IV．篇章翻译

1．中译英

【原文】

①中国地域辽阔，民族众多，因此各种中国饮食口味不同，却都味美，令人垂涎。因为中国地方菜肴各具特色，总体来讲，中国饮食可以大致分为八大地方菜系：山东菜系、四川菜系、广东菜系、福建菜系、江苏菜系、浙江菜系、湖南菜系和安徽菜系。

山东菜系

许多山东菜的历史和孔夫子一样悠久，使得山东菜系成为中国现存的最古老的主要菜系之一。②山东菜系由济南菜系和胶东菜系组成，清淡，不油腻，以其香、鲜、酥、软而闻名。因为使用青葱和大蒜做为调料，山东菜系通常很辣。

四川菜系

四川菜系，是世界上最著名的中国菜系之一。四川菜系以其香辣而闻名，味道多变，着重使用红辣椒，搭配使用青椒和花椒，产生出经典的刺激的味道。此外，大蒜、姜和豆豉也被应用于烹饪。油炸、无油炸、腌制和文火炖煮是基本的烹饪技术。四川火锅也许是世界上最出名的火锅，尤其是半辣半清的鸳鸯火锅。

广东菜系

广东菜源自于中国最南部的省份广东省。大多数华侨来自广东，因此广东菜也许是国外最广泛的中国地方菜系。广东菜是品种丰富的中国菜系之一，使用很多来自世界其他地方的蔬菜，很少使用辣椒，而是注重保持蔬菜和肉类自身的风味。广东菜，味道清、淡、脆、鲜，为西方人所熟知，常用猛禽走兽来烹饪出有创意的菜肴。它的基础烹饪方法包括烤、炒、煸、深炸、烤、炖和蒸。

福建菜系

福建菜系由福州菜、泉州菜和厦门菜组成，以其精选的海鲜，漂亮的色泽，以及甜、酸、咸和香的味道而出名。最特别的是它的“卤味”。

江苏菜系

江苏菜以水产作为主要原料，注重原料的鲜味。其雕刻技术十分珍贵，其中瓜雕尤其著名。烹饪技术包括炖、烤、焙、煨等。江苏菜的特色是淡、鲜、甜、雅。江苏菜系以其精选的原料，精细的准备，不辣不温的口感而出名。因为江苏气候变化很大，江苏菜系在一年之中也有变化。

浙江菜系

浙江菜系由杭州菜、宁波菜和绍兴菜组成，不油腻，以其菜肴的鲜、柔、滑、香而闻名。杭州菜是这三者中最出名的一个。

湖南菜系

湖南菜系由湘江地区、洞庭湖和湘西的地方菜肴组成。它以其极辣的味道为特色。红辣椒、青辣椒和青葱是这一菜系中的必备品。

安徽菜系

安徽厨师注重于烹饪的温度，擅长煨炖。通常会加入火腿和方糖来改善菜肴的味道。

【译文】

①China covers a large territory and has many nationalities, hence having a variety of Chinese food with different but fantastic and mouthwatering flavor. Since China's local dishes have their own typical characteristics, generally, Chinese food can be roughly divided into eight regional cuisines, which are Shandong cuisine, Sichuan cuisine, Guangdong cuisine, Fujian cuisine, Jiangsu cuisine, Zhejiang cuisine, Hunan cuisine, and Anhui cuisine.

Shandong Cuisine

Much of Shandong cuisine's history is as old as Confucius himself, making it one of the oldest existing major cuisines in China. ②Consisting of Jinan cuisine and Jiaodong cuisine, Shandong cuisine, clear, pure and not greasy, is characterized by its emphasis on aroma, freshness, crispness and tenderness. Shallot and garlic are usually used as seasonings so Shangdong dishes tastes pungent usually. Soups are given much emphasis in Shangdong dishes.

Sichuan Cuisine

Sichuan cuisine, is one of the most famous Chinese cuisines in the world. Characterized by its spicy and pungent flavor, Sichuan cuisine, prolific of tastes, emphasizes on the use of chili. Pepper and prickly ash also never fail to accompany, producing typical exciting tastes. Besides, garlic, ginger and fermented soybean are also used in the cooking process. Frying, frying without oil, pickling and braising are applied as basic cooking techniques. Sichuan hot pots are perhaps the most famous hotpots in the world, most notably the Yuan Yang（mandarin duck）Hotpot, half spicy and half clear.

Guangdong Cuisine

Canton food originates from Guangdong, the southernmost province in China. The majority of overseas Chinese people are from Guangdong（Canton）so Cantonese is perhaps the most widely available Chinese regional cuisine outside of China. Cantonese food is one of the most diverse and richest cuisines in China. Many vegetables originate from other parts of the world. It doesn't use much spice, bringing out the natural flavor of the vegetables and meats. Tasting clear, light, crisp and fresh, Guangdong cuisine, familiar to Westerners, usually chooses raptors and beasts to produce originative dishes. Its basic cooking techniques include roasting, stir-frying, sautéing, deep-frying, braising, stewing and steaming.

Fuj ian Cuisine

Consisting of Fuzhou cuisine, Quanzhou cuisine and Xiamen cuisine, Fujian cuisine is distinguished for its choice seafood, beautiful color and magic taste of sweet, sour, salty and savory. The most distinct features are their “pickled taste”.

Jiangsu Cuisine

Aquatics as the main ingredients, Jiangsu cuisine stresses the freshness of materials. Its carving techniques are delicate, of which the melon carving technique is especially well known. Cooking techniques consist of stewing, braising, roasting, simmering, etc. Its flavor is light, fresh and sweet and with delicate elegance. Jiangsu cuisine is well known for its careful selection of ingredients, its meticulous preparation methodology, and its not-too-spicy, not-too-bland taste. Since the seasons vary in climate considerably in Jiangsu, the cuisine also varies throughout the year.

Zhej iang Cuisine

Comprising local cuisines of Hangzhou, Ningbo and Shaoxing, Zhejiang cuisine, not greasy, wins its reputation for freshness, tenderness, softness, smoothness of its dishes with mellow fragrance. Hangzhou cuisine is the most famous one among the three.

Hunan Cuisine

Hunan cuisine consists of local Cuisines of Xiangjiang Region, Dongting Lake and Xiangxi coteau. It characterizes itself by thick and pungent flavor. Chili, pepper and shallot are usually necessaries in this division.

Anhui Cuisine

Anhui cuisine chefs focus much more attention on the temperature in cooking and are good at braising and stewing. Often hams and sugar will be added to improve taste.

【译文分析】

①中国地域辽阔，民族众多，因此各种中国饮食口味不同，却都味美，令人垂涎。

译文：China covers a large territory and has many nationalities, hence having a variety of Chinese food with different but fantastic and mouthwatering flavor.

中文中的形容词可以作谓语，翻译成英文时要注意加上be动词或者进行句子成分转换，如“地域辽阔，民族众多”可以翻译为“... covers a large territory and has many nationalities”，“口味不同，味美，令人垂涎”可以转换成定语结构“a variety of Chinese food with different but fantastic and mouthwatering flavor”。

②山东菜系由济南菜系和胶东菜系组成，清淡，不油腻，以其香、鲜、酥、软而闻名。

译文：Consisting of Jinan cuisine and Jiaodong cuisine, Shandong cuisine, clear, pure and not greasy, is characterized by its emphasis on aroma, freshness, crispness and tenderness.

中文中的几个并列简单句，可以翻译成英语中的一个复杂结构的主句。此中文句中的谓语动词“由……组成”，可变为英语中的非谓语动词“Consisting of...”，只保留“以……闻名”作谓语动词。

2．英译中

【原文】

Without a doubt, China is one of the most adventurous countries when it comes to eating street food. There are some dishes available around which you would never consider edible in your home country. Some of them look really disgusting, but taste amazing so you should never judge Chinese food by its look. ①When you come to China, be adventurous with food.

Here is my top 10 Chinese street foods you simply can't afford to miss when in China：

（1）Baozi

These are traditional Chinese dumplings. They are often steamed or fried and filled with a great voice of meat（pork, beef）and veggies（steamed peas, sweetcorn, chives, and chopped carrot）. Baozi are served with soy-based sauce, chili, vinegar and sesame oil.

（2）Jiaozi

Jiaozi is also called Chinese dumpling, but crescent-shaped and much smaller than baozi. They are usually filled with minced stuffing and steamed and they are served boiled or fried.

（3）Snake meat

Snake meat is a delicacy served mainly in Guilin area, so if you make it to Li River nearby Yangshuo, you should not miss it. It's a very delicious and soft dish which tastes like perfectly grilled fish. It is mainly served with deep fried veggies.

（4）Snails and the beer

The snails, a very famous dish in Guilin, are usually served in shell and taste like a minced beef. They are cooked in beer and served with a bottle of beer as well. It's very spicy, so be careful before digging in.

（5）Duck and chicken feet

They are very spicy, but extremely delicious and convenient to pack for your train ride. They are served as a beer snack and usually deep fried, then steamed before being stewed.

（6）Stinky tofu

Stinky tofu（chòu dòufu）is a form of fermented tofu that has a strong odor. It is a snack that is usually sold at night markets or roadside stands or as a side dish.

（7）Grilled chicks

It is a vacuum-packed snack often eaten in local trains and buses. They are salt-baked or grilled. ②You might go for a spicy version or the mild one if it does not disgust you.

（8）Youtiao

It's a very common breakfast in China. Youtiao is simply deep fried bread stick made of dough and served hot as an accompaniment for rice congee or soy milk.

（9）Baked sweet potatoes

Great snack option for vegetarians. They are baked in a huge barrel in the street, extremely soft and dry so make sure you get them with soy milk or tea.

（10）Fried rice

Fried rice with vegetables and bean curd—a very common street food made by locals. The rice is served in bowls with meat and vegetables as toppings and adding some bean curd（processed from soybeans）on top will make it taste even better.

【译文】

说到吃街边小吃，中国无疑是一个最需要勇气的国家。有些小吃可能在你的国家你永远也不会去吃的。而有些小吃看上去很恶心，吃起来却特别好吃，所以千万不要仅看外表就去评判中国的食物。①既然到了中国，还是要大胆尝试各种食物。

下面是我列出的10种你不能错过的中国街头小吃。

（1）包子

包子是传统的中国包馅食物，通常是蒸制或者煎制的，馅子是肉（猪肉，牛肉）和蔬菜（蒸豌豆、甜玉米、葱、胡萝卜丝）。包子一般和酱油、辣椒酱、醋以及麻油一起食用。

（2）饺子

饺子也是种包馅食物，但是成新月形，比包子小很多，里面包的是剁碎的馅子，有蒸饺、水饺和煎饺。

（3）蛇肉

蛇肉主要是桂林一带的美味，如果你在阳朔附近的漓江旅游，你千万不要错过这个美味。蛇肉味道鲜美，口感绵软，吃起来味道像烤鱼，一般跟炸蔬菜一起食用。

（4）田螺和啤酒

田螺是桂林的一道名菜，通常是连壳一起炒的，吃起来味道像碎牛肉。一般是和啤酒一起烹调，吃的时候可搭配啤酒一起食用，田螺的味道有些辣，所以吃时要注意点。

（5）鸭脚和鸡脚

非常辣但很美味，适合火车旅行时候享用，一般是作为啤酒的下酒菜，通常先用油炸一下，然后蒸，再炖。

（6）臭豆腐

臭豆腐是一种发酵的豆腐，味道刺鼻，通常在夜市上或街边小摊上有售，或者做主菜的配菜。

（7）烧鸡

烧鸡是真空包装的小吃，常在当地火车或者大巴上食用，通常是盐焗或者烧烤而成。②如果你觉得味道还行的话，可以来点辣的或者不辣的。

（8）油条

这是中国常见的早点之一。油条是由面粉做的长条油炸而成，就着稀饭或者豆浆趁热吃。

（9）烤红薯

烤红薯是素食者青睐的小吃，街边小摊贩把红薯放大桶里烤好，特别软，有点干，可以和豆浆或者茶一起食用。

（10）炒饭

炒饭配蔬菜和豆腐，是当地常见的小吃，米饭装在碗里，上面放些肉和蔬菜，再加上点豆腐（由黄豆制成）会更加美味。

【译文分析】

①When you come to China, be adventurous with food.

译文：既然到了中国，还是要大胆尝试各种食物。

此句中的“you”是泛指，可以省略，处理成无主句。另外原句中的形容词词组“be adventurous with...”，在翻译成中文时可处理为动词词组“大胆尝试”。

②You might go for a spicy version or the mild one if it does not disgust you.

译文：如果你觉得味道还行的话，可以来点辣的或者不辣的。

如果有时不好直译的话，可以正话反译，如句中的“if it does not disgust you”，反过来说意思就是“如果你觉得味道还行的话”。