forbids employers to pay less than a legal minimum, which is equivalent to forbidding workers to sell their labor for less than the minimum wage. The legal restriction that employers cannot pay less than a legislated wage is equivalent to the legal restriction that workers cannot work at all in the protected sector unless they can find employers willing to hire them at that wage. Last but not least, it will widen the gap between the rich and the poor, because the rise of the minimum wage will only make the rich richer and the poor poorer. Next, the wider gap will appear.
In a nutshell, we can draw a conclusion that the disadvantages of raising the minimum wage outweigh the advantages of that. Consequently, before raising the minimum wage, more aspects should be taken into account.