托福词汇:字字珠玑
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第二轮 iBT词汇强化阶段(Ⅰ):9天

Level B——强化动词9个列表共收录核心词180个

978-7-111-51104-5-Chapter02-1.jpg

Day 1

□ impart

□ enhance

□ foster

□ impose

□ accomplish

□ overwhelm

□ assert

□ contend

□ boast

□ induce

□ overlap

□ evoke

□ mediate

□ complement

□ reclaim

□ adorn

□ sever

□ entice

□ coexist

□ supplant

Day 2

□ confront

□ depict

□ facilitate

□ portray

□ interact

□ retrieve

□ obscure

□ conceive

□ suppress

□ speculate

□ compensate

□ supervise

□ embed

□ deprive

□ navigate

□ simulate

□ propel

□ coincide

□ distort

□ unleash

Day 3

□ characterize

□ implement

□ prosper

□ champion

□ visualize

□ pioneer

□ disregard

□ punctuate

□ appropriate

□ cripple

□ perish

□ publicize

□ hospitalize

□ conceptualize

□ envelop

□ victimize

□ encode

□ strand

□ agitate

□ uproot

Day 4

□ feature

□ evaluate

□ illustrate

□ dominate

□ incorporate

□ exhibit

□ exceed

□ integrate

□ attribute

□ administer

□ entitle

□ trigger

□ minimize

□ descend

□ thrive

□ sacrifice

□ interfere

□ compromise

□ authorize

□ embody

Day 5

□ anticipate

□ comprehend

□ surpass

□ conform

□ erode

□ constrain

□ collide

□ abolish

□ abound

□ hinder

□ pinpoint

□ grapple

□ reckon

□ subside

□ diversify

□ hamper

□ fluctuate

□ smother

□ repel

□ decompose

Day 6

□ diminish

□ envision

□ illuminate

□ devastate

□ wrestle

□ inhibit

□ discern

□ trickle

□ excavate

□ aggravate

□ nourish

□ intrude

□ obstruct

□ intersect

□ propagate

□ substantiate

□ fertilize

□ diverge

□ perplex

□ domesticate

Day 7

□ designate

□ conceal

□ invoke

□ scrape

□ uphold

□ precede

□ divert

□ intensify

□ elicit

□ splash

□ allocate

□ inhale

□ plague

□ elaborate

□ redefine

□ flicker

□ infringe

□ dilute

□ befriend

□ shelter

Day 8

□ undermine

□ manipulate

□ intervene

□ glaze

□ underlie

□ validate

□ contaminate

□ converge

□ eradicate

□ plummet

□ deplete

□ precipitate

□ synthesize

□ neutralize

□ dwarf

□ replenish

□ colonize

□ repress

□ distill

□ hibernate

Day 9

□ endorse

□ resemble

□ rotate

□ merge

□ surge

□ discriminate

□ rebound

□ dispute

□ devour

□ quantify

□ tangle

□ squander

□ protrude

□ engrave

□ embellish

□ ravage

□ deviate

□ gratify

□ interlock

□ overlie

Day 1

978-7-111-51104-5-Chapter02-2.jpg

impart[Imˈpαːrt] 55016

【释义】

vt.给予;传递,告诉(give;i nform,dissem i nate)

【字字珠玑】

impart:disseminate ____□□□

例句

•As master craft workers,they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and

journeymen.作为师傅,工匠们将自己的手艺传授给徒弟和雇工。

【派生】

impartment n.给予;告知impartation n.给予;告知

【词根】

im(进入)+part(部分)→给予

enhance[Inˈhæns] 20782

【释义】

vt.提高;增加(raise,i mprove,heighten)

【字字珠玑】

enhance:improve ____□□□

enhance:increase ____□□□

enhance:intensify ____□□□

enhance:promote ____□□□

enhance:enrich ____□□□

3-1.enhance○protect○improve○organize○match

20-3.enhance○control○limit○combine○increase

33-1.enhance○serve○i mprove○control○protect

例句

•Humans insti nctively seek structures that will shelter and enhance their way of life.

人类本能地寻找可以提供居住并且改善他们生活质量的建筑。

•The clock provided the punctuation marks for group activity,whi le enabl i ng i ndividuals to order

their own work(and that of others)so as to enhance productivity.

钟表也为集体活动提供了时间提示,同时使个人能够安排他们自己的工作,以增强生产力。

•Talki ng with parents about the past may enhance the development of the self-concept,for

example,as well as help the child understand what it means to“remember”.与父母聊聊往

事可以加强自我认知的发展,举例来说,就像帮助儿童理解什么是“记得”一样。

•Not everyone agrees that programs that seek to enhance academ ic skills during the preschool

years are a good thi ng.不是每个人都认为追求提高学术能力的学前课程是一件好事。

•A number of conditions enhance the likel ihood that pri mary groups will arise.

很多情况也会增加主要群体出现的可能性。

•If so,the green algae wou ld have been subjected to envi ronmental pressures that resu lted in adaptations that enhanced their potential to give rise to land-dwelling or organisms.

如果事实如此的话,绿藻可能曾经受到环境的压力,产生了适应机制,即提高进化出陆生植物或其他有机体的可能性。

•Many other processes may after the shell of a clam or snail and enhance its chances for preser- vation.很多其他过程也许会改变哈喇壳或蜗牛壳并且增加它被保存下来的概率。

•As time went on,such communities gradually learned how to direct the flow of water to en-hance the productive capacity of the land,while the i ntroduction of the iron plow eventually led to the cu ltivation of heavy soils not previously susceptible to agricu lture.

再接下来,这些社群逐渐学会如何改变水的流向以提高土地的生产力,而铁犁的使用最终使农作物得以在原来不适宜耕种的黏重土壤上生长。

【派生】

enhance productivity/skills/development/potential提高生产力/技能/发展/潜能

enhancement n.增加,放大-enhancer……的增强剂

【词根】

en-(使处于……状态)+hanc(high高)→提高

foster[ˈfαːstər] 19359

【释义】

vt.促进;培养,养育,抚育(advance;cu ltivate,nourish)

adj.收养的,养育的(providing or receiving nurture or parental care)

【字字珠玑】

foster:urge ____□□□

foster:promote ____□□□

7-2.fostered○accepted○combi ned○i ntroduced○encouraged

例句

•I n turn,a deep attachment to the land,and to the stabi l ity which rural l ife engenders,fostered

the Roman vi rtues:gravitas,a sense of responsibi l ity,peitas,a sense of devotion to fam i ly

and country,and i ustitia,a sense of the natural order.

反过来,对土地以及稳定乡村生活的深深的依恋孕育了罗马人的品格:gravitas,一种责

任感;peitas,对家庭和国家的牺牲精神;以及i ustitia,一种对自然秩序的使命。

impose[Imˈpoʊz] 18884

【释义】

vt.强加,强迫(force)

vt.征税(levy,assess,charge)

【字字珠玑】

imposing:impressive ____□□□

11-3.impose on○increase for○remove from○place on○distribute to

例句

•Many signals that ani mals make seem to impose on the signalers costs that are overly

damagi ng.许多动物发出的信号可能会给它们自身带来极大危害。

【派生】

imposition n.征收;加强;欺骗imposing adj.令人难忘的

【词根】

im(in进)+pose(put,place放)→强加

accomplish[əˈkαːmplIʃ] 16173

【释义】

vt.完成;实现;达到(achieve,carry out)

【字字珠玑】

accomplished:achieved ____□□□

accomplished:skilled ____□□□

作为单词题paradoxes的选项出现。

13-3.paradoxes○difficu lties○accompl ishments

○parallels○contradictions

例句

•Desertification is accompl ished pri marily through the loss of stabi lizing natural vegetation and the subsequent accelerated erosion of the soil by wind and water.沙漠化主要通过以下过程

实现:首先自然植被不断减少,随后风力和雨水加速了土壤的腐蚀。

•The leatherback accompl ishes this by arrangi ng the blood vessels in the base of its flipper into a

countercurrent exchange system.

棱皮龟通过鳍下排列的血管流入逆流交换系统来实现这一点。

【派生】

accomplished adj.完成的;熟练的v.动词accomplish的过去式和过去分词

accomplishable adj.可完成的;可达成的

accomplishment n.成就;完成;技艺,技能

【词根】

ac-(加强)+complete(完成)+finish(完成)→全部完成→完成

overwhelm[oʊvərˈwelm]14581

【释义】

vt.淹没;压倒;覆盖;压垮(drown;prevai lover;oppress;devastate)

【字字珠玑】

overwhel ming:staggeri ng□□□

overwhelming:powerful ____□□□

5-2.overwhelming○powerful○favorable○current○reasonable

例句

•Contrary to these theorists,the overwhelming evidence of physical anthropology,l ingu istics,

and archaeology shows that the Pacific islanders came from Southeast Asia and were skilled

enough as navigators to sail against the prevail ing winds and currents.

与这些理论相矛盾的是,有关物理人类学、语言学和考古学的权威证据表明,太平洋岛

居民来自东南亚,并且他们有足够的能力来逆着风和洋流航行。

【派生】

overwhelming adj.压倒性的;势不可挡的

【词根】

over-(过度,过分,超过)+whelm(淹没,压倒)→淹没;压倒

assert[əˈsɜːrt] 11204

【释义】

vt.断言,宣称;维护(declare,affi rm)

【字字珠玑】

assert:establish ____□□□

assert:declare ____□□□

asserted:alleged ____□□□

assertion:strong statement ____□□□

例句

•Cognitive psychologists assert that our behavior is infl uenced by our val ues,by the ways in

which we interpret our situations and by choice.认知心理学家认为人类的行为受以下因素影

响:价值观、解析自己处境的方式以及不同的选择。

•Competition for good farm land may also have prompted people to bond together to assert rights

over the best fields.对于良田的竞争也会促使人们团结起来争取最好的土地。

【派生】

assertive adj.肯定的;独断的assertively adv.独断地,断言地

assertor n.维护者;主张者assertion n.断言,陈词

contend[kənˈtend] 9696

【释义】

vi.竞争;奋斗;斗争(compete,battle)

vt.主张;为……斗争(state sth.is true or is a fact;rival)

【字字珠玑】

contention:debate ____□□□

contention:argument ____□□□

contention:claim ____□□□

例句

•Some analysts also contend that the number of birds killed by wi nd turbi nes is dwarfed by bi rds

killed by other human-related sources and by the potential loss of enti re bird species from

possible global warm ing.有的分析家认为,由风力涡轮机导致的鸟类死亡数目和由其他人

为原因造成的死亡数目以及整个鸟类可能因全球变暖而死亡的数目相比少之又少。

•Scholars bel ieve that this cooperation allowed people to contend with a patchy envi ronment in

which precipitation and other resources varied across the landscape.

学者们相信这种合作让人们在这种拼凑的但不断变化的环境中相互竞争。

【派生】

contender n.竞争者;争夺者

【词根】

con-(一起)+tend(伸展,趋向)→一起伸展→竞争,斗争

boast[boʊst] 6601

【释义】

vt.有,拥有(have,possess)

vt.吹嘘(brag,self-praise)

【字字珠玑】

boast:exaggerate ____□□□

boast:puff ____□□□

boast:brag ____□□□

boasted:took pride in having ____□□□

例句

•Most were made for sale on the open market,and cities boasted special souks(markets)

where books were bought and sold.

大部分书籍都在市场上出售,城市设有书籍交易的特殊市场。

【派生】

boastful adj.自夸的

induce[Inˈduːs] 6261

【释义】

vt.导致,诱使(cause,produce,bring about)

【字字珠玑】

induce:stimu late ____□□□

induce:cause ____□□□

inducement:incentive ____□□□

28-3.induce○increase○extend○delay○stimulate

例句

•In view of this behavior it has been suggested that chemicals present in fresh buck rubs may help physiologically induce and synchronize fertility in females that visit these rubs.这种行为

表明新鲜擦痕上的化学物质可能有助于从生理上诱导并让关注这些擦痕的雌鹿同时受孕。

【派生】

induced adj.感应的v.动词induce的过去式和过去分词

stress-i nduced adj.压力引发的i nducement n.诱因,刺激物

【词根】

in-(里面,内部)+duce(lead,bri ng引导,带来)→导致

overlap[oʊvərˈlæp]5825

【释义】

v.重叠,与……重叠(extend over and cover a part of)

n.重叠(lap)

【字字珠玑】

overlap:cover ____□□□

overlap with:have...in common ____□□□

例句

•Competi ng species also tend to change thei r ranges so that thei r territories no longer overlap.

相互竞争的物种会逐渐改变他们的活动范围使其领地不再重叠。

【派生】

overlapped adj.重叠的v.动词overlap的过去式和过去分词

【词根】

over-(在上面)+lap(重叠)→重叠

evoke[Iˈvoʊk]5538

【释义】

vt.引起,唤起(arouse,produce)

【字字珠玑】

evoke:cause ____□□□

evoke:promote ____□□□

evoke:stimu late ____□□□

evoke:create in the mind ____□□□

例句

•The second technique relies on evoked potentials,which are electrical brain responses that may

be related to a particu lar stimul us because of where they origi nate.

第二种技术基于诱发电位,大脑的弱电反应可能因其起源而与特定刺激有关系。

【派生】

evoked adj.诱发的v.动词evoke的过去式和过去分词evocation n.唤醒

【词根】

e-(出)+vok(voice出声,叫喊)+e→喊出→唤起

mediate[ˈmiːdieIt] 3794

【释义】

vi.调解;斡旋(act as a peacemaker or go-between for two or more people,groups,etc.who

disagree)

vt.调停;传达(i ntercede,i ntervene)

adj.间接的;居间的(i ndi rect,secondhand)

【字字珠玑】

Syn.:settle,peace,intervene,negotiate,interfere

例句

•Sociologists view primary groups as bridges between individuals and the larger society because

they transm it,mediate,and interpret a society’s cultural patterns and provide the sense of

oneness so critical for social sol idarity.社会学家将主要群体比作独立个体与整个社会之间的

桥梁,因为它能传达、调解并解读一个社会的文化模式,提供一种归属感,有助于社会团结。

【派生】

mediation n.调解;仲裁meditative adj.调解的;斡旋的

【词根】

medi-(中间)+ate(表动词)→调停,调解

complement[ˈkαːmplIment] 3402

【释义】

vt.补足(supply)

n.补足物(supplement)

【字字珠玑】

complement:add to ____□□□

complement:supplement ____□□□

例句

•Buildi ngs contribute to human l ife when they provide shelter,enrich space,complement thei r

site,suit the climate,and are econom ical ly feasible.

建筑物为人类的生活提供遮蔽处和丰富的空间、增加人们的活动场所、完善人们的居所、

帮助人们适应气候的变化,同时使人们在经济上也可承受。

【派生】

complementary adj.补充的

【词根】

com-(全部)+ple(满,填满)+ment(表名词)→全部满→补足

reclaim[rIˈkleIm] 3129

【释义】

vt.重获;夺取(regai n,retrieve)

【字字珠玑】

Syn.:recover,restore,regai n,repossess

例句

•People tried to work the avai lable land more intensively and to reclaim more land from wetlands and lakes.人们对可耕地的利用强度越来越大,并从湿地和湖泊中开垦了更多的耕地。

•The Dutch reclaimed more than 36,000 acres from 1590 to 1615 alone.

单单是在1590年到1615年间,荷兰就开垦了36000多英亩[1]土地。

Reclaimed land was much more su itable for agricu lture than the existi ng land.

已开垦的土地比已存在的土地更适合农业。

【派生】

reclai mable adj.可收回的reclamation n.重获,获得

【词根】

re-(再,重新)+claim(声称)→重获

adorn[əˈdɔːrn] 2570

【释义】

vt.装饰;润色(decorate)

【字字珠玑】

adorn:decorate ____□□□

例句

•Some scientists specu late that Mars may have enjoyed an extended early period during which

rivers,lakes,and perhaps even oceans adorned its surface.

一些科学家认为早期的火星上广泛存在着河流、湖泊甚至是海洋。

【派生】

adornment n.装饰品

【词根】

ad-(加强)+orn(=embellish装饰)→装饰

sever[ˈsevər] 1994

【释义】

vt.割断,断绝(disassociate,separate)

vi.断裂;分离(divide,break up)

【字字珠玑】

sever:cut off ____□□□

32-2.severed○cut off○viewed○protected○rescued

例句

•The old local ruling families,then,were severed from their traditional social context.

于是旧式地方统治家族与他们传统的社会环境之间切断了联系。

【派生】

severance n.分离;断绝severable adj.可断开的,可分离的

【词根】

se-(表示“分开,离开,区别开”)

entice[InˈtaIs]1786

【释义】

vt.诱使;怂恿(provoke sb.to do sth.through prom ises or persuasion)

【派生】

enticement n.诱惑;怂恿;引诱物;吸引力entici ng adj.迷人的;引诱的

【字字珠玑】

Syn.:l ure,tempt

例句

•These families were pensioned off(given a sum of money to live on)or simply had their revenues taken away or restricted;their sons were enticed away to schools for district officers

(政府)发给这些家族抚恤金(给一笔钱维持生活),或简单地剥夺或限制他们的税收;怂恿他们的儿子去上为地方官员设立的学校。

coexist[ˌkoʊIgˈzIst] 1420

【释义】

vi.共存;和平共处(exist together)

【字字珠玑】

Syn.:accompany,concur

例句

•Prior to 200 B.C.,a number of relatively sma l centers coexisted in and near the Valley of

Mexico.公元前200年以前,有很多相对较小的中心在墨西哥峡谷内部和周围和谐共存着。

•This resu ltedin the“biome”,a combi nation of coexisting flora and fauna.

于是就产生了生物群落的概念——一种动物群落和植物群落共存的结合体。

【派生】

coexistence n.共存;和平共处;并立

coexistent adj.同时共存的;同时代的

【词根】

co-(共同)+exist(存在)→共存

supplant[səˈplænt] 1157

【释义】

vt.代替;排挤(replace;squeeze out)

【字字珠玑】

supplant:replace ____□□□

supplant:substitute ____□□□

例句

•Papermaki ng spread quickly to Egypt—and eventual ly to Sicily and Spain—but it was several centuries before paper supplanted parchment for copies of the Koran.造纸术很快传播到埃及,最终传到西西里岛和西班牙。但是,几个世纪后,纸张才取代了羊皮纸,用于抄写《古兰经》。

【派生】

supplantation n.排挤后取而代之supplanter n.排挤者,取代者

【词根】

sup-(下面)+plant(种植)→种在下面,把上面的取代→代替

Day 2

978-7-111-51104-5-Chapter02-3.jpg

confront[kənˈfrʌnt] 11512

【释义】

vt.面对;对峙(face)

【字字珠玑】

confront:face ____□□□

例句

•Thus,fantasy or fiction(of which drama is one form)perm its people to objectify their anxieties

and fears,confront them,and fulfill their hopes in fiction if not fact.

因此,人们通过幻想或虚构(戏剧的一个形式)把他们的焦虑和恐惧具体化,再通过这

种方式面对焦虑和恐惧,并从虚构中满足他们现实中无法实现的愿望。

【派生】

be confronted with面对confrontation n.对抗;面对;对峙

confrontational adj.对抗性的

【词根】

con-(together,表示“共同”)+front(forehead)→面对

depict[dIˈpIkt] 11116

【释义】

vt.描述;描画(delineate,describe,portray)

【字字珠玑】

depict:portray ____□□□

depict:describe ____□□□

depict:picture ____□□□

11 -1.depicts○imagines○classifies○elevates○portrays

12-1.depicted○identified○revealed○pictured○imagined

例句

•Apart from statues representing deities,kings,and named members of the elite that can be

called formal,there is another group of three-di mensional representations that depicts generic

figures,frequently servants,from the nonel ite popu lation.

除了为神灵、国王以及有记载的贵族成员所塑的雕像会有特定的外形,其他的非贵族成

员和频繁出现的仆人都是用普通外表来描绘的。

•In the few cases where an Ice Age figure is depicted holding somethi ng,it is mostly,though not always,in the right hand.在某些情况下,冰河时期的雕塑都被雕刻为拿着一些物品的模样,尽管不是绝对的,但是起码大多数都是放在右手上。

•If that were indeed their belief,it might explai n why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art.如果这确实是他们的信念,那便解释了为什么在洞穴绘画中很少描绘人物。

•Paintings became more compl icated,giving the artist greater opportunities to depict space or emotion.绘画变得更复杂,艺术家有更多机会去描绘空间、表达情感。

•These figures depict a wide range of actions,such as gri ndi ng grai n,baking bread,produci ng pots,and making music,and they are shown in appropriate poses,bending and squatting as they carry out their tasks.这些雕像形态各异,例如研磨谷物、烤焙面包、制作瓦罐或者演奏音乐,他们姿态逼真,工作时弯腰或蹲下。

【派生】

depict...as把……描绘成depiction n.描写,叙述

【词根】

de-(加强)+pict(picture画图)→成为画图→描绘

facilitate[fəˈsIlIteIt]10641

【释义】

vt.促进;帮助;使容易(promote;help ease,smooth)

【字字珠玑】

facilitate:make sth.easier ____□□□

facilitate:assist ____□□□

facilitate:ease ____□□□

facilitate:enable ____□□□

5-1.facil itates○slows down○affects

○makes easier○focuses on

例句

•Hydroponics has appl ications beyond basic research,since it facil itates the growing of

greenhouse vegetables during winter.

水培法的应用已经超越了基础研究,因为它促进了温室蔬菜在冬季的生长。

•However,even children with low verbal skills showed evidence of rememberi ng the event;

thus,memories may be facilitated by but are not dependent on those verbal skills.

但是,即使是语言能力很差的儿童也提供了记得该事件的证据,因此,语言能力可以促进记忆,但是记忆并不依赖于语言能力。

•Increased agricu ltural production in turn facil itated rural industry,an intri nsic part of the expansion of industry.农业生产的发展反过来促进了工业中的部分——农村工业的发展。

•The avai labil ity of steam power and the demands for new machi nes facil itated the transformation of the iron i ndustry.蒸汽动力的可利用性以及对新机器的需求促进了钢铁工业的转型。

•The expansion of trade was facil itated by developments in banking and financial services and benefited from the huge influx of capital in the form of gold silver from the Americas.

银行和金融机构的发展带动了贸易的扩大,同时来自美洲的大量的资金以金银的方式流

入,这也使得贸易扩大从中受益。

【派生】

facilitate the development of促进……的发展facilitation n.简易化

【词根】

fac-(做,制作)+ile(能够)+tate(动词后缀)→使能够做→使容易

portray[pɔːrˈtreI] 10322

【释义】

vt.描绘,绘制(delineate,depict)

【字字珠玑】

portray:depict ____□□□

portray:show ____□□□

例句

•In addition,the paintings mostly portray ani mals that the pai nters may have feared the most be-cause of their size,speed,natural weapons such as tusks and horns,and the unpredictabi lity of their behavior.另外,画作中主要描绘了绘画者害怕的动物,它们的体形、速度、与生俱来的武器如长牙和角,以及它们行为的不可预知性都令绘画者感到恐惧。

【派生】

portrait n.肖像,画像;描写

interact[Intərˈækt]7787

【释义】

v.互相影响;互相作用(to act on each other)

【字字珠玑】

interact:interplay ____□□□

interact:interm ingle ____□□□

作为单词题i nterplay选项出现。

16-2.i nterplay○sequence○i nterpretation○requ i rement○i nteraction

例句

•Facial expressions and emotional states interact with each other through a variety of feedback

mechanisms.面部表达和感情状态通过多种多样的反馈机制互相影响。

•Whether a given species wi l l be found i n a given ecosystem strongly depends on what other

species it wou ld interact with i n that ecosystem.

一个特定物质是否在一个特定生态系统中被找到取决于它如何在生态系统中和其他物种互动。

【派生】

i nteraction n.互相作用i nteractional adj.互相作用的

【词根】

i nter-(among,between在……之间,相互)+act(作用)→相互作用

retrieve[rIˈtriːv]7565

【释义】

vt.重新得到,重新找回(recover)

【字字珠玑】

retrieve:bring back ____□□□

retrieve:recover ____□□□

例句

•Whether people can remember an event depends critically on the fit between the way in which they earlier encoded the i nformation and the way in which they later attempt to retrieve it.

人们是否能够回忆起一件事情的关键在于这两种方式的匹配程度。在这两种方式中,前者对信息进行解码,后者尝试重新获得信息。

•This part of the brain may be critical for remembering particu lar episodes in ways that can be retrieved later.

大脑的这部分对记忆发生的特殊事件以及之后回想这些事情起着至关重要的作用。

【派生】

retrieval n.检索;恢复;取回

【词根】

re-(重新)+trieve(找到)→重新找回

obscure[əbˈskjʊr] 7328

【释义】

adj.模糊的;没有名气的(unclear;unknown,inconspicuous)

vt.掩盖;模糊(hide,cloud)

【字字珠玑】

obscure:conceal ____□□□

obscure:hide ____□□□

obscure:blur ____□□□

obscure:vague ____□□□

obscure:equivocal ____□□□

obscure:ambivalent ____□□□

obscure:little known ____□□□

obscure:unclear ____□□□

例句

•Only when European decorative themes were i ntroduced did these meani ngs become obscured or even lost.但是欧洲的装饰主题被引进后,这些寓意就变得不再那么流行甚至丢失了。

•Such changes are all but i nvisible over the short time scale of modern observations,and,it is argued,they are usually obscured by i nnumerable gapsin the imperfect fossil record.

这种改变是普遍的,但是在短时间内是察觉不到的,并且,这个观点声称,它们通常被掩盖于不完美的化石记录的不可计数的缺失中。

【派生】

obscurity n.难解;模糊obscuration n.遮蔽,昏暗;晦涩

【词根】

ob-(“逆,倒,反”,用于加强意义)+scure(跑)→掩盖

conceive[kənˈsiːv] 7231

【释义】

vi.(of)想象(visual ize)

vt.构思(devise)

【字字珠玑】

conceive:imagine ____□□□

conceive:design ____□□□

conceive:consider ____□□□

例句

•If it seems difficu lt to conceive how major changes cou ld occur rapidly,consider this:an

alteration of a si ngle gene i n fi les is enough to turn a normal fly with a si ngle pai r of wi ngs i nto

one that has two pai rs of wi ngs.如果很难设想大的改变会迅速发生,想想这些:一个单一

基因的改变就足以将有一对翅膀的苍蝇变成两对翅膀。

【派生】

conceivable adj.可能的,想得到的

【词根】

con-(共同)+ceive(抓)→大家一起抓→构想

suppress[səˈpres]5842

【释义】

vt.抑制;镇压(i nhibit;repress)

【字字珠玑】

suppress:stop□□□

suppress:stop by force□□□

suppress:hold back□□□

suppress:check□□□

19-1.suppress⚪respond to⚪warn agai nst

⚪avoid the i mpact of⚪stop by force

例句

•This then meant that the military had to remain to suppress rebell ion and organize government.

这就意味着军队不得不维持对反叛的高压政策以及承担组织政府的责任。

•The high costs of converti ng to sound and the early lim itations of sound technology were among

the factors that suppressed i nnovations or retarded advancement in these other areas.

声音转化的高成本和早期声音技术的局限阻碍了这些发明在其他领域的发展。

•It might be that a stiff lip suppresses emotional response as long as the lip is not quivering with

fear or tension.很有可能是因为紧咬牙关抑制了消极情绪,只要嘴唇没紧张或者恐惧得发抖。

【派生】

suppression n.抑制;镇压suppressive adj.压迫性的

【词根】

sup-(下)+press(挤压)→镇压

speculate[ˈspekjuleIt]5688

【释义】

vi.推测;思索(hypothesize,conjecture)

vt.推断(concl ude)

【字字珠玑】

speculate:suppose ____□□□

speculate:put forward as a possibility ____□□□

speculate:guess ____□□□

speculation:supposition ____□□□

例句

•Some scientists speculate that Mars may have enjoyed an extended early Period duri ng which

rivers,lakes,and perhaps even oceans adorned its surface.

一些科学家认为早期的火星上广泛存在着河流、湖泊甚至是海洋。

【派生】

speculative adj.投机的;推测的speculation n.投机;思索

【词根】

spec-(spect看)+ulate(动词后缀)→看准了→思考,猜测

compensate[ˈkαmpenseIt]5508

【释义】

vi.弥补;抵消(do sth.to make sth.that has been done wrong better,balance sth.or reduce

its effect)

vt.补偿,赔偿(pay sb.money or sth.to replace those lost things)

【字字珠玑】

compensate:make up for ____□□□

compensate:counterbalance ____□□□

compensate:reimburse ____□□□

compensate:countervail ____□□□

compensate:offset ____□□□

例句

•Many plants depend on wi nd for dispersal and produce abundant quantities of smal l,relatively short-l ived seeds to compensate for the fact that wi nd is not always a rel iable means.

许多植物依靠风来传播种子;它们产生大量小的、相对短命的种子,以弥补一个事实:风不总是种子能够到达栖息地的可靠方式。

•I n other words,they were able to compensate for the Sun’s movement.也就是说,它们可以适应太阳的运行。

【派生】

compensative adj.补充的;偿还的compensatory adj.补偿的,赔偿的

compensation n.补偿,赔偿

【词根】

com-(全部)+pens(spend花费,支付)+e→补偿

supervise[ˈsuːpərvaIz]5008

【释义】

vt.&vi.监督,管理;指导(oversee)

【字字珠玑】

supervise:oversee□□□

例句

•Masters were responsible not only for teachi ng thei r apprentices a trade but also for providi ng

them some education and for supervising thei r moral behavior.

师傅不仅负责给学徒们传授手艺,还要教育并监督他们的道德行为。

【派生】

supervisor adj.监督者supervision n.监督,管理

【词根】

super-(over在……上面)+vise(vision看)→监督

embed[Imˈbed]4321

【释义】

vt.栽种;使嵌入,植入(bed;i mplant)

【字字珠玑】

embed:lodge ____□□□

embed:enclose ____□□□

embed:implant ____□□□

embed:insert ____□□□

embedded:encased ____□□□

例句

•When broken open,Allende stones are revealed to contain an assortment of small,disti nctive objects,spherical or irregular in shape and embedded in a dark gray matrix.

把阿伦德陨石破开,发现里面含有各种各样细小的、独特的物体,这些物体呈球状或者不规则状,嵌在深灰色的基质(结合物质)中。

【派生】

be embedded in嵌入于

embedded adj.深入的;植入的v.动词embed的过去式和过去分词

【词根】

em-(en-使)+bed(栽种)→栽种

deprive[dIˈpraIv] 4297

【释义】

vt.使丧失,剥夺(take away possession from sb.)

【字字珠玑】

deprive:deny ____□□□

deprive:divest ____□□□

例句

•Like almost all daily cycles of ani mals deprived of environmental cues,those measured for the

horseshoe crabsin these conditions were not exactly 24 hours.如同大多数失去环境提示的日

循环动物一样,马蹄蟹在这种无光的情况下每天的时长也不一定是准确的24小时。

【派生】

be deprived of被剥夺……(权利)deprival n.剥夺

deprivation n.剥夺;损失;免职

【词根】

de-(分离,降低)+priv(private个人的)+e→从个人身边拿走→剥夺

navigate[ˈnævIgeIt]4126

【释义】

vt.&vi.航海,驾驶,航行于(to follow a planned course on,across,or through;to control the

course of a ship or an aircraft)

【字字珠玑】

Syn.:direct,pilot,voyage,sail

例句

•What about birds that migrate at night?Perhaps they navigate by the night sky.

那些在夜间迁徙的候鸟又是怎样的呢?也许它们通过观察夜晚的天空来定向飞行。

•There is accumu lati ng evidence indicating that birds navigate by using a wide variety of environmental cues.

这些不断积累的证据表明,鸟是通过广泛多样的外界环境信息来定向迁徙的。

•Europeans lacked the means for navigating long distances across oceans.

欧洲人缺乏越洋远距离航行的工具。

【派生】

navigation n.航行;航海

【词根】

nav-(船)+ig(走)+ate(表动词)→船走→航海

simulate[ˈsImjʊleIt] 4075

【释义】

vt.模仿;模拟(imitate,feign)

【字字珠玑】

simulated:artificial ____□□□

simulation:imitation ____□□□

例句

•Although wi nd power is not econom ical i n areas with steady wi nds,alternative wi nd sources

can be used to simulate wind power.

尽管在风力稳定的地区风能发电不怎么划算,但是可以用其他风源来模仿风力发电。

•Always open to scientific and technological i nnovations,she befriended the scientists Marie and

Pierre Curie upon their discovery of radi um and created a RadiumDance,which simulated the

phosphorescence of that element.

因为她总是对科技创新抱有很开放的态度,所以她帮助科学家玛丽和皮埃尔·居里进行

镭的研究并编排了舞蹈作品《镭》来模仿该元素的磷光现象。

【派生】

simulation n.仿真;模拟;模仿

【词根】

simul(similar相类似,一样)+ate(表动词)→做得相像,模仿

propel[prəˈpel]3996

【释义】

vt.推进;驱使(drive,push forward)

【字字珠玑】

propel:push ____□□□

propel:drive forward ____□□□

例句

•The term“plankton”is a broad one,designati ng all of the small plants and animals that float

about or weakly propel themselves through the sea.

“浮游生物”是一个很广泛的术语,指代所有在海面上漂浮或缓慢移动的动植物。

【派生】

propel lant adj.推进的propeller n.推动者;推进物;推进燃料

propu lsion n.推动

【词根】

pro-(向前)+pel(push驱动,推)→推进

coincide[ˌkoʊInˈsaId] 3447

【释义】

vi.一致,符合;同时发生(be the same;coexist,concur)

【字字珠玑】

coincide with:accord with ____□□□

coincide with:be at the same time ____□□□

coincide with:coll ide with ____□□□

coincide with:happen at the same time ____□□□

coincide with:occur at the same time ____□□□

例句

•This forehead rubbi ng behavior coincides with a high level of glandu lar activity i n the modified

scent glands found on the foreheads of male deer.

这种前额的磨蹭行为和雄鹿前额上散发气味的腺体的异常活跃一致。

【派生】

coincide with和……一致coincidence n.巧合

coincident adj.一致的;符合的;同时发生的

【词根】

co-(共同)+in(进入)+cid(落下)+e→共同落进

distort[dIˈstɔrt]3267

【释义】

vt.扭曲;歪曲(misrepresent,twist)

vi.扭曲;变形(twist and press out of shape)

【字字珠玑】

distort:misinterpret ____□□□

PBT2005distort○mistrust○misinterpret○criticize○resent

例句

•It was shown that the figures were distorted by the effect of pressures on the thermometers.

据显示这些数据受到对温度计的压力的影响而被扭曲。

•When viewed on the curved surface of the cylinder,the image looked distorted,but the carved

image served only as a mold.

从圆柱章凹凸的表面看去,图像都是扭曲的,但是雕塑的图像可以当作模型。

【派生】

distortion n.扭曲;变形distortional adj.变形的

【词根】

dis-(分离)+tort(扭曲)→扭坏了→曲解,歪曲

unleash[ʌnˈliːʃ] 2968

【释义】

vt.释放;解开……的皮带;解除……的束缚(release;unlock)

【字字珠玑】

unleash:release ____□□□

例句

•Evidence suggests that an i mportant sti mu l us behi nd the rise of early civi l izations was the

development of settled agricu lture,which unleashed a series of changes i n the organization of

human communities that cu l m i nated i n the rise of large ancient empi res.

有证据证明,早期文明崛起的重要原因是定居农业的发展。农业的发展引发了人类社群

组织结构的一系列变化并在古代帝国的崛起中发展到顶点。

【词根】

un-(表否定)+leash(皮带)→解带→释放

Day 3

978-7-111-51104-5-Chapter02-4.jpg

characterize[ˈkærəktəˌraIz]13087

【释义】

vt.以……为特征;刻画……的性格(be typical of sth.;describe the qual ities of sb.or sth.)

【字字珠玑】

character:nature□□□

character:personality ____□□□

characterize:typify ____□□□

characteristic:distinctive ____□□□

characteristic:attribute ____□□□

characteristics:properties ____□□□

characteristics:quality ____□□□

例句

•The piercing cries of the rhi noceros hornbill characterize the Southeast Asian rain forest,as do the unmistakable calls of the gibbons.

比如说,东南亚雨林中极有代表性的能发出尖锐叫声的犀鸟和叫声凄厉的长臂猿。

•I ron deficiency is characterized by chlorosis between veins in young leaves.

铁缺乏症的特点是嫩叶的叶脉之间萎黄。

•Groundwater reservoirs are characterized by the porosity and permeability of the rock in which they lie,and these factors vary according to the type of rock.地下水的聚集层以石头颗粒所

在处的孔隙度和渗透率为特点,这些因素随石头类型的不同而不同。

【派生】

be characterized by特征是characterized adj.以……为特点的

characteristic adj.典型的;特有的n.特征;特色;特性

characterization n.描述;特征描述

【词根】

character(特征,性质)+ize(表动词)→表现……的特色,刻画的……性格

implement[ˈImplIment]11864

【释义】

vt.实施;执行(accompl ish,enforce,carry out)

n.器具,工具(i nstrument,faci l ities,tool)

【字字珠玑】

i mplement:carry out□□□

i mplement:put i nto effect□□□

i mplement:tool□□□

5-2.i mplements○ski l ls○tools○opportunities○practices

例句

•The basic cu ltural requ i rements for the successfu l colonization of the Pacific islands i ncl ude the

appropriate boat-bu i ldi ng,sai l i ng,and navigation ski l ls to get to the islands i n the fi rst place,

domesticated plants and gardeni ng ski l ls su ited to often margi nal conditions,and a varied

i nventory of fishi ng implements and techniques.

将太平洋群岛成功殖民地化需要的基础文化条件包括:能首先到达岛屿的合适的造船、

航行和航海技术,适应贫瘠条件的驯化植物和园艺技术,各种各样的捕鱼器具和技术。

•There are numerous obstacles to implementing reflection in schools and insufficient understanding of

why teachers might want to reflect.

在学校里实行反思会遇到许多障碍并且对于教师为何需要进行反思认识不足。

【派生】

implementation n.实现;实施,执行

【词根】

im-(使……)+ple(满,填满)+ment(物)→用来使……满的工具,器具→贯彻,实现

prosper[ˈprαspər] 2272

【释义】

vi.繁荣;成功(flourish;thrive;succeed)

【字字珠玑】

prosper:succeed ____□□□

prosper:flourish ____□□□

prosperity:well-being ____□□□

prosperous:wealthy ____□□□

例句

•So once natural selection had shaped the adaptations that helped plants overcome the obstacles

to terrestrial l ivi ng,plants prospered and diversified.所以,一旦自然选择塑造了植物的适

应机制,使之克服在陆地上生活的障碍,植物物种就生机勃勃且丰富多样了。

【派生】

prosperity n.繁荣,成功prosperous adj.繁荣的;兴旺的

prosperously adv.繁荣地;幸运地

【词根】

pro-(向前)+sper(希望)→前方的希望→繁荣

champion[ˈtʃæmpIən]2250

【释义】

vt.支持(support)

n.冠军(wi nner,victor)

n.拥护者(defender,protector)

【字字珠玑】

champion:promote ____□□□

champion:support ____□□□

1-2.championed○changed○debated○created○supported

例句

•The kill ing of birds of prey by wind turbines has pitted envi ronmental ists who champion wildl ife

protection against envi ronmentalists who promote renewable wind energy.

风力涡轮机对猛禽造成伤害的这一事实,使主张保护野生动物的环保主义者和主张发展

再生能源的环保主义者产生了争端。

•The most widely accepted theory,championed by anthropologists in the late ni neteenth and

early twentieth centuries,envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual.

19世纪末20世纪初,为人类学家所拥护的一种理论得到了人们的广泛认同;这种观点认

为戏剧起源于神话和宗教仪式。

【派生】

be championed by受……拥护championship n.锦标赛;冠军称号

visualize[ˈvIʒuəlaIz] 2122

【释义】

vt.想象;形象化(i magi ne;see in one’s mind)

【字字珠玑】

Syn.:imagine

例句

•The another mentions cracks in an eggshell in order to help readers visual ize Europa as

scientists saw it in the Voyager 2i mages.

另一处提到“蛋壳上的裂痕”是为了帮助读者想象欧州,正如科学家在“旅行者2号”

的图像里看到的一样。

【派生】

visual adj.视觉的visual ization n.形象化

visualized adj.直观的;直视的

【词根】

visual(视觉的)+ize(表动词)→想象

pioneer[ˌpaIəˈnIr]1996

【释义】

vt.开拓,开创(exploit,establish)

n.先驱;先锋(settler)

【字字珠玑】

pioneer:leader ____□□□

pioneer:initiate ____□□□

30-3.pioneers○leaders○opponents○employers○guardians

例句

•They were thus the pioneers of mechan ical eng ineering and served as examples and teachers

to other branches of eng ineering.

因此他们是机械工程的先驱,是工程学其他分支的典范和老师。

•When plants pioneered the land,they faced a range of chal lenges posed by terrestrial

envi ronments.当植物开拓陆地的时候,它们要面对一系列陆地环境带来的挑战。

disregard[ˌdIsrIˈgαːrd] 1939

【释义】

vi.对……置之不理,忽视(ignore,neglect)

n.忽视;漠视(i ndifference)

【字字珠玑】

disregard:ignore ____□□□

disregard:overlook ____□□□

disregard:neglect ____□□□

例句

•For years,historians disregarded the issue of energy as a major element in the rise of the Industrial Revol ution and focused instead on technological developments and increased production.多年来,历史学家没有将能源问题作为工业革命兴起的主要因素,相反更加关注技术的发展和生产力的提升。

【派生】

disregardfu l adj.不顾的;漠视的

【词根】

dis-(不)+regard(留意)→忽视

punctuate[ˈpʌŋktʃʊˌet] 1928

【释义】

vt.打断;加标点于;强调(interrupt;insert punctuation marks into;emphasize)

【字字珠玑】

puncture:pierce ____□□□

例句

•The evolution of North American horse,which was once presented as a classic textbook

example of gradual evol ution,is now providing equally compelling evidence for punctuated

equilibrium.北美马的进化曾经被用作经典的教科书案例来证明渐变进化论,现在却为断

点平衡学提供了同样有说服力的证据。

【派生】

punctuation n.标点punctual adj.准时的punctuality n.准时

【词根】

punct(点,变尖,针)+urate(表动词)→点(进去)→刺穿

appropriate[əˈproʊprIət] 1910

【释义】

vt.挪用;拨款(take possession of by force;give a share of money to a particu lar person or

cause)

adj.适当的(suitable,proper)

【字字珠玑】

appropriate:suitable ____□□□

例句

•Though the army appropriated land and some goods,it also paid for many supplies,stimulating

local econom ic growth.

虽然军队可以强征土地和一些商品,但是军队也会给予报酬,这些都会刺激当地经济的发展。

【派生】

appropriately adv.适当地inappropriate adj.不合适的

【词根】

ap-(加强)+propri(proper恰当的)+ate(……的)→适当的,特有的

cripple[ˈkrIpl]1860

【释义】

vt.使残疾,使残废(make sb.disable)

n.残疾人(the disabled)

【字字珠玑】

cripple:mai m□□□

?

•I t’s hard to understand why they wou ld not be affected,whereas di nosaurs were left too

crippled to cope,especial ly if,as some scientists bel ieve,di nosaurs were warm-blooded.

很难理解它们为什么丝毫没有受到影响,然而恐龙却无法适应环境,尤其是有些科学家

认为恐龙是热血动物。

【派生】

crippl i ng adj.导致瘫痪的;严重的crippled adj.残废的,跛腿的

perish[ˈperIʃ]1806

【释义】

v.灭亡;死亡;腐朽(die out;fall to pieces and become useless)

【字字珠玑】

perish:decay ____□□□

perish:easy to spoil ____□□□

perishable:easy to spoil ____□□□

perishable:likely to decay ____□□□

例句

•He cal led for proof of the protectionist view:that visitations of the ants confer protection on the plants and that in the absence of the insects a much greater number would perish or fail to produce flowers or seeds than when the insects are present.

他要求为“保护主义者”观点提供证据:蚂蚁能为植物提供保护;如果没有昆虫,更多植物将会消失,或者不能开花或结籽。

•The Permian event has attracted much less attention than other mass exti nctions because mostly unfamiliar species perished at that ti me.由于当时灭绝的物种很少为人类所知,所以

二叠纪时期的大规模物种灭绝受到的关注远远不如其他几次大规模物种灭绝。

•Meanwhi le,the deadl iest strains of the vi rus perished with their hosts as natural selection

favored strai ns that could infect hosts but not kill them.同时,由于自然选择更倾向于那些能

够感染寄主但不致其死亡的品系,这种病毒最致命的品系也逐渐地灭绝了。

【派生】

perishable adj.易腐坏的;会枯萎的perishabi l ity n.非持久性;易腐性

publ icize[ˈpʌblIsaIz]1685

【释义】

vt.宣传;宣扬(advertise,promote)

【字字珠玑】

publ icize:advertise ____□□□

例句

•After a theory has been publ icized,scientists design experi ments to test the theory.

一个理论公开后,科学家们设计实验来检验这个理论。

•As a result,claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have become widely publ icized and form the basis for fol klore.结果,那些认为食用绿色食品就能防治疾病或增进健康的观点被广泛地宣传,并成为一些民间说法的基础。

【派生】

publication n.出版;公布

【词根】

publ ic(公众的)+ize(表动词)→宣传

hospitalize[ˈhαːspItəlaIz] 1659

【释义】

vt.送……住院治疗,就医(go to hospital)

【字字珠玑】

Syn.:go to hospital

例句

•Most people remember only a few events—usual ly ones that were meani ngfu l and disti nctive,such as bei ng hospital ized or a sibl i ngs bi rth.

大部分人只记得一些有意义的特殊的事情,比如住院或弟弟妹妹出生。

【派生】

hospital ization n.住院治疗

【词根】

hospital(医院)+-ize(表动词)→就医

conceptual ize[kənˈseptʃuəlaIz]1605

【释义】

vt.使……概念化

【字字珠玑】

concept:idea ____□□□

conception:notion ____□□□

例句

•The worker was bound to the master by a mutual contract that either one cou ld repudiate,and

the relationship was conceptual ized as one of partnership.

工人和店主双方有劳务关系,任何一方都有权终止,这是合作关系中的一种。

【派生】

conceptual ization n.概念化

【词根】

conceptual(概念的)+-ize(表动词)→使……概念化

envelop[Inˈveləp]1529

【释义】

vt.包围;笼罩,遮盖(encage,include)

【字字珠玑】

envelop:surround ____□□□

例句

•They bel ieved that this i mpact generated a thick cloud of dust that enveloped Earth,shutti ng

out much of the i ncom i ng solar radiation and reduci ng plant photosynthesis to very low levels.

他们认为:撞击产生了一层厚厚的灰尘云,笼罩了地球,阻断了太阳辐射,并使光合作

用降到最低。

【派生】

envelope n.信封

【词根】

en-(使……)+velop(包,包裹)→包封;包围

victimize[ˈvIktImaIz]1415

【释义】

vt.受迫害;使牺牲(make a victim of)

【字字珠玑】

Syn.:prey,sacrifice

例句

•Baby birds of species that experience high rates of nest predation should produce softer begging signals of higher frequency than nestlings of other species less often victimized by nest predators.与那些较少受到捕食者捕食的雏鸟相比,被捕食率高的鸟类的雏鸟需要发出更轻柔、频率更好的叫声。

【派生】

victimization n.迫害

【词根】

victi m(牺牲者)+ize(表动词)→受迫害

encode[Inˈkoʊd] 1387

【释义】

vt.编码;译成密码(put sth.i nto a code)

【字字珠玑】

Syn.:code

例句

•Heari ng the stories may lead preschoolers to encode aspects of events that al low them to form memories they can access as adu lts.听故事将有助于学龄前孩子在脑中储存已经发生的事情,以便他们形成像成年人那样自由提取的记忆。

•Motifs of seem i ng si mpl icity can encode complex meani ngs i n Aborigi nal Austral ia.

对于澳大利亚土著来说,简单图案也能包含复杂的含义。

•Whether people can remember an event depends critically on the fit between the way in which they earlier encoded the information and the way in which they later attempt to retrieve it.

人们是否能够回忆起一件事情的关键在于这两种方式的匹配程度。在这两种方式中,前者对信息进行编码,后者尝试重新获得信息。

•This view is supported by a variety of factors that can create mismatches between very young children’s encoding and older children’s and adults’retrieval efforts.

事实上,很多因素会导致婴幼儿储存信息的方式和成年人进行回忆的方式不匹配。

【派生】

encoding n.编码

【词根】

en-(使)+code(编码,密码)→译成密码

strand[strænd] 1206

【释义】

v.使滞留;搁浅(prevent sb./sth.from leaving a place)

n.(线等的)股,缕;线(thread)

【字字珠玑】

strand:thread ____□□□

例句

•A green iceberg that stranded just west of the Amery Ice Shelf showed two distinct layers:

bubbly blue-white ice and bubble-free green ice separated by a one-meter-long ice layer

containing sedi ments.艾默里冰架西部的一块绿色冰山呈现出非常明显的两层:含有气泡

的白蓝色冰和没有气泡的绿色冰,它们中间是由1米长的带有沉积物的冰分隔开的。

【派生】

stranded adj.搁浅的;陷于困境的

agitate[ˈædʒIteIt] ____1165

【释义】

vt.搅动,摇动;鼓动,使焦虑(rock,shake;disturb)

【字字珠玑】

agitate:disturb ____□□□

agitate:create movementin ____□□□

agitated:turbulent ____□□□

例句

•She began to address more ambitious themes in her dances such as TheSea,in which her dancers invisibly agitated a huge expanse of silk,played upon by colored l ights.

她开始在她的舞蹈中尝试更有野心的主题,比如作品《大海》中舞者们在彩色灯光映照下隐隐摆动宽大舒展的丝绸。

•More than a decade of agitation did finally bring a workday shortened to 10 hours to most industries by the 1850s,and the courts also recognized workers’right to strike,but these gai ns had little immediate impact.

直到19世纪50年代,十多年的抗争最终使得大多数行业的工作时间缩短至10小时,法院也承认了工人罢工的权利,但这些权利的影响并没有立即显现。

【派生】

agitation n.激动;煽动agitative adj.煽动性的

【词根】

ag-(=act做)+it+ate(表动作)→反复作→鼓动

uproot[ˌʌpˈruːt] 1123

【释义】

vt.把……连根拔起(pull out of the ground)

【字字珠玑】

Syn.:eradicate,root out

例句

•The European ancestors of some Americans had for centuries lived rooted to the same village or

piece of land until some religious,political,or econom ic crisis uprooted them and drove them

across the Atlantic.一些美国人的欧洲祖先几个世纪以来都扎根于同一个村庄或者同一片

土地,直到宗教、政治或者经济危机迫使他们离开故土,穿越大西洋。

【词根】

up-(向上)+root(根)→根向上,根除

Day 4

978-7-111-51104-5-Chapter02-5.jpg

feature[ˈfiːtʃə] 29541

【释义】

vt.使有特色;描写……的特征(have as a character)

vi.起主要作用;做重要角色(play an important role)

n.特征,特点(character)

【字字珠玑】

Syn.:characteristic,trait

例句

•In a content analysis of Canadian television,the author Stephen Kline observed that nearly all

commercials for character toys featured fantasy play.通过分析加拿大的电视内容,作家史

蒂芬·克莱注意到几乎所有的角色扮演玩具的商业广告都是用虚构效果呈现的。

•It featured performances by prom inent male as well as female dancers.

它以出色的男女舞者为主要演员。

•Why does the author mention a show about a cartoon lionin which an advertisement appears

featuring the samelion character?为什么作者提到一个关于卡通狮子的节目,在这个节目里出现了以该卡通狮子为主角的广告?

【派生】

featured adj.有……特色的featureless adj.特色的,平凡的

【词根】

feat(do,make做,制作)+-ure→做事的状态,特征

evaluate[Iˈvæljʊet] 18530

【释义】

vt.评价;评估(esti mate,assess)

【字字珠玑】

evaluate:assess ____□□□

evaluate:determine ____□□□

evaluate:judge ____□□□

evaluation:estimation ____□□□

例句

•Further observation revealed the tendency of teachers to evaluate events rather than review the

contributory factors in a considered manner by,in effect,standing outside the situation.

更深的研究发现,教师们更愿意评价事件而不是站在事件之外洞察一个事件的促进因素。

•Researchers are evaluating how serious this problem is and hope to find ways to eliminate or

sharply reduce this problem.研究人员还在对这个问题的严重程度进行评估,他们希望能

想办法消除或者大幅减少这个问题的影响。

【派生】

evaluation n.评估;估价evaluative adj.可估价的

【词根】

e-(出,出来)+value(价值)+ate(动词)→评估

illustrate[ˈIləˌstret]16923

【释义】

vt.举例说明;给……加插图;(用图画等)说明(clarify with examples,drawi ngs)

【字字珠玑】

ill ustrate:represent ____□□□

例句

•It is a monumental scientific achievement,and its development illustrates the essential i nterplay

between observation,prediction,and testing required for scientific progress.这一科学发现具

有里程碑的意义,它进一步证明了科学探索过程中观察、预测和实证之间的根本联系。

【派生】

ill ustration n.说明;例证;图解;插图ill ustrator n.插图画家

【词根】

il-(使)+lustr(luster光)+ate(表动词)→使……光明→说明

dominate[ˈdαːmIneIt] 16472

【释义】

v.支配;主导(have power over;be the most powerfu l)

【字字珠玑】

dominate:prevail ____□□□

dominate:monopolize ____□□□

dominated:prevailing ____□□□

dominant:primary ____□□□

dominant:most common ____□□□

dominant:be prevalent in ____□□□

作为单词题assisted in,enjoy,transformed的选项出现。

12-1.assisted in○initiated○dominated○helped with○set up

19-3.enjoy○experience○resemble○expect○dominate

33-2.transformed○dom i nated○changed○i mproved○created

例句

•The numbers of most species of bivalves are greatly reduced,leavi ng the bivalve species that

is the strongest competitor to dominate among the survivors.

双壳动物的大部分物种数量大量减少,使得最强竞争力的物种在生存者中占主导地位。

•Without predators,the species that is the best competitor for food,shelter,nesti ng sites,and

other envi ronmental resources tends to dominate and excl ude the species with which it

competes.没有捕食者时,那种在对食物、庇护所、筑巢点和其他环境资源的争夺中胜

出的竞争者,趋向于统治,并且灭绝与其竞争的其他物种。

•The first is the heat capacity of the materials that constitute the city,which is typically dominated by concrete and asphalt.

第一个是建造城市的材料的热容,主要的典型材料是沥青和混凝土。

•Another is that there is too much variation among people to believe that they are dominated by,or at the mercy of,aggressive impulses.

其二,人类身上存在太多的变数,因此,我们无法相信人类会被侵略性冲动主导或者支配。

【派生】

dominator n.支配者,支配力,统治者

dominant adj.统治的;支配的;决定性的;占优势的

【词根】

dom-(统治)+inate(表动词词尾)→v.支配,统治,控制;占优势

incorporate[InˈkɔːrpəreIt] 15297

【释义】

vt.包含;吸纳(include sth.aspart of a group,system,plan etc.)

【字字珠玑】

incorporate:embody ____□□□

incorporate:merge ____□□□

incorporate:combine ____□□□

i ncorporate:contai n□□□

?

•Because it usual ly exists i n a metal l ic state,it was preferential ly incorporated in Earth’s core as

the planet cooled and consol idated.

因为它通常是以金属形态存在,并随着地球的冷却和固结而优先地合并到地核中了。

•Areas rapidly incorporated i nto the empi re were not long affected by the m i l itary.

那些很快就并入帝国的地区并未长期受到军队的影响。

•Ceram ics produced duri ng the Tang and M i ng dynasties someti mes incorporated mu ltiple

colors.有些在唐朝和明朝生产的陶瓷包含了多种颜色。

【派生】

be i ncorporated i n/i nto吸收进i ncorporation n.吸收;合并;组成公司

i ncorporative adj.有结合倾向的;合并的

【词根】

i n-(进入)+corpor(body身体,团体)+ate(表动词)→合并

exhibit[IgˈzIbIt]10651

【释义】

vt.展现,呈现(expose,show)

vi.公开展览;展出(display)

n.展览品(item)

【字字珠玑】

exhibit:display ____□□□

exhibit:show ____□□□

exhibit:demonstrate ____□□□

28-3.exhibited○rel ied on○i ncreased○displayed○preferred

35-1.exhibit○replace○show○cover○expand

5-1.exhibit○fight off○show○cause○spread

例句

•A decade later another study reported that adu lt male white-tai led deer exhibited forehead

rubbing just before and duri ng the rut.

十年后的另一项研究发现,成年雄性白尾鹿在其发情期或发情期前会摩擦其前额。

•Seeds of a given species exhibit a wide range of germ ination dates,increasing the probability

that at least some of the seeds will germ i nate during a period of favorable environmental

conditions.某个物种的种子在萌芽时间上会表现出较大的范围,以此来增加至少有一些

种子可以在最适宜的条件下萌发的可能性。

•Nitrogen-deficient plants exhibit many of the symptoms j ust described.

氮缺乏植物表现出了刚才描述的许多症状。

•The majority of three-di mensional representations,whether standi ng,seated,or kneel i ng,

exhibit what is cal led frontal ity.大部分三维立体的雕像,无论是站着、坐着抑或是跪着的,

都体现出一种称为“正面描绘”的手法。

•Al l exhibited moderate growth rates i n the course of the century(Denmark the highest and

Sweden the lowest),but al l more than doubled i n popu lation by 1900.这四个国家均出现了缓

和的人口增长率(丹麦最高,瑞典最低),但是都比1900年增加了一倍多。

•I n classic research Pau l Ekman took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger,

disgust,fear,happi ness,and sadness.在一个经典的研究项目中,保罗·埃克曼拍下了一

组人的照片,分别表示愤怒、厌恶、恐惧、幸福、悲伤。

【派生】

exhibition n.陈列,展览

【词根】

ex-(出)+hibit(hold拿住)→拿出(展览)

exceed[Ikˈsiːd]10566

【释义】

vt.&vi.超过;超越(go beyond,break)

【字字珠玑】

exceed:beyond□□□

exceed:surpass ____□□□

exceeding:going beyond ____□□□

exceeded:surpassed ____□□□

22-1.exceedingly○unusually○dangerously○surprisingly○highly

例句

•Spartina is an exceedingly competitive plant.米草属植物是极具竞争力的植物。

•For a glacier to grow or maintain its mass,there must be sufficient snowfall to match or exceed the annual loss through melting,evaporation and calvi ng,which occurs when the glacier loses solid chunks as icebergs to the sea or to large lakes.

要保持或增加冰川的体积,就必须有足够的降雪量,以抵消或者超过每年因融雪、蒸发或者以海洋和湖泊中的冰山形式的裂冰的数量。

•From this prim itive start,the electrici ndustry grew during the final 20 years of the nineteenth century at a rate seldom if ever exceeded by any technology.从这次原始的尝试开始,电工

业在19世纪最后的20年中以比任何其他技术都快得多的速度发展起来。

•I n these areas,rai nfal l per month exceeds that i n the above defi nition,so other factors must

contribute to savanna formation.

这些地区每个月的降雨都超过了上述定义,因此是其他因素导致了稀树草原的形成。

【派生】

exceedi ngly adv.非常;极端地excess n.过度,过量

excessive adj.过量的

【词根】

ex-(出,出去)+ceed(go行走,前进)→超过

integrate[ˈIntIgreIt]10383

【释义】

vt.整合;融合;使一体化(become part of the group;make i nto a whole)

【字字珠玑】

i ntegrate:combi ne□□□

i ntegrate:unite□□□

i ntegrate:coordi nate□□□

integrate:synthesize ____□□□

integral:essential ____□□□

例句

•The Whigs were strongest in the towns,cities,and those rural areas that were fully integrated

into the market economy,whereas Democrats dom inated areas of semi-subsistence farming

that were more isolated and langu ishing econom ically.辉格党在城镇、市区和完全融入市场

经济的农村区域很强势,而民主党主宰了与市场隔绝、经济日渐衰微的半自给农耕地区。

【派生】

integral adj.不可或缺的;整合的integrity n.完整,正直

integrated adj.综合的integration n.整合

【词根】

integr(entire完整)+ate(使……)→(使)成为一体

attribute[əˈtrIbjut] 10340

【释义】

vt.把……归于;把……品质归于某人(owe...to)

n.品质,特性(feature;character)

【字字珠玑】

attribute:ascribe ____□□□

attribute:accredit□□□

attribute:credit□□□

attribute:character□□□

14-1.attributes○eval uations○attitudes

○actions○characteristics

1 -2.attributes○ascribes○leaves○l i m its○contrasts

例句

•The i ntention is for the positively perceived attributes of the celebrity to be transferred to the

advertised product and for the two to become automatical ly l i nked i n the audience’s m i nd.

目的是将人们对名人的正面态度转化为对广告产品的评价,使两者在观众的脑海中自动

产生联系。

•One explanation notes that green icebergs stand out among other icebergs under a great variety

of l ight conditions,but this is attributed to an optical i l l usion.一种解释是,在各种光照条件

下,绿色冰山与其他冰山相比显得更醒目,但这是视觉错误造成的。

•Havi ng l ittle understandi ng of natural causes,it attributes both desi rable and undesi rable

occurrences to supernatural or magical forces,and it searches for means to wi n the favor of

these forces.在对自然原因并不十分了解的情况下,它把希望或不希望发生的事情都归

咎于超自然的或魔幻的力量,并且试图寻找各种途径赢得这些力量。

•One explanation for green icebergs attributes their color to an opticalill usion when blueice is

illuminated by a near-horizon red Sun.对绿色冰山现象的一种解释是,冰山呈现绿色是由于

蓝冰被接近海平面的红色阳光所照射而造成的错觉。

【派生】

be attributed to归因于attributable adj.可归因于……的;由……引起的

attribution n.归属;归因

【词根】

at-(加强动作)+tribute(give给予)+e→(把原因)给出→归因于

administer[ædˈmInIstər]9446

【释义】

vt.管理;治理(govern)

vt.提供;发放(provide;give out)

【字字珠玑】

administer:manage ____□□□

例句

•Certai n images depict groups of people,most likely women,involved in weaving textiles,an

activity we know from later thi rd-m i l lenni um texts to have been vital i n the economy and to have

been central ly administered.

一些图画描述了成群的人们,大部分是女人,正在编制纺织品。这种活动,从其后三千

年前出土的文献可知,是当时经济的重要部分,并且已被中央管理。

【派生】

adm i nistrative adj.行政的;管理的adm i nistrator n.管理者

【词根】

ad-(加强)+m i nister(部长,大臣)→做部长→管理

entitle[InˈtaItl]9180

【释义】

vt.使有资格;给予……权利(give someone the official right)

vt.给……定名(name)

【字字珠玑】

be entitled to:be given the right to□□□

entitle:name□□□

19-1.entitled to○given the right to○able to afford to

○encouraged to○required to

例句

•There was informal marriage with soldiers,who until A.D.197 were not legally entitled to wed,and whole new communities grew up near the forts.

士兵中出现了非正式婚姻,这种婚姻直到公元197年才得到了法律的认可,并且在这些军事基地周围发展出一些全新的社会群体。

【派生】

be entitled to有权利

【词根】

en-(使)+title(标题,头衔)→给……定名,有权利

trigger[ˈtrIgər] 8986

【释义】

vt.引发,触发(to cause sth.bad to happen)

n.扳机;触发器(the lever that activates the firing mechanism of a gun)

【字字珠玑】

trigger:cause ____□□□

trigger:initiate ____□□□

trigger:start ____□□□

trigger:set off ____□□□

18-2.triggered○removed○followed○increased○caused

例句

•If the theory was correct,breathing air with extra carbon dioxide should have triggered

yawning,while breathi ng pure oxygen shou ld have suppressed yawni ng.

如果这个理论是正确的,那么当人吸入额外的二氧化碳时,应该能激发打哈欠;当吸入

纯氧时应该能抑制打哈欠。

•One cognitive theory suggests that aggravating and pai nfu l events trigger unpleasant feelings.

一个认知理论认为,恼人的、痛苦的事件会引起人们的不悦。

•Experi ments have also cast serious doubt on the bel ief that yawni ng is triggered by a dropin

blood oxygen or a rise in blood carbon dioxide.实验结果也对“打哈欠是由血液中氧含量下

降或由血液中二氧化碳含量上升所引起的”这一论断产生了严重怀疑。

•The hypothalamus appears to beinvolved in this inborn reaction pattern:electrical stimu lation of

part of the hypothalamus triggers stereotypical aggressive behaviors in many animals.

下丘脑似乎与动物的这种本能反应有关:对许多动物的下丘脑中部分区域进行电击,会

引发它们一些常见的侵略性行为。

【派生】

triggered adj.触发的

minimize[ˈmInImaIz] 8114

【释义】

vt.最小化;减轻(to reduce sth.to the smal lest amount or degree)

【字字珠玑】

Syn.:reduce,lessen,minify

例句

•Individuals could interact with one another within a community of harmony and ideological equality,fol lowi ng their own popu larly elected leaders and governing themselves by shared consensus while minimizing disti nctions of wealth and power.

在和谐平等的团体中,成员之间相互影响,追随着他们自己选举的领导人,在缩小财富和权力差距的同时通过分享意见进行自我管理。

【派生】

minimization n.最小化minimum n.最小值

minimal adj.最小的

【词根】

minim(small小)+ize(表动词)→减少到最少

descend[dIˈsend] 7895

【释义】

v.下降;下斜(decline)

【字字珠玑】

descend:sink ____□□□

例句

•Spartina expands by growi ng root systems that float on the waters surface and descend

underground,where it finds the nutrients that it needs to germ i nate.米草属植物通过漂在水

面上和深入地下成长的根部系统来扩张,在那里它找到了扎根所需要的营养。

•Today’s Bantu-speaki ng peoples are descended from a technological ly advanced people who

spread throughout Africa.现在说班图语的人起源于遍布非洲的一个技术先进的民族。

•Some groups that had descended from the same parent popu lation were no longer reproductively

compatible they had evolved into separate species.

一些来自同一物种的后代不能再相互交配——它们已形成新的物种。

•The descending stream of electrons divides at the point where the new positive-stream channel

intersects the establ ished path.

闪电下降的电子流在遇到从地面新路径来的带正电的电子流时会分开。

【派生】

descendant n.后裔,子孙,衍生物

【词根】

de-(向下)+scend(climb爬,攀)→下来,下降→下传,遗传(财产、权利)

thrive[θraIv] 6562

【释义】

vi.(on)兴盛,茁壮成长(to grow,develop or be successful)

【字字珠玑】

thrive:flourish ____□□□

thrive:dowell ____□□□

thrive:blossom ____□□□

thriving:luxuriant ____□□□

thrived:grew well ____□□□

例句

•This was an important innovation,because the camels abilities to thrive in harsh desertconditions and to carry large loads cheaply made it an effective and efficient means of transpor-tation.这是一次重要的革新,因为骆驼有能力在恶劣的沙漠环境中生存,另外,骆驼可以运输大量货物,而且价格便宜这使得它们成为一种方便、高效的运输方式。

•The pool of excess cash rapidly stimu lated a thriving economy outside fort gates.

这些多余的钱迅速刺激了基地外的经济。

•The thriving obsidian operation,for example,would necessitate more miners,additional manu-

facturers of obsidian tools,and additional traders to carry the goods to new markets.

比如说,黑曜岩交易的发展需要更多的矿工、黑曜岩工具制造商和商人将工具运往新的市场。

【派生】

thriving adj.兴旺的,旺盛的,繁荣的

sacrifice[ˈsækrIfaIs] 6455

【释义】

vt.&vi.牺牲;献祭(endure the loss of;kill or destroy)

n.牺牲;献祭(品)(the act of losing or surrendering sth.;the act of killing)

【字字珠玑】

Syn.:give,lose,surrender

例句

•The Democrats wanted the rewards of the market without sacrificing the features of a si mple

agrarian republic.

民主党人既想从市场经济中获得好处,又不想牺牲单一土地所有权的共和体制。

【派生】

self-sacrificingadj.自我牺牲的

【词根】

sacri(holy神圣)+fice(做,制作)→为神做的东西→牺牲

interfere[ˌIntərˈfIr] 6365

【释义】

vi.干预,干涉(mess,intervene)

【字字珠玑】

interfere:hinder ____□□□

interfere:disrupt ____□□□

例句

•Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas.

在某些地区,大型风力发电场很可能会影响候鸟的飞行方式。

•Wind turbines occasionally cause migratory bi rds to change thei r fl ight patterns and therefore

may interfere with the areas where birds of prey prefer to hunt.

风力涡轮机有时会迫使候鸟改变它们的飞行模式,因此会干扰到猛禽喜欢捕食的地区。

•Right-handed artists try to avoid having the brush they are using interfere with the light source.

惯用右手的艺术家试图避免他们所使用的画笔阻挡光源。

【派生】

interference n.干扰,冲突,干涉

【词根】

inter-(相互,之间)+fere(拿,击打)→在中间拿→干涉

compromise[ˈkɒmprəmaIz] 6253

【释义】

vi.&妥协,退让(settle by concession)

vt.违背(原则)(do sth.which damages one’s reputation for honesty,loyalty,etc.)

n.妥协;折中(concession)

【字字珠玑】

compromise:reconcile ____□□□

作为单词题penchant的选项出现。

1-2.penchant○comprom ise○i ncl i nation○tradition○respect

例句

•That this device was a necessary structural compromise is clear from the fact that the cannon- ball quickly disappeared when scu lptors learned how to strengthen the internal structure of a statue with iron braces(iron being much stronger than bronze).

换言之,摆在那里的金属球是客观条件的需要,而不是艺术家的美学意愿。当雕塑家学会了如何用铁支架加强雕塑的内部结构后(铁比青铜更结实),就不再使用金属球了。

•Even those artists who were most dependent on photography became reluctant to admit that they made use of it,in case this compromised their professional standing.即使是那些对摄影术最为依赖的艺术家也不愿意承认他们使用过摄影术,害怕这会影响到他们的专业地位。

•There is not much that the turtle can do about this without compromising the aerodynam ic shape of the flipper.在不损害鳍部气动外形的情况下,很少有海龟可以做到这些。

【派生】

compromiser n.调停员

【词根】

com-(共同)+promise(承诺)→折中

authorize[ˈɔːθəraIz] 5809

【释义】

vt.授权,批准,委托(give official perm ission for sth.to happen)

【字字珠玑】

authorize:empower ____□□□

authorize:warrant ____□□□

authoritative:official ____□□□

例句

•The exchanger wou ld then send a bill of exchange to a colleague in Marseille,authorizing the colleague to pay the Marseille merchant in the merchant’s own currency after the actual exchange of goods had taken place.然后货币兑换商会将汇票给马赛的同事,授权他凭此

汇票在实体交易完成之后,用当地货币支付给马赛人。

【派生】

authorization n.授权,批准;批准(或授权)的证书

【词根】

author(作者)+ize(动词)→授权

embody[Imˈbαːdi]5549

【释义】

vt.体现;包含(represent,be a symbol of an idea or qual ity;contai n)

【字字珠玑】

embody:incorporate□□□

embody:incarnate ____□□□

embody:represent ____□□□

例句

•This atmospheric engine,invented by Thomas Savery and vastly improved by his partner,Thomas Newcomen,embodied revol utionary pri nciples,but it was so slow and wasteful of fuel that it cou ld not be employed outside the coal mines for which it had been designed.

这一由托马斯·赛佛瑞发明并由他的同伴托马斯·纽科门对其进行改良的“大气引擎”,被赋予了革命性的工作原理。但其效率低下且浪费燃料,无法在煤矿以外的地区使用,这与最初的设计期望背道而驰。

【派生】

embodi ment n.体现;化身;具体化

【词根】

em-(使)+body(身体)→(精神)进入身体→体现

Day 5

978-7-111-51104-5-Chapter02-6.jpg

anticipate[ænˈtIsIpeIt]10560

【释义】

v.期待(expect that sth.will happen and be ready for it)

【字字珠玑】

anticipate:expect ____□□□

anticipate:foresee ____□□□

anticipate:predict ____□□□

anticipate:look forward to ____□□□

例句

•The rapid technical development of photography—the introduction of lighter and simpler equipment,and of new emu lsions that coated photographic plates,film,and paper and enabled images to be made at much faster speeds—had some unanticipated consequences.

摄影技术上的迅速发展——包括使用更轻便简单的仪器,在照相底片、胶卷和相纸上涂以新型感光乳剂以及加快成像速度——产生了一些意想不到的结果。

【派生】

unanticipated adj.意料之外的unanticipated consequences意外的结局

anticipation n.预料;期待

【词根】

anti-(提前)+cip(抓)+ate(动词后缀)→提前做好准备→预料

comprehend[kαːmprIˈhend] 3214

【释义】

vt.理解;包含(appreciate,apprehend,recognize;i ncl ude)

【字字珠玑】

comprehensible:understandable ____□□□

comprehensive:complete ____□□□

comprehensive:thorough ____□□□

例句

•Disclaimers are more readily comprehended when presented in both audio and visual formats.

如果免责声明以声音和视觉的形式同时呈现时就容易被理解。

【派生】

comprehensive adj.综合的;广泛的;有理解力的

comprehensively adv.全面地,包括一切地

comprehensible adj.可理解的comprehension n.理解;包含

【词根】

com-(共同)+prehend(hand抓住)→全部抓住→理解

surpass[səˈpαːrs] 3156

【释义】

vt.超越;胜过,优于(exceed,surmount)

【字字珠玑】

surpass:exceed ____□□□

surpass:be higher than ____□□□

surpass:outrun ____□□□

surpass:overtake ____□□□

23-1.surpass○remain below○be higher than○add to○come close to

27-1.surpassi ng○proceeding○exceeding○challenging○outlasting

例句

•In winter the heat produced by a city can equal or surpass the amount of heat avai lable from the

Sun.冬天城市所产生的热量可以达到或超过其从太阳那里接收的热量。

•But Uruk’s dominant size in the entire region,far surpassing that of other settlements,indicates that

it was a regional center and a true city.I ndeed,it was the first city in human history.但乌鲁克在

整个地区最大,远远超过其他居民点,这说明它是这个地区的中心,是一个真正的城市。

【派生】

surpassing adj.卓越的;优秀的

【词根】

sur-(过,超)+pass(通过)→超过

conform[kənˈfɔːrm] 3149

【释义】

vi.(to)符合;遵照(accord,coincide)

【字字珠玑】

conform to:comply with□□□

conform to:fit□□□

conform to:meet□□□

?

•By providing us with definitions of situations,they el icit from our behavior that conforms to group-

devised meanings.他们根据我们的行为来定义我们的处境,以遵循群体分配的意义。

【派生】

conform to和……一致conformable adj.一致的,顺从的

conform ity n.一致,符合

【词根】

con-(共同)+form(形态)→遵照

erode[Iˈroʊd]3146

【释义】

vt.腐蚀,侵蚀(corrode,wear away)

【字字珠玑】

erode:di m i nish□□□

erode:wearout ____□□□

erode:wearaway ____□□□

27-2.eroded○worn down○scattered○developed○deserted

例句

•In the 1840s American geologist James Daly observed that the different Hawaii islands seem to

share a similar geologic evol ution but are progressively more eroded,and therefore probable

older,toward the northwest.

19世纪40年代,地质学家詹姆斯·黛利观察到不同的夏威夷岛屿看起来经历了相似的演变过程,但它们受腐蚀的程度一个比一个严重,所以越往西北方向的岛屿形成的时间可能越早。

•Lower mountains tend to be older,and are often the eroded relics of much higher mountain chains.低矮山峦的历史往往更加久远,它们通常是高耸的山脉崩塌后的遗留物。

【派生】

erosion n.侵蚀,腐蚀erosive adj.腐蚀的;冲蚀的;侵蚀性的

【词根】

e-(出)+rod(咬)+e→咬出去→(水土)侵蚀掉

constrain[kənˈstreIn]2895

【释义】

vt.强迫(compel,force)

【字字珠玑】

constrai n:restrict□□□

constrai n:obl ige□□□

constrai n:i nhibit□□□

constrai nt:l i m it□□□

constrai nt:l i m itation□□□

?

•Fi ne-art objects are not constrained by the laws of physics i n the same way that appl ied-art

objects are.纯工艺品不像实用工艺品那样会受到自然规律的限制。

【派生】

constrai nt n.约束;强制constrai ned adj.必须的,强迫的

【词根】

con-(共同)+strai n(拉紧)→拉到一起→限制,强制

col l ide[kəˈlaId]2732

【释义】

vi.碰撞;冲突(clash,conflict)

【字字珠玑】

collide:impact ____□□□

collidewith:runinto ____□□□

collidewith:bumpinto ____□□□

例句

•By contrast,in the United States an esti mated 97 mill ion birds are killed each year when they collide with buildi ngs made of plate glass,57 mill ion are killed on highways each year.相比之下,在美国估计每年有9700万只禽鸟由于碰撞到建筑物的厚玻璃板而死亡,5700万只禽鸟死在高速公路上。

•According to this hypothesis,Earth collided with an asteroid with an estimated diameter of 10kilometers,or with several asteroids,the combined mass of which was comparable.根据这一假说,地球与一个直径约为10公里的小行星或者总体积与之相当的几个小行星发生碰撞。

【派生】

collision n.碰撞,冲突

【词根】

col-(com共同)+lide(击打)→碰撞

abolish[əˈbαːlIʃ] 2717

【释义】

vt.废除,废止(abandon,term inate)

【字字珠玑】

abolish:eliminate ____□□□

abolish:end ____□□□

18-1.abol ished○ended○raised○returned○lowered

40-1.abol ishi ng○l i m iti ng○el i m i nati ng○revisi ng○supervisi ng

例句

•In 1857,in return for a payment of 63 million kronor from other commercial nations,Denmark abolished the Sound toll dues the fees it had collected since 1497 for the use of the Sound.

1857年,一些贸易国家向丹麦支付了6300万克朗,作为交换,丹麦废止了自1497年以来在松德海峡征收的通行费。

【派生】

abolition n.废止,革除abolishable adj.可废止的

abound[əˈbaʊnd]2673

【释义】

vi.(with/i n)大量存在;充满(fill)

【字字珠玑】

abound:be numerous ____□□□

aboundin:be numerous ____□□□

aboundin:befullof ____□□□

abundant:plentiful ____□□□

an abundance of:a wealth of ____□□□

例句

•This was a landscape where antelope of all kinds abounded—along with Bos primigenius,a kind

of oxen that has become exti nct.

这里曾经是各种羚羊和一种已经灭绝的野牛出没的地方。

•Only the last of these was suited at all to the conti nuous operating of machi nes,and although waterpower abounded in Lancashi reand Scotland and ran grain mills as well as textile mills,it had one great disadvantage.

其中只有水力可以用于支持持续运转的机器,尽管在当时的兰开夏和苏格兰地区水力资源极其丰富,被用于谷物作坊和纺织厂,但这种动力存在一个极大的缺陷。

【派生】

abundant adj.丰富的abundance n.丰富;富足

【词根】

ab-(加强)+ound(und波动)→(多得)像波浪一样→丰富

hinder[ˈhIndər]2483

【释义】

vt.阻碍;妨碍(hamper,i mpede,retard)

【字字珠玑】

hinder:stop ____□□□

hinder:hamper ____□□□

hinder:interfere ____□□□

hinder:inhibit ____□□□

hinder:stunt ____□□□

hinder:retard ____□□□

例句

•I tis difficult to imagine how this could affect the cattle,but the relationship may help or hinder

them in some way not yet recognized.很难想象这对牛群会产生什么影响,但这样的关系

也许正以一种我们尚未认知的方式在帮助或阻碍着它们。

•An animal may use sound rather than color to attract attention,because sound signals are not

hindered by light conditions.

一个动物可能会使用声音而不是色彩去吸引注意力,因为声音信号不会被光照条件阻碍。

【派生】

hindrance n.阻碍

【词根】

hind(behind后部)+er(反复做)→拖后腿→阻止,妨碍

pinpoint[ˈpInpɔInt]2387

【释义】

vt.精确定位;发现(find out or say the exact position in space or time of sth.)

n.针尖,尖头(the sharp point of a pin)

【字字珠玑】

pinpoint:identify precisely ____□□□

pinpoint:identify exactly ____□□□

8-1.pinpoint○identify precisely○make an argument for

○describe○understand

11-3.pi npoint○observe○locate exactly

○copy accurately○recognize

例句

•The exact role of other factors is much more difficult to pinpoint.

其他因素的作用则很难表述清楚。

•This prediction was supported by data col lected in one survey of 24 species from an Arizona

forest,more evidence that predator pressure favors the evol ution of begging calls that are hard

to detect and pinpoint.对亚利桑那森林里的24个物种的调查所收集的数据证实了这一假

说,更多的证据也表明捕食者的存在迫使乞食声变得难以察觉和定位。

【词根】

pin(针)+point(点)→针尖

grapple[ˈgræpl]2289

【释义】

vi.&vt.抓,格斗(take hold of sb.,struggle with sb.)

n.格斗(combat,struggle)

【字字珠玑】

Syn.:combat,struggle

例句

•I n the displays,pairs of bees faced each other,slowly flew vertically to a height of about three

meters,and then grappled each other to the ground.在对阵过程中,成对的蜜蜂面对面,慢

慢垂直飞到3米左右的高度,然后互相扭打落到地上。

【派生】

grappler n.抓东西的人;格斗手

reckon[ˈrekən]2288

【释义】

vt.测算,估计;认为(calcu late;thi nk)

vi.(to)料想,期望(expect to do sth.)

【字字珠玑】

Syn.:guess,estimate,calculate,think,expect

例句

•But the mechanical clock kept equal hours,and this implied a new time reckoning.

但是,机械时钟时间间隔相等,这意味着新的时间计算法。

【派生】

reckonable adj.可计算的

subside[səbˈsaId] 2243

【释义】

vi.下沉;减弱;沉淀(fall;deposit)

【字字珠玑】

subside:diedown ____□□□

subsidiary:less important ____□□□

subsidize:finance ____□□□

例句

•Someti mes,the ground at an oi l field may subside as oil is removed.

有时一个油田的石油被抽取后,地面会下沉。

•The Wilmington field near Long Beach,California,has subsided nine meters in 50 years.

加利福尼亚州长滩附近的威尔明顿油田在50年内下沉了9米。

【派生】

subsidy n.补助;补贴subsidiary adj.次要的

subsidence n.下沉;沉淀;陷没

【词根】

sub-(在……之下)+side(sit坐)→坐下去→平息

diversify[daIˈvɜːrsIfaI] 2186

【释义】

v.多样化(vary)

【字字珠玑】

diverse:distinct ____□□□

diverse:various ____□□□

diverse:different ____□□□

diversify:vary ____□□□

5-3.diversification○emergence of many varieties○steady decline in number

○gradual i ncrease i n body size○sudden disappearance

例句

•So once natural selection had shaped the adaptations that helped plants overcome the obstacles

to terrestrial living,plants prospered and diversified.所以,一旦自然选择塑造了植物的适

应机制,使之克服在陆地上生活的障碍,植物物种就生机勃勃且丰富多样了。

•Al most everyone now had a more diversified diet.

几乎每一个人现在都已经有更多样化的饮食了。

【派生】

diverse adj.不同的;多种多样的diversity n.多样性

diversification n.多样化

【词根】

diverse(多样的)+ify(……化)→使不同,多样化

hamper[ˈhæmpər] 2025

【释义】

vt.妨碍(hinder)

n.阻碍物(hindrance)

【字字珠玑】

hamper:hinder ____□□□

hamper:make difficu lt ____□□□

hamper:restrict ____□□□

例句

•It is al ready hampering the oyster harvest and the Dungeness crab fishery,and it i nterferes with

the recreational use of beaches and waterfronts.

米草属植物已经妨碍了牡蛎的打捞以及珍宝蟹的养殖,它干扰了海滩和海滨的娱乐用途。

fluctuate[ˈflʌktʃʊeIt] 1589

【释义】

v.波动;变化(change a lot in an irregular way)

【字字珠玑】

fluctuate:alternate ____□□□

fluctuate:vary ____□□□

fluctuate:change ____□□□

fl uctuate:move up and down□□□

fl uctuation:variation□□□

?

•Deer popu lations natural ly fluctuate,but early settlers i n the Puget Sound envi ronment caused

an overal l decl i ne i n the deer popu lations of the areas at that ti me.

鹿群数量会自然波动,但早期普吉特海湾地区的定居者导致了当时鹿群数量的全面下降。

•The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly si nce the entry of Europeans i nto Puget Sound

country.自从欧洲人进入了普吉特海湾,鹿群的数量发生了显著的变化。

•We also know that the global cl i mate system is i mmensely compl icated and that everythi ng is i n

some way connected,and so the system is capable of fluctuating i n unexpected ways.

我们还知道全球气候系统是非常复杂的,各个因素之间存在着千丝万缕的联系,因此,

这一系统纷繁复杂、变化多端。

【派生】

fl uctuation n.波动,起伏

【词根】

fl uct-(fl u流动)+uate(表动词)→波动

smother[ˈsmʌðər]1528

【释义】

vt.&vi.(使)窒息;闷死(deprive of oxygen and prevent from breathi ng)

【字字珠玑】

Syn.:choke,stifle

例句

•Efforts to control Spartina outside its natural environment have included burni ng,flooding,shading plants with black canvas or plastic,smothering the plants with dredged materials or clay,applying herbicide,and mowing repeatedly.

为了控制米草属植物在自然生境以外的扩散,人们尝试了焚烧、水淹、用黑色的帆布或塑料布遮挡阳光、用疏浚物料或者黏土使其窒息、喷洒除草剂以及反复割草等方法。

【派生】

smothery adj.令人透不过气的;令人窒息的

【词根】

smo(smoke烟)+the(thick浓厚)→浓烟→窒息

repel[rIˈpel]1370

【释义】

vt.驱除;排斥(exclude)

【字字珠玑】

repel:repulse ____□□□

例句

•During courtship and aggressive displays,the turkey enlarges its colored neck col lar by i nflati ng

sacs in the neck region and then flings about a pendu lous part of the colored signal i ng apparatus

as it utters calls designed to attract or repel.在求爱期和发起进攻时,火鸡通过给颈部液囊

充气扩张颈圈,晃动着下垂的鲜艳的信号装置,随之发出叫声来吸引异性或击退敌人。

【派生】

repulsiveadj.令人排斥的repel lent adj.排斥的;防水的

【词根】

re-(一再,重新)+pel(push驱动,推)→排斥

decompose[ˌdiːkəmˈpoʊz] 1046

【释义】

v.分解;(使)腐烂(disintegrate,decay,rot)

【字字珠玑】

decomposed:decay ____□□□

例句

•Large concentrations of si ngle-cel led organisms with green pigments(colori ng substances)

occur along the edges of the ice shelves i n this region,and the seawater is rich i n thei r

decomposing organic material.在这个区域,冰床附近带有绿色素的单细胞生物非常多,

而且海水里面含有丰富的它们分解有机物质。

【派生】

decomposable adj.可分解的decomposition n.分解;变质

【词根】

de-(去掉,变坏,离开)+compose(组成,构成)→分解

Day 6

978-7-111-51104-5-Chapter02-7.jpg

diminish[dIˈmInIʃ] 7678

【释义】

vt.(使)减少,缩小(belittle,denigrate)

vi.减少;逐渐变细(minimize)

【字字珠玑】

diminish:reduce ____□□□

diminish:taper ____□□□

diminish:dwindle ____□□□

作为单词题assured的选项出现。

26-2.assured○pure○diminished○guaranteed○deep

例句

•The gradual dryi ng of the soil caused by its diminished ability to absorb water results in the further loss of vegetation,so that a cycle of progressive surface deterioration is establ ished.

地表吸收水分的能力进一步弱化使得土壤越发干燥,导致植被的进一步流失,于是便形成了土壤沙化的恶性循环。

•Under such conditions,the destructive effects of bacteria are diminished.

在这种条件下,细菌的破坏性影响会降低。

•During the dry periods that are common phenomena along the desert margins,though,the pressure on the land is often far in excess of its diminished capacity,and desertification results.但是在干旱的季节里,在沙漠周边的土地上,存在着这样一个十分普遍的现象:人类对土地施加的压力远远超过了土地自身减压的能力,因此最终形成了沙漠。

•Wood,the pri mary source of heat for homes and industries and also used in the iron industry as

processed charcoal,was diminishing in supply.木材——这一为家庭和工业供暖、供能,同

时也以加工木炭的形式被使用在钢铁工业中的主要能源,其供应量日益减少。

【派生】

diminutive adj.小得出奇的

diminishable adj.可减少的;可缩减的;可降低的;可削弱的

【词根】

di-(分开)+m i ni(小)+ish(表动词)→变小,减少

envision[InˈvIʒn]6332

【释义】

vt.想象,预见;展望(i magi ne,fancy)

【字字珠玑】

envision:picture□□□

envision:fancy ____□□□

envision:imagine ____□□□

例句

•Nor did the Whigs envision any confl ict i n society between farmers and workers on the one hand

and busi ness people and bankers on the other.

然而,辉格党人并没有预见农民、工人和商人、银行家之间的冲突。

•However,unlike the cases of sea otters and pinnipeds,it is not easy to envision what the fi rst

whales looked like.

然而,想知道世界上第一只鲸长什么样子并非易事,这不像还原海獭及鳍足类动物。

•The most widely accepted theory,championed by anthropologists in the late ni neteenth and

early twentieth centuries,envisions theater as emerging out of myth and ritual.

19世纪末20世纪初,人类学家所拥护的一种理论得到了人们的广泛认同;这种观点认

为戏剧起源于神话和宗教仪式。

【派生】

envisage vt.正视,面对;想象

【词根】

en-(使)+vision(视野)→想象

illuminate[IˈluːmIneIt] 4968

【释义】

vt.照亮,照明;阐明(make sth.brighter and more visible;explain)

【字字珠玑】

illuminate:lighten ____□□□

illuminated:bright ____□□□

18-3.illuminates○opens○completes○lights○electrifies

例句

•Then a strong current of electrons fol lows that path from the cloud to the ground,and it is that

current that illuminates the channel as the l ightni ng we see.

然后强电流会沿着这条通道从云层传向地面,这股照亮通道的电流就是我们看到的闪电。

•One of Fullers major i nventions was underl ighti ng,i n which she stood on a pane of frosted glass

illuminated from underneath.富勒主要的发明之一是地面照明,意思是她站在一块毛玻璃

上,而光是从下面照射上来的。

•This i mpressive display is clearly visible i n the l ight spectrum illuminating the forest floor.

在照亮雨林底层的光谱环境下,能够清晰地看到这种让人印象深刻的展示。

【派生】

ill um inating adj.照亮的,启蒙的illuminator n.照明者

【词根

il-(使)+lumin(光)+ate(表动词)→使……光明→说明

devastate[ˈdevəsteIt] 3697

【释义】

vt.破坏;毁灭(destroy,ruin)

【字字珠玑】

devastate:destroy ____□□□

devastating:destructive ____□□□

17-3.devastated○influenced○infected○strengthened○destroyed

例句

•Spread rapidly by mosquitoes,the virus devastated the rabbit population.

由于蚊子的快速传播,兔子的数量急剧减少。

【派生】

devastative adj.破坏的devastation n.毁坏;荒废;极度震惊或悲伤

devastator n.蹂躏者,破坏者

wrestle[ˈresl] 3606

【释义】

vt.&vi.(与某人)搏斗;摔跤(combat to overcome an opposi ng force;throw sb.to the

ground)

n.摔跤;斗争(combat)

【字字珠玑】

Syn.:struggle,combat

例句

•In any case,in ani mals it consists of leapi ng,running,climbi ng,throwing,wrestling,and other movements,either along,with objects,or with other animals.

在任何情况下,动物间的玩耍都包括跳跃;奔跑;攀登;投掷、格斗和另外的一些动作,而玩耍的对象可能是其他物品或者动物。

【派生】

wrestler n.摔跤选手;扭斗者,搏斗者

inhibit[InˈhIbIt] 2887

【释义】

v.抑制;禁止(hi nder,hold back,hamper)

【字字珠玑】

inhibit:slow down ____□□□

inhibit:prevent ____□□□

inhibit:restrict ____□□□

inhibit:deter from ____□□□

inhibit:curb ____□□□

inhibit:constrain ____□□□

inhibited:hi ndered ____□□□

4-1.inhibits○consists of○combines○restricts○establ ishes

例句

•Their calcu lations show that the impact kicked up a dust cloud that cut off sunl ight for several

months,inhibiting photosynthesis in plants.

他们的计算表明,撞击扬起的灰尘遮挡了阳光达几个月之久,阻挡了植物的光合作用。

•Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants,the black-tailed deer

browses on huckleberry,salal,dogwood,and almost any other shrub or herb.

在森林抑制草和其他草甸植物生长的地方,黑尾鹿可以吃越橘、北美白珠树、山茱萸和

其他几乎所有的灌木和草。

【派生】

nhibited adj.内向的,羞怯的i nhibition n.抑制;压抑;禁止

【词根】:

in-(不能)+hibit(hold拿住)→不能拿→抑制

discern[dIˈsɜːrn] 2691

【释义】

vt.&vi.识别,辨别(detect with the senses)

【字字珠玑】

discern:identify ____□□□

discern:detect ____□□□

discernible:noticeable ____□□□

discernible:discriminating ____□□□

23-3.discern○i ndicate○apply○identify○repeat

例句

•Second,what is its styl istic organization and is it possible to discern a sequence or a pattern of

development between styles?

第二,它的组织风格是什么样的以及有没有可能从风格中辨别出一个发展序列和模式?

【派生】

discernment n.识别;洞察力;敏锐;眼力discernible adj.可识别的;可辨别的

【词根】

dis-(分开)+cern(搞清,区别)→分开搞清→区别

trickle[ˈtrIkl]2119

【释义】

v.滴;细细地流(drip)

n.滴;涓流(drop)

【字字珠玑】

Syn.:dribble,filter,drip

例句

•So even under normal situations the gene flow among the subpopu lations is more of an

interm ittent trickle than a steady stream.

所以就算在正常情况下,亚族群间基因交流更可能像是间歇的细流而不是稳定的流动。

excavate[ˈekskəveIt]1832

【释义】

vt.&vi.挖掘;开凿;发掘(dig,shovel)

【字字珠玑】

excavate:dig out□□□

excavation:dug-out□□□

例句

•Even diluted by the terrestrial material excavated from the crater,this component of meteorites

is easily identified.即便这些物质从陨石坑被挖掘出来后受到地球物质的稀释,其中的成

分仍然很容易被鉴定出来。

•This impact released an enormous amount of energy,excavating a crater about twice as large

as the lunar crater Tycho.

这次撞击释放出了巨大的能量,凿出了一个约为月球第谷山口面积两倍大的陨石坑。

【派生】

excavator n.挖掘机excavation n.挖掘;开凿

【词根】

ex-(出)+cav(空洞)+ate(做)→从洞中出来→挖出

aggravate[ˈægrəveIt] 1653

【释义】

vt.加重,使恶化(irritate,annoy)

【字字珠玑】

aggravate:annoy ____□□□

aggravate:increase ____□□□

例句

•One cognitive theory suggests that aggravating and painful events trigger unpleasant feelings.

一个认知理论认为,恼人的、痛苦的事件会引起人们的不悦。

【派生】

aggravation n.加重,恶化,恼怒

【词根】

ag-(强调)+grav-(gravity重)+ate(表动作)→变重

nourish[ˈnɜːrIʃ] 1576

【释义】

vt.滋养,施肥;抚养,教养(cultivate;foster)

【字字珠玑】

nourish:feed ____□□□

例句

•The fungi absorb moisture and mineral salts from the rocks,passi ng these on in waste products that nourish algae.真菌从岩石中吸收水分和矿物盐,并将这些作为代谢废物为海藻施肥。

Nourished by their imported supply of nutrients,the young plants push out their roots and establ ish their place in the sun.由于得到内部携带的营养物质的滋养,幼小的植物将它们的根部伸出地面,并开始在阳光下成长。

【派生】

nourishment n.食物;营养品;滋养品

【词根】

nour(nutrient营养,养育)+ish(表动词)→提供养分,养育

intrude[Inˈtruːd] 1562

【释义】

vi.侵入,侵扰(enter uni nvitedly)

【字字珠玑】

intrusive:interfering ____□□□

intrusive:invasive ____□□□

例句

•These are problems that must be overcome by the artist because they tend to intrude upon his

or her conception of the work.

类似的困难都是艺术家必须克服的,因为这些困扰往往影响了艺术家对工艺品的设计。

•To return this favor,ants guard the nectaries,drivi ng away or ki l l i ng intruding i nsects that m ight

compete with ants for nectar.

为了回报植物,蚂蚁会保卫蜜腺,赶走或杀死入侵的昆虫,因为它们会和蚂蚁争夺蜜腺。

【词根】

in-(进入)+trud(push推)→侵入

obstruct[əbˈstrʌkt] 1510

【释义】

vt.阻碍;阻止(clog,hinder,hamper)

【字字珠玑】

obstruction:resistance ____□□□

obstruct:slow ____□□□

obstruct:retard ____□□□

例句

•What varies is not the basic form but the i ncidental detai ls that do not obstruct the object’s pri mary function.

它们的区别不是基本功能的不同,而是那些不影响其基本功能的细节存在差异。

•In forests,visual signals can be seen only at short distances,where they are not obstructed by trees.在森林中,只能在不被树木阻挡的距离较近的地方能看到视觉信号。

【派生】

obstructor n.妨碍物,阻碍者obstruction n.障碍;阻碍;妨碍

【词根】

ob-(否定)+struct(build建立,结构)→不建立→阻碍

intersect[ˌIntərˈsekt]1443

【释义】

vt.横切,横穿(cross)

vt.&vi.(指线条、道路等)相交,交叉(meet at a poi nt)

【字字珠玑】

Syn.:cross

例句

•I n particu larly wet years,short stretches of an otherwise dry stream-bed may have flowi ng water because the water table rises to intersect the land surface.在特别湿润的年月里,一段干涸的河床下游可能有水流动,因为地下水位抬升到了地表以上。

•The descending stream of electrons divides at the point where the new positive-stream channel

intersects the established path.

下降的电子流在遇到从地面新路径来的带正电的电子流时会分开。

【派生】

intersection n.交叉点,节点

【词根】

inter-(在……之间,相互)+sect(cut/divide切,割)→横切

propagate[ˈprαːpəgeIt] 1246

【释义】

vt.&vi.繁衍,扩散;蔓延(mu ltiply sexual ly or asexual ly;become widespread)

【字字珠玑】

propagate:multiply ____□□□

propagate:reproduce ____□□□

propagated:spread ____□□□

9-3.propagate○multiply○emerge○live○evolve

例句

•These plants propagate by produci ng spores—ti ny ferti l ized cel ls that contai n al l the i nstructions for maki ng a new plant—but the spore are unprotected by any outer coati ng and carry no supply of nutrient.这些植物通过产生孢子繁殖,孢子是一些微小的有营养的细胞,它们携带了所有的用于生长一株新的植物的遗传物质,但是它没有任何外部表皮的保护,也没携带供应营养的组织。

•An i ndividual’s success i n propagating his or her genes can be affected by more than j ust his or

her own personal reproductive success.

一个物种成功延续它的基因所产生的影响要比它自身繁殖所带来的影响大得多。

【派生】

propagation n.传播,传输,蔓延,扩展,波及深度

propagative adj.传播的,繁殖的

【词根】

pro-(多)+pag(合同,商定)+ate(表动词)→宣传→繁殖,传播

substantiate[səbˈstænʃIeIt]1090

【释义】

vt.用事实支持(某主张、说法等),证实(supply evidence which proves that somethi ng is

true)

【字字珠玑】

substantiate:confirm ____□□□

unsubstantiated:unverified ____□□□

19-2.substantiated○confi rmed○noticed○defi ned○publ icized

例句

•Two types of images substantiate this theory:the strange,indecipherable geometric shapes

that appear near some animals,and the few drawings of men.两种类型的图像证实了这一理

论:在动物附近有些奇怪的、难以辨认的几何图形和几个男子的画像。

•Clements and other early ecologists sawal most law like regu larity in the order of succession,but that has not been substantiated.克莱门茨和其他早期的生态学家从演变的顺序中看到了类似定律的规律性,但这个规律性还没有得到证实。

【派生】

substantiation n.证实,证明

【词根】

substant(substance物质;实质)+iate表动词→把(理论)物质化→证实

fertilize[ˈfɜːrtəlaIz] 987

【释义】

vt.使肥沃;施肥;使受孕(add nutrients to;i ntroduce semen i nto)

【字字珠玑】

ferti le:productive ____□□□

ferti le:rich ____□□□

•Without thei r colorfu l corol la,flowers do not attract pol l i nators and are not fertil ized.

一旦花冠被破坏,花朵不能再吸引传粉昆虫,因此不能受精。

•These plants propagate by produci ng spores—ti ny fertil ized cel ls that contai n al l the

i nstructions for maki ng a new plant—but the spore are unprotected by any outer coati ng and

carry no supply of nutrient.这些植物通过产生孢子繁殖,孢子是一些微小的有营养的细

胞,它们携带了所有的用于生长一株新的植物的遗传物质,但是它没有任何外部表皮的

保护,也没携带供应营养的组织。

•Unl i ke aquatic and mari ne forms,land plants cannot always rely on water currents to carry thei r

sex cel ls and disperse thei r fertil ized eggs.

与水中和海洋中的形式不同,陆生植物无法总是依赖水流携带生殖细胞或传播受精卵。

【派生】

ferti l ization n.施肥;受精;肥沃ferti l izable adj.可施肥的,可受精的

【词根】

fer-(bring/carry带来,拿来)+til(形容词)+ize(表动词,表示“……化,做”)→施肥

diverge[daIˈvɜːrdʒ] 950

【释义】

vi.分开,叉开;分歧(move or draw apart;be different)

vt.使发散;使偏离(extend i n a different di rection)

【字字珠玑】

diverge:move apart ____□□□

例句

•Second,it appears that closely related popu lations of fishes on both sides of the isthmus are

starti ng to genetical ly diverge from each other.

第二,地峡两侧关系紧密的鱼群的基因正在开始变异。

•The plates have edges that are spreadi ng ridges(where two plates are movi ng apart and new

seafloor is bei ng created),subduction zones,or transform fau lts(where two plates neither

converge nor diverge but merely move past one another).

板块的边缘是扩张脊(两个板块分离,新的海底形成的地方),俯冲带(两板块碰撞,一

个倾入到另一个下面),或者是形成断层(两板块既不聚集也不分散,但只是互相错位)。

【派生】

divergence n.分歧divergent adj.有分歧的;叉开的;

【词根】

di-(使……变成,分开,离开)+verge(边,边缘)→分开,叉开

perplex[pərˈpleks]706

【释义】

vt.使迷惑(puzzle,complex)

【字字珠玑】

perplex:puzzle ____□□□

11 -2.perplexed○defeated○i nterested○puzzled○occupied

•The question perplexed people for years,unti l,i n the 1950s,a German scientist named

Gustave Kramer provided some answers.这个问题困扰了人们很久,直到20世纪50年代,

一位名叫Gustave Kramer的德国科学家给出了一些回答。

•Equal ly perplexing constituents of Al lende are the refractory i ncl usions:i rregu lar white masses

that tend to be larger than chondru les.同样令人困惑的是阿伦德陨星的成分是耐高温的内

含物:比陨石球粒要大些的不规则的白色团块。

【派生】

perplexity n.困惑;混乱perplexedly adv.困窘地,为难地

【词根】

per-(全部)+plex(fold重叠)→从头到尾全部重叠→迷惑

domesticate[dəˈmestIˌket]199

【释义】

vt.驯养(bri ng ani mals or plants under control)

【字字珠玑】

domesticate:tame ____□□□

domestic:household ____□□□

例句

•Africa’s native plants are very difficu lt to domesticate.非洲本土的植物是很难家庭种植的。

•The fact that some societies domesticated ani mals and plants,discovered the use of metal

tools,became literate,and developed a state shou ld not make us forget that others developed

pastoral ismor horticu lture(vegetable gardening)but remai ned il l iterate and at low levels of

productivity.一些社会驯化动植物、发现金属工具的使用、开始识字并且形成国家,这些

事实不能使我们忘记其他社会虽然发展出了畜牧或园艺(蔬菜园艺)但是仍停留在文盲

状态,而且生产力较低。

•The newly domesticated ani mals behaved better,were easier to control,and may have enjoyed

a higher birth rate,which in turn yielded greater milk supplies.

最新驯化的动物更易控制,出生率也更高,而反过来也会提供更多奶源。

•Some people have argued that the Pacific was settled by traders who became lost while

transporting domesticated plants and ani mals.

有人认为,太平洋是被那些在运输植物和动物过程中迷失方向的贸易者占领的。

【派生】

domesticable adj.习于家居的,可驯养的domestication n.驯养,驯化

【词根】

dom-(屋,家)+estic(表形容词)+ate表动词→驯养(动物)

Day 7

978-7-111-51104-5-Chapter02-8.jpg

designate[ˈdezIgneIt] 5172

【释义】

vt.指定;指派(assign,nominate)

【字字珠玑】

design:create ____□□□

designate:assign ____□□□

designate:identify ____□□□

designate:appoint ____□□□

design:motif ____□□□

designation:identification ____□□□

例句

•Mendeleyev designated this element“eka-aluminum”(eka is the Sanskrit word for“next”)and

predicted its properties.门捷列夫将该元素定义为“铝下元素”(eka是梵语词,意思是

“下一个”)并且还预测了其性质。

【派生】

designated adj.指定的,特指的designation n.指定;指示;选派

【词根】

de-(out加强)+sign(标记)+ate(表动词)→指定记号→指定,指明

conceal[kənˈsiːl] 5154

【释义】

vt.隐藏(disgu ise,hide)

【字字珠玑】

conceal:hide ____□□□

conceal:cover ____□□□

作为单词题posed的选项出现。

25-3.posed○shared○presented○strengthened○concealed

例句

•Yet this most fundamental standard of historical periodization conceals a host of paradoxes.

然而在这一历史分期的基本标准下依然矛盾重重。

•These higher-frequency sounds do not travel as far,and so may better conceal the individuals

producing them,who are especially vul nerable to predators in their ground nests.

这种高频的声音不会传播很远,可以更好地隐藏在地面。鸟巢里单独发出这种声音而容

易成为捕食者攻击的雏鸟。

•It cannot conceal the fact that cetaceans are mammals.

它不能隐藏鲸类是哺乳动物的这一事实。

【派生】

concealed adj.隐蔽的,隐匿的conceal ment n.隐藏,隐蔽;隐匿处

【词根】

con-(全部)+ceal(收,隐藏)→隐藏,隐蔽,隐瞒

invoke[Inˈvoʊk] 4948

【释义】

vt.恳求,祈求(plea,prayer)

【字字珠玑】

i nvoke:callon ____□□□

10-2.invoked○demonstrated○cal led upon○supported○expected

例句

•Some current analyses concl ude that volcanoes and solar activity explain quite a considerable

amount of the observed variabi lity in the period from the seventeenth to the early twentieth

centuries,but that they cannot be invoked to explain the rapid warming i n recent decades.

一些现有的分析断定,火山和太阳活动解释了自17世纪到20世纪早期的相当多的可以

观察到的变化,但它们不能用以解释最近几十年的全球气候迅速变暖的现象。

【派生】

invoker n.祷告者,祈求者invocation n.祈祷

【词根】

in-(进)+vok(出声,叫喊,看)+e→喊进去,请求

scrape[skreIp] 4941

【释义】

n.刮;擦痕(an indication of damage)

vt.&vi.刮;擦伤(scratch,brush,rasp)

【字字珠玑】

scrap:fragment ____□□□

例句

•The most thoroughly studied cases of deception strategies employed by ground-nesting birds

involve plovers,small birds that typically nest on beaches or in open fields,their nests merely

scrapes in the sand or earth.关于在地面筑巢的鸟究竟是如何使用欺骗的策略引开猎食动

物的这个问题,研究得最多的是珩科鸟。这种体形较小的鸟在海滩的沙地上或旷野的土

地里浅浅地挖出巢窝产卵抚育后代。

【派生】

scraper n.刮刀,铲土机

uphold[ʌpˈhoʊld] 4936

【释义】

vt.维护;支撑(support,sustain)

【字字珠玑】

uphold:preserve ____□□□

uphold:confi rm ____□□□

uphold:support ____□□□

例句

•The guilds were created to support workers and to uphold pri nciples of high-qual ity craft

production.这个行会是为了支持工人,并维持高质量手工业生产的标准而设立的。

【词根】

up-(向上)+hold(拿住)→向上拿住→支持

precede[prIˈsiːd] 4532

【释义】

vt.&vi.先于;领先(come before)

【字字珠玑】

precede:go beyond ____□□□

precede:come before ____□□□

preceding:prior to ____□□□

unprecedented:initial ____□□□

unprecedented:unique ____□□□

unprecedented:novel ____□□□

unprecedented:unexampled ____□□□

unprecedented:not seen before ____□□□

3-2.unprecedented○difficu lt to control○without any restriction

○unl i ke anythi ng i n the past○rapidly expandi ng

?

•Thei r yawni ng seems to have nothi ng to do with sleepi ness or boredom—qu ite the reverse—but

it does precede a change i n activity level.他们的哈欠看上去似乎与困倦、疲乏无关,但

是,这一行为的确出现在了活动水平的变化之前。

•Each of the preceding techniques provides the researcher with evidence that the i nfant can

detect or discri m i nate between sti mu l i.

上述每种技术都可以给研究者提供证据,证明婴儿能够探知或辨别刺激。

•Extreme changes in dai ly and seasonal cl imates preceded the retreat of the seas back into the major

ocean basins.每天和季节性的极端气候变化发生在海水退却到主要的海洋盆地之前。

【派生】

precedent n.先例precedi ng adj.之前的unprecedented adj.史无前例的

【词根】

pre-(预先)+ced(行走,前进)+e→预先走→优先

divert[daIˈvɜːrt]4313

【释义】

vt.转移;使……转向(move i nto a different location;fol low a different route)

【字字珠玑】

divert:shift ____□□□

divert:deflect ____□□□

20-1.diverted○col lected○shifted○transported○sold

例句

•Eventually,the western states diverted much of thei r produce from the rivers to the Erie Canal,

a shorter route to eastern markets.最终,西部各州都将不少农产品从以往的水路,转到了

伊利运河这条通往东部市场的捷径上来。

•Al most al l of an organisms energy can be diverted to reproduction,with very little al located to

building the body.1

一个生物体所有的能量几乎都可以转用于繁殖,基本上没有多少能量被分配在生长上。

【派生】

diversion n.声东击西;转向surge diverter n.避雷针

【词根】

di-(离开)+vert(turn转)→转偏离→转向

intensify[InˈtensIfaI] 4096

【释义】

vt.加强(enhance,strengthen)

【字字珠玑】

intensify:strengthen ____□□□

intensive:strong ____□□□

intensified:magnified ____□□□

intensive:concentrate ____□□□

例句

•Construction of small dams,reservoirs,terraces,and field houses indicates that farmers were

intensifying their efforts during the 1200s.

小型水坝、水库、梯田以及房屋的建设表明13世纪的农民一直在不断努力。

•In most cities,the heati ng that results from solar radiation is intensified by carbon dioxide,a

gas that is present at very high concentrations in cities atmospheres.

在大多数城市,太阳照射的热量被在城市大气中高浓度存在的二氧化碳加强了。

•In the latter decades of the twentieth century there were intensified efforts to understand and

record the abundance of Austral ian rock art.在20世纪随后的几十年里,人们把更多的努

力放到了理解和记录澳大利亚岩画的丰富性上。

•The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it.

自由的情绪表达方式会增强心中的情感。

【派生】

intensive adj.加强的;集中的intensity n.强度

【词根】

in-(进)+tens(tend伸展,趋向)+ify(……化)→加强;变强;加剧

elicit[IˈlIsIt] 3541

【释义】

vt.得出;引起(deduce;call forth)

【字字珠玑】

elicit:obtain ____□□□

elicit:provoke ____□□□

elicit:bringout ____□□□

?

•Changes i n the electrical pattern of the brai n i ndicate that the sti mu l us is getti ng through to the

i nfant’s central nervous system and el iciting some form of response.

脑电图发生变化意味着刺激通过婴儿的中枢神经系统,引起某种形式的反应。

•By providing us with definitions of situations,they elicit from our behavior that conforms to group-de-

vised meanings.他们根据我们的行为来定义我们的处境,以遵循群体分配的意义。

【派生】

el icitation n.引出;启发;诱导

【词根】

e-(出)+l ic(al l ure拉出;引诱)+it→引出,探出

splash[splæʃ]3517

【释义】

vt./vi.溅,泼(a liquid hits sb./sth.and scatters in a lot of small drops)

n.飞溅的量;斑点(a smal l quantity of a liquid)

【字字珠玑】

Syn.:sprinkle,scatter,splosh,plash,spatter

例句

•However,the ejecta on Mars gives the disti nct i mpression of a liquid that has splashed or

flowed out of crater.然而,火星喷出物则因飞溅而出或溢出的液体给人留下了深刻的印象。

【派生】

splashy adj.泥泞的;遍布斑点的splash out大量花钱

allocate[ˈæləket] 3478

【释义】

vt.分配;分派(allot;assign,distribute)

【字字珠玑】

allocation:distribution ____□□□

allocation:ration ____□□□

例句

•All organisms,therefore,allocate energy to growth,reproduction,maintenance,and storage.

因此,所有生物体都会将自己的能量进行分配用以生长、繁殖、维系生命和进行储备。

•At the other extreme are competitors,almost all of whose resources are invested in building a

huge body,with a bare minimum allocated to reproduction.

处于另一个极端的是“竞争者”,“竞争者”几乎将其所有的能量都用于生长一个庞大的

身躯,而仅用最低限度的能量进行繁殖。

【派生】

al location n.分配,配置;安置allocable adj.可分配的

【词根】

al-(一再)+locate(地方)→分派

inhale[InˈheIl] 3442

【释义】

vt.&vi.吸入;吸气(breathe i n;drawin)

【字字珠玑】

i nhale:breathe in ____□□□

例句

•Without this muscu lar action,inhaling is like sucking air out of a bal loon—the narrow passages

tend to collapse.

没有这种肌肉的运动,呼吸空气就像从气球里吸气一样,狭窄的通道会面临崩溃。

•For example,during wakefulness there is an immediate,automatic,adaptive increase in

breathi ng effort when inhaling is made more difficult(such as breathing through a restrictive

face mask).比如,在清醒时如果呼吸变得困难的话,就会有一个立即自动适应性的呼吸

增强(比如戴上面具呼吸)。

【派生】

inhalation n.吸入inhalational adj.吸入的

【词根】

in-+(向内,进入)+hale(气)→进气,吸气

plague[pleIg] 3332

【释义】

vt.使苦恼(annoy,bother,irritate)

n.瘟疫,疫病(disease)

【字字珠玑】

plague:problem ____□□□

plague:bother ____□□□

plague:cause trouble for ____□□□

例句

•The West had plenty of attractions:the al l uvial river bottoms,the fecund soi ls of the rol l i ng forest lands,the black loams of the prai ries were tempti ng to New England farmers worki ng thei r rocky,steri le land and to southeastern farmers plagued with soi l depletion and erosion.

西部吸引人的地方很多:冲积河床、绵延起伏的林地下的肥沃的土壤、大草原上的黑土,这些都吸引着在布满岩石又贫瘠的土地上劳作的新英格兰农民和饱受土壤损耗和流失困扰的东南部农民。

【派生】

be plagued with深受……其害plague-stricken adj.瘟疫肆虐的

elaborate[IˈlæbəreIt]3096

【释义】

vt.精心制作(计划);详细阐述(work out in detail;explai n,embellish)

adj.精心构思的(very detailed and complicated;carefully prepared and finished)

【字字珠玑】

elaborate:complex ____□□□

elaboratedly:with great detail ____□□□

elaborate:ornate ____□□□

例句

•From the fi rst appearance of cyl inder seals,the carved scenes cou ld be highly elaborate and

refi ned,i ndicati ng the work of special ist stone-cutters.

从圆柱章的出现开始,被雕刻的图像就非常精致,这表现了石头切割者的专业技术。

•In many instances,spectators in the era before recorded sound experienced elaborate aural

presentations alongside movies’visual i mages,from the Japanese benshi(narrators)crafti ng

mu lti-voiced dialogue narratives to origi nal musical compositions performed by symphony-size

orchestras in Europe and the United States.

在许多实例中,录音时代之前的观众都有亲身体验,电影放映时旁边是精美绝伦的音效呈

现,从绝妙的日本benshi(口技)多音效对话演绎到欧美管弦交响乐队演奏的原创曲目。

•Thus,the recal ling of an event(a hunt,battle,or other feat)is elaborated through the

narrators pantom ime and impersonation and eventually through each role being assumed by a

different person.

因此,讲述者通过自己的手势和模仿把对一个事件的回忆(一次打猎、战役或是其他功

勋伟业)表现得淋漓尽致,这种方式最终演变成为由不同的人来演绎不同的角色。

•Admiration for the performers skill,vi rtuosity,and grace are seen as motivation for elaborating

the activities into fully real ized theatrical performances.人们将表演者的演技、审美能力和优

雅的欣赏视为是表演者将他们的表演精心策划的动力。

【派生】

elaboration n.苦心经营;详细阐述elaborative adj.煞费苦心的;仔细的

【词根】

e-(出)+labor(劳动)+ate(表动词)→精心制作;详细阐述

redefine[ˌriːdIˈfaIn] 2729

【释义】

vt.重新定义;重新思考(consider sth.in a new way)

【字字珠玑】

Syn.:give a new defi nition to

例句

•With this declaration,Jackson redefined the character of the presidential office and its

relationship to the people.杰克逊用这番话重新定义了总统府的角色及其与民众的关系。

【派生】

redefinition n.重新定义

【词根】

re(再一次)+define(定义)→重新定义

flicker[ˈflIkə] 2724

【释义】

vt.&vi.闪烁(shine unsteadi ly)

n.闪现,一闪而过(a momentary flash of light)

【字字珠玑】

Syn.:fl utter,waver

例句

•Coal gas rivaled smoky oillamps and flickering candles,and early in the new century,well-to-do Londoners grew accustomed to gaslit houses and even streets.

新世纪伊始,煤气灯在与冒烟的油灯和忽闪的蜡烛的比较中尽占优势,经济富裕的伦敦人也开始习惯用煤气做家用照明甚至街道照明。

【派生】

flickery adj.闪烁的,摆动的

【词根】

flick(轻弹)+er→闪烁

infringe[InˈfrIndʒ]1550

【释义】

vt.违背;侵犯(break a rule,law,etc.)

【字字珠玑】

Syn.:violate,break,i ntrude

例句

•As the Little Ice Age progressed,farmers probably moved their fields to lower elevations,

infringing on the lands of other farmers and pushi ng people together.

随着小冰河时代的到来,农民们可能将他们的耕地迁到海拔更低的地区去,侵入其他农

民的土地并使人口聚集在一起,因而促进了群居。

【派生】

infringe(up)on侵犯;违反infringement n.侵犯;违反

【词根】

in(内)+fringe(frag破碎)→内部弄碎→破坏,违反

dilute[daIˈluːt] 1782

【释义】

vt.稀释;冲淡(make thi n,weaken)

【字字珠玑】

dilute:reduce ____□□□

dilute:weaken ____□□□

例句

•Even diluted by the terrestrial material excavated from the crater,this component of meteorites

is easi ly identified.即便这些物质从陨石坑被挖掘出来后受到地球物质的稀释,其中的成

分仍然很容易被鉴定出来。

【派生】

dilution n.稀释;冲淡

【词根】

di-(分开)+lute(冲)→冲开东西→稀释

befriend[bIˈfrend] 1238

【释义】

vi.&vt.成为朋友;待人如友(become friends)

【字字珠玑】

Syn.:acquai nt,make friends

例句

•Always open to scientific and technological innovations,she befriended the scientists Marie and Pierre Curie upon their discovery of radium and created a RadiumDance.

因为富勒总是对科技创新抱有很开放的态度,所以她帮助科学家玛丽和皮埃尔·居里进行镭的研究并编排了舞蹈作品《镭》来模仿该元素的磷光现象。

【词根】

be-(成为)+friend(朋友)→成为朋友

shelter[ˈʃeltər] 2344

【释义】

vt.保护(shield,protect)

vi.躲避,避难(refuge)

n.庇护;避难所(haven,harbor)

【字字珠玑】

shelter:cover ____□□□

sheltered:protected ____□□□

例句

•The appl ied arts are thus bound by the laws of physics,which pertain to both the materials used

in their making and the substances and things to be contai ned,supported,and sheltered.

这些实用的工艺品以自然规律为基础,它们的制作材料及其容纳、支撑、遮盖的内容需

要符合这些规律。

•Appl ied-art objects fulfill functions,such as contai ni ng or sheltering,and objects with the same

function have similar characteristics because they are constrained by their purpose.

应用工艺品有它们实现的功能,比如装东西、遮蔽东西,而拥有相同功能的物体含有相

似的特点,因为它们都是由功能所决定的。

【派生】

shelter...from保护sheltered adj.保护的

shelterless adj.无处藏身的;无遮蔽的

Day 8

978-7-111-51104-5-Chapter02-9.jpg

undermine[ˌʌndərˈmaIn]8870

【释义】

v.逐渐削弱;从根基处破坏;挖……的墙脚(make one’s authority or position less secure;

hollow out as if making a cave or opening)

【字字珠玑】

undermine:weaken ____□□□

例句

•I ronically,the new machi ne tended to undermine Cathol ic Church authority.

讽刺的是,新仪器有破坏天主教堂权威性的倾向。

•The development of new international trade routes could undermine the monetary base and

erode state power.新的国际贸易线路的出现会动摇经济基础并腐蚀国家权力。

【派生】

undermine sb.’s confidence/authority/position/credibility损害某人的信心/权威/地位/信誉

【词根】

under(在……下)+mine(挖)→挖墙脚

manipulate[məˈnIpjʊleIt] 6951

【释义】

vt.操作,操纵(handle,operate)

【字字珠玑】

manipu late:control ____□□□

manipu lated:skillfully used ____□□□

例句

•Mithen proposes the existence of four mental elements to account for the emergence of farming:...

the tendency to manipulate plants and ani mals.

米森提出存在四种可以解释农业起源的心理因素:……驯化动植物的趋势。

【派生】

manipu lative adj.操作他人的manipu lation n.操纵

【词根】

mani(man手)+pul(一捆)+ate(表动词)→同时用手做一堆事情→操作

intervene[ˌIntərˈviːn] 5379

【释义】

vi.(in)介入;介于……之间(to become i nvolved in an argument,fight,or other difficult

situations in order to change what happens)

【字字珠玑】

intervene:intercedein ____□□□

intervention:influence ____□□□

例句

•These feel i ngs,in turn,can lead to aggressive action,but not automatical ly.Cognitive factors

intervene.随即,这种不悦将导致但并非自动地导致侵略性行为,人们的认知因素会在其

中起到干预作用。

【派生】

intervention n.介于;干涉intervening adj.介于中间的

intervenor n.干预者,介入者

【词根】

inter-(在……之间,相互)+ven(走)+e→走在二者之间→干涉

glaze[gleIz] 4636

【释义】

vt.上釉于;上光(coat with a thin bayer of liquid)

n.上釉;釉料;(coating for fabrics.,ceram ics,metal,etc.;a thin layer of liquid)

【字字珠玑】

Syn.:coat

例句

•The ear liest ceram ics were fired to earthenware temperatures,but as early as the fifteenth

century B.C.,high-temperature stonewares were being made with glazed surfaces.

尽管最早的陶瓷是在制陶的温度下烧制的,但是早在公元前15世纪,就已经出现了上釉

的高温炻器。

【派生】

glazer n.上釉工人,加光工人

underlie[ˌʌndərˈlaI] 3644

【释义】

vt.位于(某物)之下;构成……的基础(或起因)(be the cause or basis of sth.)

【字字珠玑】

underlie:on the basis of ____□□□

underlying:fundamental ____□□□

underlying:inner ____□□□

例句

•In order to create a sense of structure to this picture,researchers have relied on a disti nction

that sti l l underl ies the forms of much i ndigenous visual cu lture—a disti nction between geometric

and figurative elements.为了给这幅画创造一种结构感,研究者们依赖仍然根基于本土视

觉文化形式的不同——这种不同是几何元素和修饰元素的不同。

•The Ogal lala aqu ifer is a sandstone formation that underlies some 583,000 square kilometers of

land extending from northwestern Texas to southern South Dakota.奥加拉拉蓄水层属于砂岩

结构,在从得克萨斯州西北到南达科塔州南部的地下绵延了58.3万平方公里。

•The water evaporates and the salts are left behi nd,creating a white crustal layer that prevents

air and water from reachi ng the underlying soil.

水分蒸发后,盐分留在了表面,形成白色的地壳层,阻止了空气和水接触地底下的土壤。

【派生】

underlying cause/pri nciple/problem根本原因/原则/问题

【词根】

under-(在……下)+lie(位于)→位于……之下

validate[ˈvælIdeIt]3054

【释义】

vt.证实,认可;使生效;批准(prove valid;certify)

【字字珠玑】

Syn.:formal ize,certify,corroborate,verify

例句

•In addition,children feel val idated in their choice of a product when a celebrity endorses that

product.除此之外,名人代言的产品儿童也会非常认同。

【派生】

valid adj.有效的val idation n.确认

【词根】

val id(有效的,有根据的,正确的)+ate(表动词)→使生效;确认;证实,验证

contaminate[kənˈtæmIneIt]2799

【释义】

vt.污染;毒害(pol l ute;poison)

【字字珠玑】

contaminate:infect ____□□□

contaminate:pollute ____□□□

例句

•Mines and irrigation ponds can be kept from becoming contaminated by planti ng hyper accumu-

lating species in targeted areas.

通过在目标区域种植富集植物可以防止矿井以及灌溉池受到污染。

•Only recently have investigators considered usi ng these plants to clean up soi l and waste sites

that have been contaminated by toxic levels of heavy metals,an environmental ly friendly

approach known as phytoremediation.到最近研究者才考虑用这些植物来清理已经被有毒重金

属污染的土壤和废弃物处理点——一种被称为植物修复法的有利于环境的方法。

•Indian mustard,native to Pakistan and I ndia,has been effective in reduci ng levels of seleni um

salts by 50 percent in contaminated soils.

原产自巴基斯坦和印度的印度芥菜可以将被污染土壤中硒的水平有效地降低50%。

【派生】

contaminant n.污染物,致污物contam ination n.污染;弄脏;毒害;玷污

【词根】

contam(=contact接触)+inate(动词后缀)→污染

converge[kənˈvɜːrdʒ] 2341

【释义】

vt.&vi.(使)聚集(move or draw together at a certain location)

【字字珠玑】

converge:come together ____□□□

converge:move ____□□□

converge:be closer ____□□□

converging:concentrating ____□□□

convergence:gathering ____□□□

27-2.converge○expand○form○rise○move closer

例句

•The plates have edges that are spreadi ng ridges(where two plates are movi ng apart and new

seafloor is bei ng created),subduction zones(where two plates col l ide and one pl unges

beneath the other),or transform fau lts(where two plates neither converge nor diverge but

merely move past one another).

板块的边缘是扩张脊(两个板块分离,新的海底形成的地方),俯冲带(两板块碰撞,一

个倾入到另一个下面),或者是形成断层(两板块既不聚集也不分散,但只是互相错位)。

【派生】

convergence n.会聚,集合

【词根】

con-(together)+verge(vert转)→汇集

eradicate[IˈrædIkeIt]1956

【释义】

vt.根除;消灭(abolish,erase)

【字字珠玑】

eradicate:remove completely ____□□□

eradicate:elim inate ____□□□

radical:drastic ____□□□

例句

•This disruption of food chain and cimate wou ld have eradicated the di nosaurs and other

organisms in less than fifty years.

这种对食物链和气候的极大扰乱导致恐龙和其他生物在不到50年的时间内绝迹。

【派生】

eradicable adj.可根除的eradication n.摧毁,根除

eradicator n.根除者,褪色灵

【词根】

e-(出,出来)+radic(root根)+ate(表动词)→把根挖出→根除

plummet[ˈplʌmIt]2651

【释义】

vi.垂直落下;骤然跌落(dive,fal l)

n.铅锤;坠子;重压物(the metal bob of a pl umb l i ne)

【字字珠玑】

Syn.:drop,fal l,descent,nosedive

例句

•If their popu lation is tracked through time,it will be seen to be particu larly unstable soari ng and

plummeting in irregu lar cycles.

跟踪它们一段时间后,就会发现它们的数量特别不稳定,在不规则周期内飙升和暴跌。

•Sometime after midnight on February 8,1969,a large,bright meteor entered Earth’s atmos-

phere and broke into thousands of pieces,plummeted to the ground.在1969年2月8日子夜

后的某一时刻,一颗巨大、明亮的流星进入地球大气层,碎成无数碎块,坠落到地面。

【派生】

plummeting n.垂直落下;骤然下跌

【词根】

plum(铅)+met(ment物)→垂直或突然地堕下

deplete[dIˈpliːt] 1598

【释义】

vt.耗尽,用尽;使枯竭(drai n,expend)

【字字珠玑】

deplete:exhaust ____□□□

deplete:reduce ____□□□

depletion:drain ____□□□

例句

•As hare numbers fall,so do lynx numbers,as their food supply depleted.

野兔数量下降时,山猫的食物供给减少,数量也随之减少。

•The major difference is that Al lende is depleted in the most volatile elements,like hydrogen,

carbon,oxygen,nitrogen,and the noble gases,relative to the Sun.主要的差别是,相比太

阳,阿伦德陨星失去了大部分的挥发性元素,例如氢、碳、氧、氮以及惰性气体。

【派生】

depletion n.消耗,用尽;耗减

【词根】

de-(消除)+ple(满)+te→消耗

precipitate[prIˈsIpIteIt]1574

【释义】

vt.加快;使突然发生;酿成(bri ng about abruptly)

vi.凝结;沉淀(separate as a fine suspension of solid particles)

【字字珠玑】

precipitate:cause ____□□□

precipitate:bring about ____□□□

例句

•The oxygen isotope ratio of the ocean changes as a great deal of water is withdrawn from it by

evaporation and is precipitated as snow to form glacial ice.

当大量水分被蒸发并以雪的形式沉积形成冰川冰时,海洋中氧的同位素比率会发生变化。

•This addition of a chemical ly precipitated substance into pore spaces is termed“permineral ization”.

这种在孔隙中填充化学沉积物的过程就叫作“完全矿化”。

【派生】

precipitate sb.i nto强迫某人;就范precipitation n.沉淀;冰雹;坠落

precipitable adj.可沉淀的,沉淀性的precipitately adv.猛进地

【词根】

pre-(前面)+cipit(cap头)+ate(表动词)→一头往前冲→加快;沉淀

synthesize[ˈsInθəsaIz] 1541

【释义】

vt.合成;综合(combine and form a more complex product)

【字字珠玑】

synthesize:combine ____□□□

synthesize:integrate ____□□□

synthesis:formation ____□□□

例句

•The pri ncipal reason for this is that none of them possesses chlorophyll,and si nce they cannot

synthesize their own carbohydrates,they obtain thei r supplies either from the breakdown of

dead organic matter or from other living organisms.

主要的原因是它们没有叶绿素,并且由于它们不能自己合成碳水化合物,所以它们从死

亡的有机物质的分解中或从其他生物中获得供给。

【派生】

synthesis n.合成;综合体

【词根】

syn-(same共同,相同)+thes(thesis放)+ize(表动词)→放到一起→合成

neutralize[ˈnjuːtrəlaIz] 1498

【释义】

vt.使中立;使无效(make neutral;make ineffective)

【字字珠玑】

Syn.:offset,counteract,nullify

例句

•The coming together of the oppositely charged particles neutral izes the electrical tension and

releases a tremendous amount of energy,which we see as lightni ng.

相反的带电粒子的结合中和了电压,并释放出巨大的能量,这就是我们看到的闪电。

【派生】

neutral ization n.中立化,中立状态,中和neutral izer n.中和剂,中和器

【词根】

neutral+-ize(表动词,表示“……化”)→使中立

dwarf[dwɔːrf] 1333

【释义】

vt.(使)……矮小;使……受阻碍;使相形见绌(make appear smal l by comparison)

n.侏儒,矮子(a person who is abnormal ly smal l)

【字字珠玑】

Syn.:shadow,midget

例句

•Some analysts also contend that the number of birds killed by wi nd turbines is dwarfed by birds

killed by other human-related sources and by the potential loss of enti rebird species from

possible global warming.有分析家评论认为,由风力涡轮机导致的鸟类死亡数目和由其他人

为原因造成的鸟类死亡数目以及整个鸟类可能因全球变暖中而死亡的数目相比少之又少。

•It became the main American export,dwarfing all others.

它变成了美国主要的出口品种,使其他所有都相形见绌。

【派生】

be dwarfed by被降低;相形见绌dwarfish adj.像侏儒的,矮小的

replenish[rIˈplenIʃ] 1203

【释义】

vt.补充;重新装满(put new supplies into sth.,or to fillsth.again)

【字字珠玑】

replenish:restore □□□

replenish:refill □□□

例句

•This unprecedented development of afinite groundwater resource with an almost negl igible

natural recharge rate that is,virtually no natural water source to replenish the water supply has

caused water tables in the region to fall drastical ly.

考虑到几乎没有补充率(实质上没有自然水资源进行补充),这种有限的地下水资源前所

未有的发展已经引起了该地区地下水位的急剧下降。

•This replenishes the seed content of the desert soil.The seeds then lie dormant until the next

wet year,when the desert blooms again.如此一来,这类植物的种子会遍布沙漠。这些种

子会静静地休眠直到下一个雨量较充沛的年份,再次在沙漠中绽放。

【派生】

replenishment n.补给,补充

【词根】

re-(再)+plen(full满,填满)+ish(表动词)→再弄满

colonize[ˈkαːlənaIz] 1013

【释义】

vt.开拓殖民地,建成殖民地(settle as a colony)

【字字珠玑】

colonize:inhabit ____□□□

colonize:settle ____□□□

例句

•The species that are first to colonize a site are those that produce abundant seed that is

distributed successfully to new sites.

在一个地点初次定居的物种是那些产生大量种子并成功传播的物种。

•This is particu larly important for species that colonize an environment where there is no existi ng

vegetation to amel iorate climatic extremes and in which there may be great cl i matic diversity.

这一点对于在没有现存植被改善的极端气候以及气候非常多变的环境中定居的物种尤其重要。

•Spartina has the ability to take up su lfides and convert them to sulfate,a form of su lfur that the

plant can use;this ability makes it easier for the grass to colonize marsh envi ronments.

草属植物具有能够吸收硫化物并将其转换成为硫酸盐(一种植物可以利用的硫形式)的

能力;这种能力使得米草属植物更易在沼泽环境中生存。

•It has long been accepted that the Americas were colonized by a migration of peoples from Asia.

这种观念被人们接受很长时间了:美洲被一群来自亚洲的移民殖民统治着。

•An adaptation that is well developedin colonizing species is a high degree of variation in

germination(the beginning of a seed’s growth).在定居物种中得到很好发展的一种适应机

制,是萌芽期(即种子生长的开始)的很大差别。

【派生】

colonization n.殖民地的开拓,殖民,殖民地化;移植

colonizer n.殖民者,殖民地开拓者,移民

【词根】

colon-(cu lture培育)+ize(动词)→殖民

repress[rIˈpres] 985

【释义】

v.抑制;压抑(put down by force;hide or conceal)

【字字珠玑】

Syn.:quash,keep down,smother,stifle,suppress

例句

•Yet children,also fearing their parents’punishment and the loss of parental love,come to

repress most aggressive impulses.然而,孩子们又会因为害怕受到父母的处罚,担心失去

父母的爱而压制了内心大部分的侵略性冲动。

•According to Freud,however,impulses that have been repressed continue to exist and demand

expression.但是,根据弗洛伊德的观点,那些被压抑的冲动是一直存在并且需要释放的。

【派生】

repressible adj.可抑制的,可镇压的repression n.压抑;约束

【词根】

re-(回)+press(挤压)→压回去→镇压

distill[dIˈstIl] 852

【释义】

vt.蒸馏,提炼(remove impurities from)

【字字珠玑】

Syn.:purify,extract

例句

•We might think of chondrites as samples of distilled Sun,a sort of solar sludge from which only

gases have been removed.

我们或许会认为球粒陨石是“蒸馏后的太阳”的样本,一种除去气体后的太阳沉淀物。

【派生】

distillation n.精馏,蒸馏;净化

【词根】

dis-(分开)+still(small drop小水滴)→蒸馏

hibernate[ˈhaIbərneIt] 331

【释义】

vi.冬眠,蛰伏(sleep during winter)

【字字珠玑】

Syn.:hole up

例句

•One compensation for not hibernating is the built-in urge to m igrate.

避免冬眠的一种方法就是天生的迁徙习性。

【派生】

hibernation n.过冬,冬眠

Day 9

978-7-111-51104-5-Chapter02-10.jpg

endorse[Inˈdɔːs]8247

【释义】

vt.赞许,赞同(approve)

vt.签署,批注(sign)

【字字珠玑】

endorse:support □□□

endorse:approve of □□□

例句

•I n addition,chi ldren feel validated in their choice of a product when a celebrity endorses that

product.除此之外,名人代言的产品儿童也会非常认同。

【派生】

endorse a proposal/an idea/a candidate etc.签署一个提议/赞成一个想法/支持一个候选人

endorsement n.赞同;签署

resemble[rIˈzembl] 7280

【释义】

vt.像,相似(be similar or bear a likeness to)

【字字珠玑】

resemble:be similar to ____□□□

resemble:take after ____□□□

resembling:approximating ____□□□

resemble:look like ____□□□

作为单词题enjoy的选项出现。

19-3.enjoy○experience○resemble○expect○dom i nate

例句

•They bear a strong resemblance to river systems on Earth,and geologists thi nk that they are

dried-up beds of long-gone rivers that once carried rai nfal l on Mars from the mountai ns down i nto

the val leys.它们和地球上的河流系统非常相似,地质学家认为它们是以前曾将火星上的

雨水从高山携带到峡谷中的那些河流干涸后的遗迹。

•The historical development of rel igious scu lpture is relatively unclear because rel igious

scu lptures someti mes resemble earthenware architectural ornaments.

宗教雕塑品的历史性发展是相对不清晰的,因为它在某些情况下与陶质建筑的装饰品类似。

•Although play often resembles aggression,fl ight,or other purposefu l activities,researchers do

not degree on the reasons for and functions of play.虽然玩耍总是和进攻、搏斗或其他目的

的活动很像,但研究人员还是不同意玩耍功能的理由。

【派生】

bear a strong resemblance to十分相似resemblance n.相似程度

【词根】

re-(再次)+semble(similar相似的)→像

rotate[ˈroʊteIt] 4835

【释义】

vt.&vi.(使)旋转或转动(cause to move in circles round a central point)

vt.&vi.(使)循环(cause to take turns or recur in a particu lar way)

【字字珠玑】

rotate:turn ____□□□

rotate:alternate ____□□□

rotate:swirl ____□□□

Syn.:pivot,revolve,roll,turn,spin,swing,swirl,swivel,twirl,twist,wheel,whirl

例句

•As the tool was made,the core was rotated clockwise,and the flakes,removed in sequence,

had a little crescent of cortex(the core’s outer surface)on the side.由于工具的作用,胚子

顺时针旋转的同时,小碎片一点点地去掉,在一侧留下月牙状的表层(石头胚子的表面)。

•The Sun is the hub of a huge rotating system consisting of nine planets,their satellites,and

numerous small bodies,including asteroids,comets,and meteoroids.

九大行星、它们的卫星以及数以亿计的小天体,包括小行星、彗星和陨星,共同构成了

一个巨大的公转系统而太阳是这个公转系统的核心。

•Jupiter rotates very fast,once every 9.8 hours.

木星旋转得非常快,每9.8小时一次。

【派生】

rotated adj.旋转的v.动词rotate的过去式和过去分词

rotating adj.旋转的v.动词rotate的现在分词

rotation n.旋转;循环

merge[mɜːrdʒ]4814

【释义】

v.合并(combi ne)

【字字珠玑】

merge:combi ne□□□

merge:blend□□□

merge:i ncorporate□□□

8-3.merge○expand○separate○straighten out○combi ne

?

•These flow features are extensive systems someti mes hundreds of ki lometers i n total length of

i nterconnecti ng,twisti ng channels that seem to merge i nto larger,wider channels.

这些流动形式有着庞大的系统——有时竟有数百千米长——这些通道相互交错、扭转,

并可能汇入更大、更宽的通道中。

【派生】

merger n.合并;归并

surge[sɜːrdʒ] 3624

【释义】

v.汹涌;蜂拥而至(suddenly move very quickly in a particular direction)

n.巨浪;突增(a sudden increase in amount or number)

【字字珠玑】

surge:jump ____□□□

surge:increase ____□□□

surgi ng:accelerating ____□□□

surge:sharp increase ____□□□

25-2.resurgence○transformation○comeback○program○expansion

例句

•The formation of the channel is initiated when electrons surge from the cloud base toward the ground.

电子从云层基部涌向地面便开始形成通道。

•A flood of ice would then surge into the Southern Sea.

一大波冰可能会涌入南边的大海。

【派生】

resurgence n.复苏,复活

discriminate[dIˈskrImIneIt]3305

【释义】

vi.(against)歧视(treat a person or group differently from another in an unfair way)

v.分辨,识别(recognize)

【字字珠玑】

discriminating:discernible ____□□□

例句

•Each of the precedi ng techniques provides the researcher with evidence that the infant can

detect or discriminate between stimuli.

上述每种技术都可以给研究者提供证据,证明婴儿能够探知或辨别刺激。

【派生】

discriminate between分辨discriminate against歧视

【词根】

dis-(分开)+crimin(cern分辨)+ate(动词)→分辨,识别→歧视

rebound[riˈbaʊnd] 2806

【释义】

vi.反弹(spring or bounce back after hitting sth.)

vi.有……反作用;适得其反(have an unpleasant effect on)

【字字珠玑】

rebound:recovery ____□□□

4-1.rebound○decline○recovery○exchange○movement

27-3.rebound○escape○recover○survive○resist

例句

•The causes of this popu lation rebound are consequences of other human actions.

这种鹿群数量的反弹是人类其他活动造成的。

•When this occurs,the prey popu lation can rebound.此时,被捕食者的数量又会反弹。

•An extremely abundant set of planktonic mari ne ani mals cal led foram i nifer—a largely

disappeared,although they rebounded later.

曾经尤为繁盛的海洋浮游生物——有孔虫也几乎消失了,尽管后来它们的数量有所回升。

【词根】

re-(反)+bound(弹跳)→反弹

dispute[dIˈspjuːt] 2547

【释义】

v.质疑;对……表示异议(have a disagreement over sth.)

n.争论;争议(argument,disagreement)

【字字珠玑】

dispute:argument ____□□□

dispute:contention ____□□□

dispute:disagreement ____□□□

dispute:question ____□□□

dispute:disagree with ____□□□

例句

•Although some researchers claim that Mars may once have had oceans,others dispute this,pointing to an absence of evidence or offering alternative interpretations of evidence.

尽管一些研究人员认为火星上曾经存在海洋,但其他研究人员指出这个观点缺乏证据,对其他证明也许提供了关于这个观点的另一种解释。

•This view and the opposing“protectionist”hypothesis that ants defend plants had been dispu-ted for over a hundred years when,in 1910,a skeptical Will iam Morton Wheeler commented on the controversy.反方观点坚持“保护主义者”假说,认为蚂蚁能够保护植物,这一观点备受争议已有百年。1910年,怀疑论者威廉·莫尔顿·惠勒对这一争议做出了评论。

•It presents a general hypothesis about Sparti na and then l ists specific evidence that disputes that hypothesis.

它展现了一个关于米草属植物的大致假说,然后列举了反驳这一假说的详细证据。

【派生】

disputed adj.备受争议的indisputable adj.无可争议的

【词根】

dis-(表示否定)+pute(put说)→说反话→争议

devour[dIˈvaʊə] 2274

【释义】

vt.吞噬;毁灭(eat sth.quickly because you are very hungry;destroy)

【字字珠玑】

devour:eat ____□□□

devour:consume ____□□□

例句

•Caterpillars devour the ovaries,where the seeds are produced,and seed beetle larvae eat

seeds as they burrow in developing fruits.

在果实成熟过程中,象鼻虫的幼虫进入果实内部蚕食种子。

【词根】

de-(下)+vour(吞咽)→吞下

quantify[ˈkwαːntIfaI] 2064

【释义】

vt.量化;计算(calculate the value of sth.and express it as a number or an amount)

【字字珠玑】

quantity:vol ume ____□□□

bulk:great quantity ____□□□

quantifiable:measurable ____□□□

例句

•New techniques for studyi ng i nfant perception have i mproved the accuracy with which

researchers observe and quantify i nfant responses.

研究婴儿知觉的新技术通过研究人员观察和量化婴儿的反应提高了研究的准确性。

•Numerical i ncreases are used as quantifiable i ndicators of heightened i nterest i n the new

stimulus.数值增加被当作是新刺激中提升兴趣的可量化指标。

【派生】

quantifiable adj.可测量的;可量化的

【词根】

quantity(数量)+ify(化)→量化

tangle[ˈtæŋgl] 1462

【释义】

v.缠绕;变乱(become twisted together)

n.纠缠;缠结(a twisted mass)

【字字珠玑】

tangle:twist together ____□□□

例句

•Because eastern plows cou ld not penetrate the densely tangled roots of prai rie grass,the

earl iest settlers erected farms along the boundary separati ng the forest from the prai rie.

因为东部的耕犁不能穿透浓密草丛错综复杂的根部,所以最早的定居者只能在森林和草

原的边界上修建农场。

【派生】

tangled adj.纠缠一起的

squander[ˈskwαːndər] 1350

【释义】

vt.挥霍,浪费(carelessly waste money,ti me,opportunities etc.)

【字字珠玑】

squander:waste ____□□□

Online Test.squander○extend○transform○activate○waste

例句

•Similarly,a plant or ani mal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would

be left over for reproduction,for this is the surest way to exti nction.

同样,动植物不能将所有的能量都浪费在生长巨大的躯体上,如果它们没有多余的能量

用于繁殖,那么必将走向灭绝。

【派生】

squander sth.on sth.挥霍于

protrude[prəˈtruːd] 1263

【释义】

vi.伸出,突出(stick out from somewhere)

【字字珠玑】

protrude:extend ____□□□

protrude:project ____□□□

protrude:stick out ____□□□

例句

•The eyes lie flush with the body and do not protrude at all.

它们的眼睛和身体处于同一平面,根本不会凸显出来。

【派生】

protrusion n.突出物

【词根】

pro-(往前)+trude(突出)→前突

engrave[InˈgreIv] 11151

【释义】

v.雕刻;镌刻;铭记(cut or carve)

【字字珠玑】

engrave:carve ____□□□

26-3.engraved○carved○produced○dated○discovered

例句

•They engraved ani mal figures on the shafts of spears and other objects.

他们把动物的图像刻在矛和其他物件的杆上。

【派生】

engraving n.雕刻作品;雕刻画

【词根】

en-(使,在……内)+grave(坟墓)→雕刻

embellish[ImˈbelIʃ] 1069

【释义】

vt.美化;装饰;润色(beautify)

【字字珠玑】

embellish:make attractive ____□□□

例句

•Backgrounds of gold were made by carefu l ly applyi ng sheets of gold leaf,and then embell ishing

of decorati ng the gold leaf by punchi ng it with a metal rod on which a pattern had been

embossed.金色的背景是小心翼翼地用一张金片制造而成的,然后再用金属棒在金片上

打压修饰成浮雕状。

【派生】

embellishment n.修饰;美化

【词根】

em-(en使动)+bell(belle美丽)+ish(动词)→美化;润色

ravage[ˈrævIdʒ] 1049

【释义】

vt./n.破坏,蹂躏(wreak havoc on)

【字字珠玑】

ravage:destroy ____□□□

例句

•In the German states,the ravages of the Thi rty Years’War(1618—1648)further moved texti le

production into the countryside.

在德国,“三十年战争”(1618—1648年)造成的严重破坏进一步促使纺织业向乡村迁移。

deviate[ˈdiːvIeIt] 942

【释义】

vi.(from)背离,偏离(do sth.which is different from the usual or common way of behavi ng)

【字字珠玑】

deviate:deflect ____□□□

deviate:depart ____□□□

deviate:digress ____□□□

deviation:departure ____□□□

13-1.deviate○detract○advance○select○depart

例句

•Shou ld the use of rewards fai l,members can frequently wi n by rejecti ng or threateni ng to

ostracize those who deviate from the pri mary group’s norms.

如果奖励方式不当,群体内成员就会通过拒绝或威胁来摒弃那些背离群体规范的人。

•For example,one sign of this condition is the appearance of the com ic vision,si nce comedy

requ i res sufficient detachment to view some deviations from social norms as ridicu lous rather

than as serious threats to the welfare of the enti re group.比如,这个条件的一个标志是喜剧

构想的出现,因为喜剧要求足够的发散思维,我们需要将社会规范中的离经叛道的行为

视作极其荒谬的事情,而不是对公众群体福利的严重威胁。

【词根】

de-(消除)+via(way路)+ate(动词)→偏离

gratify[ˈgrætIfaI] 495

【释义】

vt.满足(satisfy a desi re,need etc.)

【字字珠玑】

gratify:satisfy ____□□□

例句

•Chi ldren normal ly desi re to vent aggressive i mpu lses on other people,i ncl udi ng thei r parents,

because even the most attentive parents cannot gratify al l of thei r demands i mmediately.

孩子们时常想对包括他们父母在内的其他人发泄侵略性冲动的情感,因为即使是最周全

的父母也无法做到立即满足孩子的所有要求。

【派生】

gratification n.满足;满足感

be gratified to see/hear/know很高兴看见/听见/了解

【词根】

grat(great好)+ify(化)→满足

interlock[ˌIntərˈlαːk]293

【释义】

v.连接,连锁(fit together fi rm ly)

【字字珠玑】

interlock:link ____□□□

例句

•With additional ti me,pressure,and refrozen meltwater from above,the smal l fi rn granu les

become larger,interlocked crystals of bl ue glacial ice.时间、压力不断增加,并且位于上方

的融雪重新结冰,那些较小的积雪颗粒开始变大且与透明的蓝色冰层连接。

•Our ties with people often deepen as we i nteract with them across ti me and gradual ly evolve

interlocking habits and i nterests.

我们与他人的联系会随着我们与他人的互动时间而加深,并逐渐演化出连锁的习惯和兴趣。

【派生】

interlocking adj.紧密相连的

【词根】

inter(相互)+lock(锁)→连锁

overlie[ˌoʊvəˈlaI] 268

【释义】

vt.放上面(覆盖在……上面,叠加)(lie over sth.)

【字字珠玑】

1 -1.overl ie○cover○change○separate○surround

例句

•In lowland country almost any spot on the ground may overlie what was once the bed of a river

that has since become buried by soil.

低地区域上的任何位置可能就是曾经的河床,后来被土壤覆盖而变成现在的样子。

•Later,under the weight of overlying sediments,this salt flowed plastically upward to form salt

domes.后来,在上层沉淀物的重压下,盐向上形成了含盐的圆顶。

•At greater depths within Earth,the pressure of the overlying rock causes pores and cracks to

close,reduci ng the space that pore water can occupy,and almost complete closure occurs at

a depth of about 10 kilometers.随着深度的增加,上覆岩层压力使岩石孔隙和裂缝闭合,

减少了水的储存空间,而超过10公里深的地下孔隙几乎全部闭合。

【词根】

over-(在上面)+lie(放)→放在上面