10 Meteorology
海洋大气科学：介绍大气与海洋之间的交界面上产生湍流的研究
导读
湍流是流体的一种流动状态。当流速很小时，流体分层流动，互不混合，称为层流，也称为稳流或片流；逐渐增加流速，流体的流线开始出现波浪状的摆动，摆动的频率及振幅随流速的增加而增加，此种流况称为过渡流；当流速增加到很大时，流线不再清楚可辨，流场中有许多小漩涡，层流被破坏，相邻流层间不但有滑动，还有混合。这时的流体作不规则运动，有垂直于流管轴线方向的分速度产生，这种运动称为湍流，又称为乱流、扰流或紊流。
本文主要介绍大气与海洋之间的交界面上产生湍流的现象。
The transfer of heat and water vapor from the ocean to the air above it depends on a disequilibrium at the interface
of the water and the air. Within about a millimeter of the water, air temperature is close to that of the surface water, and the air is nearly saturated with water vapor. But the differences, however small, are crucial, and the disequilibrium is maintained by air near the surface mixing with air higher up, which is typically appreciably cooler and lower in water-vapor content. The air is mixed by means of turbulence that depends on the wind for its energy. As wind speed increases, so does turbulence, and thus the rate of heat and moisture transfer. Detailed understanding of this phenomenon awaits further study. An inter-acting—and complicating—phenomenon is wind-to-water transfer of momentum that occurs when waves are formed. When the wind makes waves, it transfers important amounts of energy—energy that is therefore not available to provide turbulence.
热量和水蒸气从海洋向海面上的空气传输取决于水与空气之间分界面上的一种不平衡现象。离水面大约一毫米的距离内，空气的温度接近水面温度，空气中的水蒸气接近饱和。但是其间的差别不管多么微小，却是极其重要的；这种不平衡现象是由同较高处空气混合的接近海面的空气来保持的。可以感觉到这样的特点：较高处的空气比接近海面的空气气温低，水蒸气含量低。空气的混合取决于由风掀起的湍流。风速增加，湍流也随之增加，因而热量和水蒸气的传输速度也随之增加。对于这种现象的详尽理解有待于进一步研究。因为当波浪形成时，风向海水传输动量是一种相互作用的复杂现象。风掀起波浪时，向海水传输大量能量——因而这种能量不可能用来产生湍流。
Sentence Translation
句子翻译
1. But the differences, however small, are crucial, and the disequilibrium is maintained by air near the surface mixing with air higher up, which is typically appreciably cooler and lower in water-vapor content.
2. An interacting—and complicating—phenomenon is wind-to-water transfer of momentum that occurs when waves are formed.
Key
1．但是其间的差别不管多么微小，却是极其重要的；这种不平衡现象是由同较高处空气混合的接近海面的空气来保持的。
2．因为当波浪形成时，风向海水传输动量是一种相互作用的复杂现象。