06 Animal Physiology and Psychology:The Adrenaline of Animals
动物生理心理学：论草原大哺乳动物掠食者与被食者生理心理的变化
导读
生理心理学是心理学研究的重要组成部分，它探讨的是心理活动的生理基础和脑的机制。它的研究包括脑与行为的演化，脑的解剖与发展及其和行为的关系，认知、运动控制、动机行为、情绪和精神障碍等心理现象和行为的神经过程和神经机制。本文以草原大哺乳动物掠食者与被食者生理心理的变化为切入点，探讨动物生理心理学。
The evolution of intelligence among early large mammals of the grasslands was due in great measure to the interaction between two ecologically synchronized
groups of these animals, the hunting carnivores and the herbivores that they hunted. The interaction resulting from the differences between predator and prey led to a general improvement in brain functions; however, certain components of intelligence were improved far more than others.
The kind of intelligence favored by the interplay of increasingly smarter catchers and increasingly keener escapers is defined by attention—that aspect of mind carrying consciousness forward from one moment to the next. It ranges from a passive, free-floating awareness to a highly focused, active fixation. The range through these states is mediated by the arousal system, a network of tracts converging from sensory systems to integrating centers in the brain stem. From the more relaxed to the more vigorous levels, sensitivity to novelty is increased. The organism is more awake, more vigilant; this increased vigilance results in the apprehension of ever more subtle signals as the organism becomes more sensitive to its surroundings. The processes of arousal and concentration give attention its direction. Arousal is at first general, with a flooding of impulses in the brain stem; then gradually the activation is channeled. Thus begins concentration, the holding of consistent images. One meaning of intelligence is the way in which these images and other alertly searched information are used in the context of previous experience. Consciousness links past attention to the present and permits the integration of details with perceived ends and purposes.
The elements of intelligence and conscious-ness come together marvelously to produce different styles in predator and prey. Herbivores and carnivores develop different kinds of attention related to escaping or chasing. Although in both kinds of animal, arousal stimulates the production of adrenaline and norepinephrine by the adrenal glands, the effect in herbivores is primarily fear, whereas in carnivores the effect is primarily aggression. For both, arousal attunes the animal to what is ahead. Perhaps it does not experience forethought as we know it, but the animal does experience something like it. The predator is searchingly aggressive, innerdirected, tuned by the nervous system and the adrenal hormones, but aware in a sense closer to human consciousness than, say, a hungry lizard's instinctive snap at a passing beetle. Using past events as a framework, the large mammal predator is working out a relationship between movement and food, sensitive to possibilities in cold trails and distant sounds—and yesterday's unforgotten lessons. The herbivore prey is of a different mind. Its mood of wariness rather than searching and its attitude of general expectancy instead of anticipating are silk-thin veils of tranquility over an explosive endocrine system.
早期草原大哺乳动物的智力进化在很大程度上是由于两种生态同步发展的动物种群——掠食动物同食草动物之间的相互影响来决定的。由捕食者和被捕食者的差别所引起的这种相互影响，导致大脑功能的普遍提高；然而智力的某些组成部分比起智力其他组成部分来，其提高程度要快得多。
由越来越聪明的追捕者同越来越敏锐的逃脱者之间的相互影响所加强起来的这种智力可以称为注意力，即随着时间的转变推动意识向前发展的那种心理状态。从消极的自由浮动的意识发展到积极的高度集中的注意，这种状态的变化是由激发系统来调节的。这种激发系统是一种从感觉系统会聚到脑干集成中心的神经束网络。从比较松懈状态转变到比较活跃状态，对新奇事物的敏感程度也随之增强，生物体更加清醒更加警觉。当生物体对周围环境变得更加敏感时，提高了的警觉性使生物体比以往任何时候更能领会微妙的迹象。这种激发和集中的过程引导注意力指向的方向。起初，激发是一般的，只是在脑干中引起一种脉冲流；随后逐渐进入激活状态；接着开始集中注意，掌握连贯的形象。智力的一种含义是表现在根据以往的经验来运用这些形象与其他积极探索到的信息的那种方式中。意识把过去注意到的信息同现在注意到的信息联系起来，把信息的细节同可观察到的目标结合起来。
智力因素和意识因素结合起来在掠食者和被食者身上奇迹般地产生不同的行为方式。食草动物和食肉动物发展与逃跑和追逐相关的不同类型的注意力。虽然在这两种动物身上，激发都促进肾上腺产生肾上腺素和新肾上腺素，但是在食草动物身上产生的后果主要是恐惧，而在食肉动物身上产生的后果主要是进攻。对于这两种动物，激发引导它们对面前发生的事情做好准备。也许并非像我们所想象的那样，动物的行为是经历预先谋划的，但是动物的的确确经历某种类似谋划的情形。掠夺者进行积极而有主见的搜索，这种行为是由神经系统和肾上腺激素来调节的。这在某种意义上接近人类的有意识的行为，而不像，譬如说，饥饿的蜥蜴对经过它身边的甲虫本能地发出猛咬的动作。大哺乳掠夺动物利用过去事件作为框架，确定运动与食物的关系，在冷却的痕迹和远方的音响中——以及在没有忘却了的昨日教训中，敏锐地觉察到种种可能性。而被捕食者食草动物则有着不同的心态，它那谨慎小心而非积极搜索的心绪，它那泛泛期待而非专注期望的心态，是一层包裹在即将爆发的内分泌腺系统外面的宁静的薄膜。
Sentence Translation
句子翻译
1. The kind of intelligence favored by the interplay of increasingly smarter catchers and increasingly keener escapers is defined by attention—that aspect of mind carrying consciousness forward from one moment to the next.
2. Although in both kinds of animal, arousal stimulates the production of adrenaline and norepinephrine by the adrenal glands, the effect in herbivores is primarily fear, whereas in carnivores the effect is primarily aggression.
Key
1．由越来越聪明的追捕者同越来越敏锐的逃脱者之间的相互影响所加强起来的这种智力可以称为注意力，即随着时间的转变推动意识向前发展的那种心理状态。
2．虽然在这两种动物身上，激发都促进肾上腺产生肾上腺素和新肾上腺素，但是在食草动物身上产生的后果主要是恐惧，而在食肉动物身上产生的后果主要是进攻。