第二节 推理判断

一、考点介绍

推理判断是指根据阅读材料中的内容推断出题目要填写的内容或要选择的选项。大多数的推理判断只需要一般推理即可判断出答案，少数题目需要经过比较复杂的推理才能判断出答案。

二、真题示例

Example 1（Cambridge IELTS 8 Test 1 READING PASSAGE 2 Questions 24 and 25）

【真题回顾】

READING PASSAGE 2

AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL IN THE USA

E To meet this challenge, the following elements were put into effect. First, ATC extends over virtually the entire United States. In general, from 365m above the ground and higher, the entire country is blanketed by controlled airspace. In certain areas, mainly near airports, controlled airspace extends down to 215m above the ground, and, in the immediate vicinity of an airport, all the way down to the surface. Controlled airspace is that airspace in which FAA regulations apply. Elsewhere, in uncontrolled airspace, pilots are bound by fewer regulations. In this way, the recreational pilot who simply wishes to go flying for a while without all the restrictions imposed by the FAA has only to stay in uncontrolled airspace, below 365m, while the pilot who does want the protection afforded by ATC can easily enter the controlled airspace.

F The FAA then recognised two types of operating environments. In good meteo-rological conditions, flying would be permitted under Visual Flight Rules (VFR), which suggests a strong reliance on visual cues to maintain an acceptable level of safety. Poor visibility necessitated a set of Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR), under which the pilot relied on altitude and navigational information provided by the plane's instrument panel to fly safely. On a clear day, a pilot in controlled airspace can choose a VFR or IFR flight plan, and the FAA regulations were devised in a way which accommodates both VFR and IFR operations in the same airspace. However, a pilot can only choose to fly IFR if they possess an instrument rating which is above and beyond the basic pilot's license that must also be held.

G Controlled airspace is divided into several different types, designated by letters of the alphabet. Uncontrolled airspace is designated Class F, while controlled airspace below 5,490m above sea level and not in the vicinity of an airport is Class E. All airspace above 5,490m is designated Class A. The reason for the division of Class E and Class A airspace stems from the type of planes operating in them. Generally, Class E airspace is where one finds general aviation aircraft (few of which can climb above 5,490m anyway), and commercial turboprop aircraft. Above 5,490m is the realm of the heavy jets, since jet engines operate more efficiently at higher altitudes. The difference between Class E and A airspace is that in Class A, all operations are IFR, and pilots must be instrument-rated, that is, skilled and licensed in aircraft instrumentation. This is because ATC control of the entire space is essential. Three other types of airspace, Classes D, C and B, govern the vicinity of airports. These correspond roughly to small municipal, medium-sized metropolitan and major metropolitan airports respectively, and encompass an increasingly rigorous set of regulations. For example, all a VFR pilot has to do to enter Class C airspace is establish two-way radio contact with ATC. No explicit permission from ATC to enter is needed, although the pilot must continue to obey all regulations governing VFR flight. To enter Class B airspace, such as on approach to a major metropolitan airport, an explicit ATC clearance is required. The private pilot who cruises without permission into this airspace risks losing their license.

【考点点拨】

24 Class F airspace is airspace which is below 365m and not near airports.

答案：TRUE

关键词：Class F、365m、not near airports

定位句：根据关键词Class F定位到G段第二行：

（1）Uncontrolled airspace is designated Class F．非管制空域被定为F级。

再根据关键词365m定位到E段第二行：

（2）In general, from 365m above the ground and higher, the entire country is blanketed by controlled airspace. In certain areas, mainly near airports, controlled airspace extends down to 215m above the ground, and, in the immediate vicinity of an airport, all the way down to the surface．一般来说，在整个国家范围内，离地面365米以及更高的地方都是管制空域。在某些地区，主要是靠近机场的地区，管制空域向下延伸至距离地面215米以上的范围，而在紧邻机场的区域，管制空域包括地面及以上所有的区域。

解 析：定位句（1）可以理解为“Class F = 非管制空域”，根据定位句（2）可以推断出，“365米以下并且远离机场的领空 = 非管制空域”，把这两个定位句的意思相结合，就是“Class F = 365米以下并且远离机场的领空”。题目说的就是“F级领空就是365米以下并且远离机场的领空”。题目和定位句意思相符，答案就是TRUE。

考 点：推理判断。

25 All aircraft in Class E airspace must use IFR.

答案：FALSE

关键词：all、Class E、IFR

定位句：根据关键词定位到G段第八行：The difference between Class E and A airspace is that in Class A, all operations are IFR. E级和A级之间的区别在于A级空域中所有的操作都遵循仪表飞行规则（IFR）。

解 析：定位句说A级空域中的所有飞行都必须遵循IFR，而E级在这一点上和A级不同，可见，E级空域的所有飞机并不是都必须遵循IFR。题目和定位句意思不相符，答案就是FALSE。

考 点：推理判断。

Example 2（Cambridge IELTS 8 Test 4 READING PASSAGE 3 Questions 37-40）

【真题回顾】

READING PASSAGE 3

Collecting Ant Specimens

Many ants are small and forage primarily in the layer of leaves and other debris on the ground. Collecting these species by hand can be difficult. One of the most successful ways to collect them is to gather the leaf litter in which they are foraging and extract the ants from it. This is most commonly done by placing leaf litter on a screen over a large funnel, often under some heat. As the leaf litter dries from above, ants (and other animals) move downward and eventually fall out the bottom and are collected in alcohol placed below the funnel. This method works especially well in rain forests and marshy areas. A method of improving the catch when using a funnel is to sift the leaf litter through a coarse screen before placing it above the funnel. This will concentrate the litter and remove larger leaves and twigs. It will also allow more litter to be sampled when using a limited number of funnels.

【考点点拨】

One method of collecting ants

答案：Q 37 heat

Q 38 leaf litter

Q 39 screen

Q 40 alcohol

关键词：funnel

定位句：根据图示中的关键词定位到第四行：This is most commonly done by placing leaf litter on a screen over a large funnel, often under some heat. As the leaf litter dries from above, ants (and other animals) move downward and eventually fall out the bottom and are collected in alcohol placed below the funnel．最常见的做法是把落叶放在一个大漏斗上面的一个筛子上，通常在它们的上方进行加热。随着上面的叶子渐渐变干，蚂蚁（以及其他的动物）就会向下移动，并最终从漏斗底部漏出，这样就被收集到了置于漏斗下方的酒精中。

解 析：题目中的关键词funnel（漏斗）在定位句中两次重现。定位句说的是placing leaf litter on a screen over a large funnel, often under some heat，可见漏斗上面的东西就是a screen，第39题空格前给出了a，该题的答案就是screen；而screen上面放的东西是leaf litter，第38题的答案就是leaf litter；树叶、筛子和漏斗都是under some heat，第37题空格前给出了some，该题的答案就是heat；定位句后面又说alcohol placed below the funnel，可见，放在漏斗下面的东西就是alcohol，第40题的答案就是alcohol。

考 点：推理判断。