三、提问的PICO格式
(一)PICO的含义
所谓PICO,是提出问题四个方面的英文单词首字母,分别是:P(Patient/Population) :病人(服务对象)或人群的临床特征;I(Intervention):关注的处理措施,如治疗、诊断、风险或预后等;C(Comparison):对照措施,如果是诊断性研究,通常为“金标准”;O(Outcome):效果指标(医学一般译为结局,为与已有心理学术语一致,本书统一译为效果)。PICO的具体内容及ADHD示例参见表2—1。
表2—1 PICO格式化提问
资料来源:Norcross,J. C., L. E. Beutler and R. F. Levant 2006. Evidence-based Practices in Mental Health: Debate and Dialogue on the Fundamental Questions. American Psychological Association,Washington, DC.
(二)PICO格式示例
本书中,我们参考泰勒(Taylor,2009)关于提出问题的描述,列举了干预、评估、病因与预后四个方面问题的PICO格式提问(因为当前的证据数据库几乎全部是英文的,本章将用中英文双语呈现这些PICO示例)。
1. 治疗干预的提问
问题描述:In adolescent patients with ADHD, does the addition of cognitive-behavioral therapy to usual care, compared with usual care alone, prevent relapse?
(针对青少年ADHD患者,常规治疗联合认知行为治疗相比单独的常规治疗,哪一种干预方案预防复发的效果更好?)
PICO提问:格式如表2—2。
表2—2 治疗干预的PICO格式化提问
2. 诊断的提问
问题描述:In a primary care clinic population, is the self-administration of a brief screening instrument as effective in identifying patients with major depression as is a structured brief clinical interview by a psychiatrist?
(在初级护理的临床病人中,通过简洁的筛查量表自我检测与通过一个精神病学家简洁的临床会谈相比,哪个更能识别重度抑郁症?)
PICO提问:格式如表2—3。
表2—3 诊断的PICO格式化提问
3. 病因的提问
问题描述:Among rescue workers at the site of the World Trade Center disaster, does the amount of time working at the disaster site influence the risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder?
(在世贸中心灾难的救援人员中,灾区救援的时长会增加患有创伤后应激障碍的风险吗?)
PICO提问:这一示例没有明显的对照组,PICO提问格式如表2—4。
表2—4 病因的PICO格式化提问(无明显对照组)
另一例有明显的对照组的:
问题描述:In elderly patients (age 65 years and older) with schizophrenia receiving maintenance therapy with an antipsychotic medication, are patients receiving olanzapine at less risk for developing tardive dyskinesia than are patients receiving risperidone?
[接受药物维持疗法的精神分裂症老年病人(大于等于65岁),吃奥氮平的病人比吃利培酮的病人,患迟发性运动障碍的风险更小吗?]
PICO提问:格式如表2—5。
表2—5 病因的PICO格式化提问(有明显对照组)
4. 预后的提问
问题描述:In patients ages 15-45 years, do female patients have better social and vocational functioning than do male patients after experiencing their first episode of schizophrenia?
(15~45岁的病人中,在首次精神分裂症发作后,女性病人比男性病人的社会功能与职业功能更好吗?)
PICO提问:格式如表2—6。
表2—6 预后的PICO格式化提问