第二节 英语句子结构特点——英语学习核心部分

众所周知，英语不同于汉语的最大特点在于它的结构性，英语的每一句话都是由结构来完成的。而汉语则是意合性语言，虽然也有句型之类的，但不一定受结构的约束。所以，要想学好和考好英语，就必须首先掌握好英语的句子结构特点，结构搞清楚了，其他的只是螺丝钉的问题了，所以说句子结构是我们学习英语语言知识的核心部分。为了全面了解句子结构的特点，本节主要通过句子的七大基本句型、四大功能和五大结构以及三大转换方式等全面破解英语结构的奥秘。

一、句型结构（Classified by Patterns）

英语属于结构性语言，无论句子多么复杂多变，其核心句型结构总共只有七个。

句型一：主语+谓语

其特点在于动词为不及物动词，即不需要宾语就能表达完整意思。

e. g. Spring has come.

句型二：主语+谓语+主语的补足语

即通常说的表语，其谓语主要为Be动词或类似于Be动词的半系动词。

e. g. The movie was wonderful.

Reading is a pleasant thing.

注意：类似于Be动词的半系动词常见的有：

1．表示“变成，变得”：become, come, fall, get, go, grow, run, turn

2．表示保持着某种状态：continue, keep, lie, remain, stand, stay

3．表示“看起来，好像”：appear, look, seem

4．感官动词，表示感觉：feel, smell, sound, taste

句型三：主语+谓语+宾语

该句型的特点是谓语为及物动词，必须带宾语意思才能完整。

e. g. Walls have ears.

She is making cakes.

句型四：主语+谓语+宾语+宾语的补足语

双宾语句型，其中后面的宾语是对前面宾语的补充说明，所以常称为宾语补足语。

e. g. Mary always makes everyone happy.

They appointed Tom manager of our company.

注意：常见的后面跟宾补的动词有：appoint, make, elect, call, name, catch, choose, declare, fancy, feel, find, imagine, judge, keep, know, leave, prove, suppose, believe, consider, think

e. g. Don't imagine yourself to be always correct．不要以为自己总是对的。

句型五：主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语

双宾语句型，一个指人，作间接宾语，常放在直接宾语前面；一个指物，作直接宾语，常放在间接宾语后面，有时也可以通过介词to或of互换位置。

e. g. Jim bought Mary a bunch of flowers.

He sent some flowers to his girlfriend.

Jack has reserved a single room for me.

注意，下面这些词都是可以带双宾语的动词

1．award, bring, feed, give, grant, hand, lend, offer, pass, promise, read, sell, send, serve, show, teach, take, tell, write，这些动词后面跟双宾语时，间接宾语在前面不用加介词，直接宾语放前面时，后面加上介词to,～sth. to sb.

e. g. The school awarded Merry a prize for her good work．学校因为梅丽工作好而奖励了她。

Please send a card to me．请寄一张明信片来。

2．下面这组动词表示为某人做某事，所以直接宾语放前面时，后面要加上介词for（sth. for sb.）: buy, cook, find, fix, knit, order, post, book, reserve, save, spare.

e. g. Jack ordered a TV set for me yesterday．杰克昨天帮我订购了一台电视机。

句型六：There be句型（主要用来表达“存在有”概念，常见四大句法功能）

1．There be+sb./sth. in...（注意Be动词的单复数，采用就近原则）

e. g. There are 50 students and a teacher in the classroom.

There is a teacher and 50 students in the classroom.

2．There be+sb./sth.+从句或非谓语

e. g. There are five candidates（who are going）to take part in the protest．有五位候选人参加抗议活动。

There were 36 people（who were）killed in the traffic accident last week．上周的交通事故中有36人遇难。

There are thousands of people（who are）dancing in the street．成千上万的人们在街头舞蹈。

3．There be+变化+某个方面（常用来描述各种增减变化的句型）

e. g. There was a sharp decrease in the price of houses in many big cities in the second quarter of this year．许多大城市的房价在第二季度出现了大幅跌落。

4．There can be no doubt that...（主要用来在包装各类句子时使用）

There is no denying that...

e. g. There can be no doubt that English is of great importance especially in our modern society．毫无疑问英语在现代社会格外重要。

句型七：It句型（英语特色句型，常见六大句法功能）

1．形式主语

（1）结构上为了避免头重脚轻；

（2）语义上表达说话人对做某事的态度和评价。

It is+n（v-ed/adj．）+that从句/to do/（for sb./of sb.）to do.

e. g. It is my great honor to give a speech on so special an occasion.

在如此特别的场合演讲是我莫大的荣幸。

It is said/reported that the new railway station will have been completed by the end of next month．据说/据报道，新火车站将于下月底完工。

It is so brave of Jack to enter into the burning house to rescue people．杰克冲进着火的房子救人，真是太勇敢了。（形容词brave修饰逻辑主语Jack，介词用of。）

It's very dangerous for children to cross a busy street．让孩子们穿越繁忙的街道是危险的。（形容词修饰真正主语“to cross the busy street”，介词用for。）

It depends on our efforts whether we can succeed this time．我们这次能否成功取决于我们的努力。

2．形式宾语

（1）结构上，为了避免头重脚轻。

（2）语义上，表达某人认为/发现/察觉做某事方便/快捷/容易……；某物使某事做起来方便/快捷/容易/简单……。

主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语

e. g. We find it quite possible to pass the postgraduate examination within only half a year．我们觉得在半年的时间里通过研究生考试是有可能的。

Subway makes it convenient for us to go to work．地铁让我们上班方便。

3．强调句型：It is/was+被强调成分（主语、宾语、状语）+that（who）+句子剩余成分

e. g. It was on Monday night that all this happened．这一切就发生在周一晚上。

It is our choices that show what we truly are, far more than our abilities．决定我们一生的，不是我们的能力，而是我们的选择。

4．It is+时间+before从句：主要表达“还有多久就……，过多久才……”

e. g. It is only three days before the conference starts．距大会开幕还有三天。

It is two years before they accept the fact．两年过去他们才接受这个事实。

5．It is+时间+since从句

当从句的谓语动词是瞬间性动词时，表达肯定含义，意为“自从……多久了”

当从句的谓语动词是延续性动词时，表达否定含义，意为“多久未……”。

e. g. It is three years since he became a doctor．他成为一名医生已经有三年了。

It is three years since he was a doctor．他不当医生三年了。

6．It is time（for sb.）to do sth.

It is（about, good, high）time+that从句：that从句中的谓语动词用虚拟语气，含有某事早该去做而未做，现在去做似乎都为时已晚的意思。

e. g. It is time for you to clean the blackboard．该你擦黑板了。

It is time to go to bed.

It is time that you went to bed.

It is high time that we took action．是时候采取行动了。

二、四大功能（Classified by Functions）

根据句子的作用，我们常把句子分为以下四大功能。

1．陈述句（Declarative Sentence）

主要用来陈述事实或表达观点的句子。

I did not sleep well last night.

He went to London to pass his holiday.

Tom has not many friends here．汤姆在这里朋友不多。

2．疑问句（Interrogative Sentence）

疑问句是指对某一事实或观点提出疑问，或就交流中某一特定对象提出疑问。疑问句常用的有以下几种。

1）一般疑问句。一般疑问句通常用来询问一件事情是否属实，答句通常是“yes或no”。

e. g. Are you fond of traveling?

2）特殊疑问句。以疑问词开头，对句中某一成分提问的句子叫特殊疑问句。

e. g. What are you looking for?

3）选择疑问句。选择疑问句提出两个或两个以上可能的答案供对方选择。

e. g. Do you like tea or coffee?

Which ice cream do you like, chocolate, vanilla or strawberry?

4）反义疑问句。又叫附加疑问句，是指当提问的人对前面所叙述的事实不敢肯定，而需要向对方加以证实时所提出的问句。

e. g. It is a nice day, isn't it?

5）修辞问句。即一般不需要回答的疑问句（听力题常考）。肯定疑问句=否定陈述句；否定疑问句=肯定陈述句。

e. g. What is the use of worrying about such a thing?

=It is no use worrying about such a thing.

Who doesn't desire happiness?

=Everyone desires happiness.

3．祈使句（Imperative Sentence）

主要用来表达命令、建议、请求等意思的句子。

Don't judge a book by its cover．不要以貌取人。

4．感叹句（Exclamatory Sentence）

1）How+形容词或副词+主语+动词！

How beautiful the girl is！

How beautifully the girl dances！

2）How+形容词+a（n）+单数名词+主语+动词！

How beautiful a flower it is! How I hate exams！

3）what+a（n）+（形容词）+单数名词+主语+动词！

What a bright daughter you have！

4）what+（形容词）+复数名词+主语+动词！

What large eyes she has！

注：有时候个别祈使句可以细分为祈愿句（Optative Sentence）。

God bless you！上帝保佑你。

Long live Chairman Mao！毛主席万岁！

May you succeed！祝你成功！

三、五大句子结构（Classified by Structure）

根据句子复杂程度，我们常常把句子分为以下五种结构。

1．简单句（Simple Sentence）

由一个（组）主语和一个（组）动词所组成，不含从属分句的独立分句。

e. g. The changes in the last two centuries are amazing.

The boy and his sister study and play together.

2．并列句（Compound Sentence）

1）用并列连词连接并列分句：and, but, or, for。

I was going to write, but I lost your address.

我本来要写信的，可是把你的地址弄丢了。

2）用分号连接的并列分句。

A wise student studies his lesson; and unwise one wastes his time.

3．复合句（Complex Sentence）

1）主句+宾语从句

He found what he had been looking for.

2）主句+定语从句

I'll never forget the village where I spent my childhood.

3）主句+状语从句

She has been happy since she got married.

4．并列复合句（Compound Complex Sentence）

1）复合句+简单句

Say you are sorry, and I'll forgive you.

2）复合句+复合句

You may ask him to help if you like, but I think you had better do it yourself.

5．分词短语+主句或独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）+主句

1）分词短语+主句。分词短语此时相当于一个状语从句，表达时间、条件、原因以及伴随状态。其逻辑主语，一般是主句中的主语。

There are some ten girls standing at the gate, talking and laughing.

大约有十个女孩站在大门口，又说又笑。（现在分词短语作状语，表伴随状态）

2）独立主格结构+主句。一旦分词短语的逻辑主语和主句中的主语不一致时，就可能带上自己的逻辑主语，于是就成了独立主格结构。独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，多用于书面语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。

The meeting being over, all of us went home．开完会后我们都回家了。（表示时间）

The condition being favourable, he may succeed.

若条件有利，他或许能成功。（表示条件）

There being no taxis, we had to walk.

没有出租车，我们只好步行。（表示原因）

All flights having been cancelled, the passengers had to go home by train yesterday．所有航班已经取消，乘客们只好坐火车回家。（表示时间和原因）

四、英语句子变长的三大转换方式

英语的句子成分与汉语的句子成分差不多，句子的主要成分有主、谓、宾和表语；但是要想让句子的意思更为准确和具体，我们常常要借用各种修饰手段来表达。正是由于有了这些修饰语，才使得英语的句子变得较长和难懂。一般来说，充当修饰成分的有：

1．单个的词汇

一般指形容词、名词、数词等。一般放在所修饰词的前面，只有修饰不定代词的词或少数以a-开头的形容词放在所修饰词的后面。

Death is the necessary end of life．死亡是生命必然的终结。

I have something important to tell you．我有一些重要的事情要告诉你。

These people alive in earthquake often worry about their future life．那些地震中活下来的人经常担心他们未来的生活。

2．五大短语

短语包括：介词短语，不定式短语，现在分词短语，过去分词短语，形容词短语，动名词短语等，这些短语作定语时通常放在修饰词的后面。

1）介词短语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组，在句中除了作状语、表语、补语，还可作定语，作定语时常放在所修饰的词之后，主要表示时间、地点、方式、所属关系等。

Accumulated energy under the earth must be released in one form or another, for example, an earthquake.

在地下积聚起来的能量必须以这种或那种形式释放出来，例如地震。

Britain has the highest density of road traffic in the world.

英国的道路交通密度在世界上最高。

2）不定式短语。作为非谓语动词的短语之一，不定式短语除了不能作谓语外几乎可以做所有的成分，主要用来表达目的和将来。

Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores.

做家庭作业是一种提高你考试成绩的可靠方法。

The issue to be discussed this evening is about reading comprehension.

今天晚上将要讨论的问题是有关阅读理解的问题。

3）现在分词短语。作为非谓语动词的短语之一，现在分词短语主要用来作状语，除了谓语外，也可用在句中做其他所有的成分，主要表达动作的进行和主动的概念。

Speaking in the public, he will surely be very cheerful.

他在公众场所讲话时总是兴高采烈的。

The gentleman sitting in the last row of the classroom is my best friend.

坐在教室最后排的那个男士是我最好的朋友。

4）过去分词短语。作为非谓语动词的短语之一，过去分词短语主要用来作状语和后置定语，主要表达动作的完成和被动的概念。

The Olympic games held in Beijing in 2008 is sincerely believed an exceptional one.

人们深信，2008年在北京举办的奥运会是一届无与伦比的奥运会。

5）形容词短语。如果一个形容词有了附加的部分修饰名词时，它就变成了形容词短语，不仅可以作定语也可伴随状语。

The woman stood at the gate of the village, worried about the safety of her son.

这位妇女站在村口，为她儿子的安全担心。（形容词短语作伴随状语）

We must acquire a lot of knowledge necessary for the future competition.

我们必须掌握适应未来竞争所必需的大量知识。

3．两大从句

即修饰名词的定语从句和修饰动词的状语从句。

1）定语从句。主要修饰名词或代词，相当于一个形容词，所以又叫形容词从句。根据它与被修饰词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。

Vitamins are complex substances that the body requires in very small amounts.

维生素是身体少量需要的一种复杂的物质。

The lecture which lasted about three hours was so tedious that the audience couldn't help yawning．那个持续了近3个小时的讲座冗长乏味，听众忍不住哈欠连天。

His wife is constantly finding fault with him, which makes him very angry.

他妻子总是跟他找碴儿，这让他很恼火。

2）状语从句。主要修饰动词，相当于一个副词，所以又叫副词性从句。根据动词表达的含义，状语从句一共有九种，它们分别是时间状语从句、地点状语从句、方式状语从句、原因状语从句、比较状语从句、条件状语从句、结果状语从句、时间状语从句、让步状语从句。

This is the nurse who attended to me when I was ill in hospital.

这位就是我生病住院期间护理我的护士。

We've bought some folding chairs for the garden so that they are easy to store away．我们为花园购买了一些折叠椅目的是方便存放。

五、英语复合句特点

复合句是由主句+从句构成，它是英语中比较复杂的句子结构。一般来说，英语中一个句子只能有一个主谓结构或动宾结构，如果出现两个主谓结构或动宾结构，那么其中一个主谓结构或动宾结构只能是以从句的形式或并列句和分词短语的形式出现。所谓从句是指从属于主句的句子，它是主句中一个句子成分；另外从句必须由引导词即关系代词或关系副词引导。从句的种类有很多，但根据其性质和作用可以分为名词性从句，形容词性从句（即定语从句），副词性从句（即状语从句）三大类。其最大特点有两个：一是所有从句必须有引导词；二是所有从句只是主句中的一个成分。考试中主要是通过引导词来考查考生对从句的掌握，因此，考生首先必须了解从句的类型，其次，必须充分明白各引导词之间的区别。

1．名词性从句

即从句在整个句中起名词作用，分别可以作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等，所以这类从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

考点一：主语从句。主要考查主语从句的引导词；主句的谓语动词一般用单数。如：

（1）That the earth goes around the sun is well-known to everybody.

（=It is well-known to everybody that the earth goes around the sun.）

（2）Whether he will come to the meeting is up to his boss.（此时不能用if）

（3）Who will come to the dinner remains a question.

（4）What you have said is convincing.

（5）How the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids puzzled people for centuries.

（6）Why the murderer came back to the scene of crime is a psychological problem.

同时，需要注意主语从句的一些常见句型。如：

It is reported that...

It must be pointed out that...

It is likely that...

It is a good thing that...

It happens that...

考点二：宾语从句。主要考查宾语从句的引导词和引导词的省略以及从句的语序。如：

1）He believed that walking under a ladder brings bad luck.

2）We can learn what we do not know from TV programs.

3）Tell me which of the books is the right one.

4）Your success will depend on how you present yourself.

5）I wonder if/whether you can help me.

考点三：表语从句。be动词或者系动词后面跟主语补足语。

1）The assumption is that things will improve.

2）China is not what it used to be.

3）The doctor's dilemma is whether he should tell a lie to the patient.

考点四：同位语从句。是名词性从句考查的重点。

同位语从句的特点是由一个抽象名词+that从句构成，引导词一般是that，而且that在从句中不充当任何成分。这些抽象名词有：news, idea, fact, doubt, evidence, promise, rumor, hope, truth, belief, message等，同位语从句是对抽象名词的解释说明。

1）The news that our football team at last defeated Korea made the fans wild with joy.

The news that made the fans wild with joy was from the radio.（比较-定语从句）

2）There is much evidence that the crime rate in this city is on the rise.

3）Einstein came to the conclusion that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of light．爱因斯坦得出的结论是宇宙中最大速度是光速。

2．形容词性从句（即定语从句）

这是复合句考查的重点。定语从句主要用来修饰它前面的先行词（名词或代词），所以又称形容词从句。根据与先行词的关系，定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。定语从句主要考查引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词；介词+引导词以及非限制性定语从句。具体考点如下：

考点一：引导定语从句的引导词有关系代词（who, whom, which, that, whose）和关系副词（as, when, where, why）等。但是当下列情况出现时，对引导词有特殊要求。

1）当先行词是all, everything, nothing, something, little, much时，当先行词被all, no, some, any, every, a few, a little, much, only, very修饰时，当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，定语从句的引导词用that。例：

All that you want are here.

There is no person that doesn't make mistakes．没有人不犯错误。

This is the best film that I have ever seen.

2）“the same...as”, “such...as”中的as可以指人或物。例：

Such furniture as is very popular is expensive.

We have successfully done the same experiment as you did.

3）why引导表示原因的定语从句，其先行词一般是reason。当主句主语是reason时，作主句表语的成分不能有because和because of。其结构一般为the reason why...is that...，或者the reason that...is that...，如：

He did not tell us the reason why he was late again.

The reason why（that）he didn't come is that he was ill.

4）当定语从句为there be句型时，关系代词只能用that。

This is the fastest train that there is to Beijing.

5）当主句是以which或who开头的特殊疑问句时，关系代词只能用that。

Who is the girl that is talking with Mr. Brown.

6）如果出现两个或两个以上的先行词，并同时兼指人和物时，关系代词用that。

We are talking about the people and countries that we have visited.

考点二：在“介词+which/whom”的结构中，介词的选择取决于三种情况。

1）定语从句中谓语动词或表语的搭配。

This is the college in which I am studying.

He is the man about whom we are talking.

2）先行词与介词的习惯搭配。

当先行词表示“领域、方面”时，如：aspect, respect, area, field等，用in which；

当先行词表示“价格、利率、速度”时，如：rate, price, speed等，用at which；

当先行词表示“程度”时，如：degree, extent等，用to which；

当先行词表示“根据、依据、基础”时，如：grounds, foundation, basis等，用on which。

The speed at which the machine operates is shown on the meter.

仪表上显示出这台机器的运转的速度。

It is useful to be able to predict the extent to which a price change will affect supply and demand.

3）当定语从句为最高级时只能用of which；否则用其他介词。

I have five dictionaries of which Longman Dictionary is the best.

I have five dictionaries among which Longman Dictionary is published in UK.

注意：不可拆分的动词短语介词不能提前，如put up with；有的短语可能有不同的介词搭配，此时需要根据上下文来确定，如：be familiar with/to; compare with/to。

考点三：当先行词为表示时间的名词（如：time, day, year, week, month, occasion）或地点的名词（如：place, room, city, country）时，一般用关系副词when和where，分别相当于in which, at which, on which。但是当这些表示时间或地点的名词作从句的宾语，that which。

I can't forget the days when（in which）I lived with you.

Can you tell me the day when（on which）the first satellite was sent into space?

China is the only country where（in which）wild pandas can be found.

I'll never forget the village where I spent my childhood.

I will never forget the days that（which）I spent in Beijing University.

（本句days作spend的宾语，故用关系代词that/which。）

I have never been to Beijing, but it's the place that I most want to visit.

（本句place作visit的宾语。）

考点四：非限定性定语从句不能用that引导，一般用引导词which/as或who（指人），非限定性定语从句既可以修饰主句的部分内容，也可修饰主句的全部内容。as引导的非限定性定语从句既可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后，但which或who引导的非限定性定语从句不能放在主句句首。

As we all know, the moon is a satellite of the earth.

The large area is covered with thick snow, which affects people's life greatly.

His speech, which bored us to death, was over at last.

Her sister, who lived in another city, was coming to visit her.

3．副词性从句（状语从句）

状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。尽管种类较多，但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词。现分别列举如下。

1）时间状语从句

常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since, till, until

特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day, the instant, immediately, directly, no sooner...than, hardly...when, scarcely...when

I didn't realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.

While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.

The children ran away from the orchard（果园）the moment they saw the guard.

No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain.

Everytime I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.

2）地点状语从句

常用引导词：where

特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere

Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.

Wherever you go, you should work hard.

3）原因状语从句

常用引导词：because, since, as, since

特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, inasmuch as, insomuch as

My friends dislike me because I'm handsome and successful.

Now that everybody has come, let's begin our conference.

The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.

Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80m is quite remarkable.

4）目的状语从句

常用引导词：so that, in order that

特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that, in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that

The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.

The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.

5）结果状语从句

常用引导词：so...that, such...that

特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that

He got up so early that he caught the first bus.

It's such a good chance that we must not miss it.

To such an degree was he excited that he couldn't sleep last night.

6）条件状语从句

常用引导词：if, unless

特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that

We'll start our project if the president agrees.

You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.

Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.

7）让步状语从句

常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though

特殊引导词：as（用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装）, while（一般用在句首）, no matter..., in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever

Much as I respect him, I can't agree to his proposal.

尽管我很尊敬他，我却不同意他的建议。

The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.

No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.

He won't listen whatever you may say.

8）比较状语从句

常用引导词：as（同级比较）, than（不同程度的比较）

特殊引导词：the more...the more...; just as..., so...; A is to B what/as X is to Y; no...more than; not A so much as B

She is as bad-tempered as her mother.

The house is three times as big as ours.

The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.

Food is to men what oil is to machine．食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。

9）方式状语从句

常用引导词：as, as if, how

特殊引导词：the way

When in Rome, do as the Roman do.

She behaved as if she were the boss.

Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.

4．从句引导词的种类及其区别

六、英语复合句专项训练

1．The professor could hardly find sufficient grounds________his arguments in favor of the new theory.

A．to be based on

B．to base on

C．which to base on

D．on which to base

2．________quite recently, most mothers in Britain did not take paid work outside the home.

A．Before

B．Until

C．From

D．Since

3．Scientists say it may be five or ten years________it is possible to test this medicine on human patients.

A．since

B．before

C．after

D．when

4．On a rainy day I was driving north through Vermont ________I noticed a young man holding up a sign reading “Boston”.

A．which

B．where

C．when

D．that

5．By success I don't mean________usually thought of when that word is used.

A．what is

B．that we

C．as you

D．all is

6．You see the lightning________it happens but you hear the thunder later.

A．the instant

B．for an instant

C．on the instant

D．in an instant

7．The mere fact________most people believe nuclear war would be madness does not mean that it will not occur.

A．what

B．which

C．that

D．why

8．Although he knew little about the large amount of work done in the field, he succeeded________other more well-informed experimenters failed.

A．which

B．that

C．what

D．where

9．The course normally attracts 20 students per year,________up to half will be from overseas.

A．in which

B．for whom

C．with which

D．of whom

10．A survey was carried out on the death rate of new-born babies in that region,________were surprising.

A．as results

B．which results

C．the results of it

D．the results of which

11．________the calculation is right, scientists can never be sure that they have included all variables and modeled them accurately.

A．Even if

B．As far as

C．If only

D．So long as

12．I hope all the precautions against air pollution,________suggested by the local government, will be seriously considered here.

A．as

B．since

C．after

D．while

13．We agreed to accept________they thought was the best tourist guide.

A．whatever

B．whomever

C．whichever

D．whoever

14．Beer is the most popular drink among male drinkers,________overall consumption is significantly higher than that of women.

A．what

B．which

C．that

D．whose

15．How is it________your roommate's request and yours are identical?

A．if

B．so

C．what

D．that

16．These people once had fame and fortune; now________is left to them is utter poverty.

A．all that

B．all what

C．all which

D．that all

17．Professor Knight,________list of achievements includes two Nobel Prizes, will address the meeting tonight.

A．who

B．that

C．whose

D．whom

18．He has made another wonderful discovery,________of great importance to science.

A．which I think is

B．in which I think it is

C．which I think it is

D．of which I think it is

19．________your role is, knowing who you are and what you're good at is critical for success.

A．Whatever

B．Whichever

C．Whoever

D．Whomever

20．It had been years________I visited my hometown and I was determined to enjoy my stay.

A．after

B．when

C．since

D．that

21．Most of his great novels and plays were not published or known to the public________his tragic death in 1786.

A．even before

B．ever since

C．until after

D．until before

22．This book will show you________can be used in other contexts.

A．how what you've observed

B．how you've observed

C．that you've observed

D．the thing what you've observed

23．I will give this dictionary to________wants to have it.

A．whomever

B．someone

C．whoever

D．anyone

24．The engineers are going through with their highway project,________the expenses have risen.

A．even though

B．just because

C．now that

D．as though

25．Water will continue to be________it is today-next in importance to oxygen.

A．how

B．which

C．as

D．what

26．Prof. Lee's book will show you________can be used in other contexts.

A．that you have observed

B．that how you have observed

C．how that you have observed

D．how what you have observed

27．You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting________you don't mind taking the night train.

A．provided

B．unless

C．though

D．until

28．Most electronic devices of this kind,________manufactured for such purposes, are tightly packed.

A．that are

B．as are

C．which is

D．it is

29．As for the winter, it is inconvenient to be cold, with most of________furnace fuel is allowed saved for the dawn.

A．what

B．that

C．which

D．such

30．Living in the central Australian desert has its problems,________obtaining water is not the least.

A．of which

B．for what

C．as

D．whose

31．Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the universe________it provides the building blocks from which the other elements are produced.

A．so that

B．but that

C．in that

32．________is generally accepted, economical growth is determined by the smooth development of production.

D．provided that

A．What

B．That

C．It

D．As

33．The senior librarian at the circulation desk promised to get the book for me________she could remember who last borrowed it.

A．ever since

B．much as

C．even though

D．if only

34．No one would have time to read or listen to an account of everything________going on in the world.

A．it is

B．as is

C．there is

D．what is

35．The Social Security Retirement Program is made up of two trust funds,________could go penniless by next year.

A．the larger one

B．the larger of which

C．the largest one

D．the largest of which

36．He claims to be an expert in astronomy, but in actual fact he is quite ignorant on the subject.________he knows about it is out of date and inaccurate.

A．What little

B．So much

C．How much

D．So little

37．Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true________it comes to classroom tests.

A．before

B．as

C．since

D．when

38．There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to be reeducated no matter________he does.

A．how

B．where

C．what

D．when

39．________can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves the active participation of the patient in the modification of his condition.

A．As

B．What

C．That

D．It

40．California has more light than it knows________to do with but everything else is expensive.

A．how

B．what

C．which

D．where

英语复合句专项训练答案及详解：

1．句中包括“which+不定式”结构，作定语，修饰grounds, which指代的grounds应是介词on的宾语，需介词前置，故应选择D．on which to base。其正常语序为：to base his arguments on sufficient grounds。题意：教授几乎找不到足够的证据来支持新理论的论点。

2．句中的否定词not和until构成搭配“not...until...”，意为“直到……才”，故B为正确答案。题意：直到最近，英国大多数母亲才走出家门从事有偿工作。

3．本题考查与before相关的固定结构，“It is（was/will be/may be）+一段时间+before...”，表示“只有……才”，故B为正确答案。题意：科学家们说这种药只有在五年到十年后才能在人体上做试验。

4．本题考查when的用法。主句用进行时，when引导的从句放在主句之后，表示“忽然，恰好在那个时候”。故C为正确答案。题意：在一个下雨天，我正开车向北驶过佛蒙特州，突然看到一个年轻人举着牌子，上面写着“波士顿”。

5．句中动词mean缺少宾语，而从句中的thought of缺少主语，缺少成分时，能一身二用的词只有what。唯A项符合条件。题意：我说的成功并不是指我们使用该词时通常所想到的东西。

6．You see the lightning和it happens是两个完整的句子，因此需用一连词将它们连接。B、C、D三项都是介词短语，不能连接句子；A项the instant可用作连词，和the moment, as soon as用法相同。故A为正确答案。题意：闪电一发生你就可以看到，但要再过一会儿才听到雷声。

7．本题测试同位语从句。同位语从句只能用连接词that引导，故答案为C。题意：大多数人认为核战争是一种疯狂的行动，但仅就这一点并不等于核战争就不会爆发。

8．句中succeed为不及物动词，不可能有宾语从句或定语从句，可排除A、B、C三项，D项正确，where连接的从句是状语从句。题意：尽管他对该领域大部分工作知之甚少，却在其他信息更加灵通的实验者失败的地方成功了。

9．本题属非限制性定语从句结构。主句中先行词为人，可先排除A、C两项。把该句分解成两个独立的句子：The course normally attracts 20 students per year.（Up to）half of them will be from overseas。可以看出，half后应接介词of，所以D项（of whom）正确。题意：这门课一般每年招收20名学生，其中一半以上来自海外。

10．从句子结构分析，逗号后的句子为非限定性定语从句，可首先排除A、C两项；空格后已有谓语部分，所以选项B不对，故正确答案为D。题意：对于那个地区新生儿的死亡率进行了一项调查，其结果令人吃惊。

11．四个选择项的含义分别是：A．even if即使；即便，哪怕；B．as far as（表示程度，范围）就……；至于……; C．if only只要；要是……多好；D．so long as只要。根据题意，空格处应选用A．even if构成让步从句。题意：即便运算正确，科学家也永远不能保证他们已经囊括了所有变量并精确地建模。

12．本题考查as作关系代词的用法。句中两个逗号之间部分是一个完整的主谓结构，空格处应填一个关系代词，在这个句子中作主语，只有as可以。as引导的是一个非限制性定语从句，相当于which，但as位于句首、句中或句末，代替整个从句，意为“正如……一样”。故正确答案为A．as。题意：我希望当地政府所建议的所有预防空气污染的措施在这里都将得到认真考虑。

13．句子空格后为一从句，其中they thought可看作插入语，填入空格的词应在从句中作主语，因此D．whoever是正确答案。题意：只要他们认为是最好的导游，我们就同意接受。

14．根据句子结构分析，空格处填的词应引导一个非限定性定语从句，而且作句中主语的定语，所以，应选D．whose。题意：啤酒是最受男性饮酒者欢迎的，其消费总量明显高于女性饮酒者的消费总量。

15．选D项可构成惯用法How is it that...?（……是怎么回事/为什么……?）题意：为什么你的室友和你的要求是一样的呢？

16．本题考查定语从句。不定代词后的定语从句中关系代词应用that, all that等于what。A项正确。题意：这些人曾经一度名利双收，但现在留给他们的只有彻底的贫穷。

17．本句两个逗号之间部分是非限制性定语从句。这种结构在修饰人时关系代词用who（主语）, whom（宾语）或whose（定语），在修饰物时用which。这样选项B可以排除。名词词组list of achievements之前应是定语的位置，所以正确答案是C。题意：Knight教授今晚将发表演讲，他的成就包括两次获得诺贝尔奖。

18．此句测试非限定性定语从句。“I think”为插入语，which指代主句中的“another wonderful discovery”作从句的主语，因此不应再加“it”, B、C和D选项中都有it，是错误的，A为正确选项。题意：他又发现了一个神奇的现象，我认为这对科学有极其重要的作用。

19．句首的从句为状语从句，C、D两项不适合，因为Whoever和Whomever都与人有关，而状语从句的主语是物（your role），不是人。B项的Whichever含有“选择其中之一”的意思，也不合适，只有A项适合。题意：无论你担任什么职务，弄清楚你是谁、你有什么特长是你成功的关键。

20．本题测试过去完成时，原句中引导时间状语从句的连词只能是since，因此C项为正确答案。题意：自从我上一次返乡以来，已经有好多年了；因此我决定要享受在家的乐趣。

21．A项的even before意为“甚至在……之前”, B项的ever since意为“从那时起直至今日”, C项的until after意为“直到……以后为止”，而D项的until before意为“直到……前为止”。根据上下文，这一句型为not...until，所以首先排除A和B。D项也不合适，只有C项为本题正确答案。题意：他的大多数重要小说和剧本都是在他1786年不幸去世后才发表或面世的。

22．本题测试两个项目：一是宾语从句；二是宾语从句中的主语从句。用how和that开头的句子都可作宾语从句。所以A、B、C三项符合第一个要求。但后两项中不含主语从句，只有A项中what引导的从句可作主语从句，因此为本题正确答案。题意：这本书会向你显示：你所观察到的结果也能应用到别的场合。

23．whoever（=anyone who）引导宾语从句，并在从句中作主语；whomever只能在从句中作宾语；someone与anyone均不能引导从句。故正确答案为C。题意：我要把这本词典给任何想要它的人。

24．本题四个选项均为从属连词。A．即使，尽管；B．就因为；C．由于；D．好像。根据题意，应选A。题意：即使成本增加了，工程师们也打算完成这项公路工程。

25．what在句中作连接代词引导名词从句，表示性质或状态，意为“……的样子”，作表语。正确答案为D。题意：水将继续像现在这样——其重要性仅次于氧。

26．句中动词show后需接双宾语，根据句子结构，空格处所填部分必须包括后面句子的主语，选项D符合条件，how引导一个带有主语从句（what you have observed）的宾语从句。题意：李教授的书会告诉你，你所观察到的可以如何用在其他语境中。

27．根据题意，应选一表示条件的连词引导条件状语从句，A意为“如果”，为正确答案。题意：如果你不介意乘夜班车的话，你可以早点到达北京开会。

28．本题测试非限定性定语从句的用法。四个选项中，that不能用于非限定性定语从句。It is与全句不搭配。B、C符合要求，句中先行词为复数，所以只有B正确。题意：大部分为此目的生产的这类电器都包装严密。

29．根据句子结构，在空格处需要一个能引导名词从句又能作动词allow的宾语的词。这种词非what莫属，其作用等于the fuel which。本题关键在于理解with+名词+v-ed的复合结构和what引导的名词从句。在with的复合结构中，名词部分是由most of加上一个名词从句what furnace fuel is allowed所组成，正确答案为A。题意：就冬天而言，寒冷令人不便，因为大部分用于取暖的燃料都省下来到黎明时使用。

30．此题测试非限定性定语从句。which的先行词是problems, of which就等于of the problems，即“在这些问题中”。正确答案为A。题意：居住在澳大利亚沙漠中有其自身的问题，其中，获取水是很严峻的问题。

31．空格前后各为完整的句子，且两句之间有因果关系。故应选C。题意：氢是宇宙中的基本元素，因为它能提供生成其他元素的基础原材料。

32．本题测试非限定性定语从句的用法。根据句子结构，空格处必须填入关系代词。B、C在句中不能作关系代词；what在本句中只能引导主语从句；as是关系代词，引导非限定性定语从句，从句可放在句首、句中或句末。应选D。题意：正如公众普遍认为的那样，生产的稳定发展决定经济的增长。

33．本题四个选项均为从属连词。ever since“自从”;much as和even though意为“即使，虽然”;if only通常表示愿望，“但愿，要是……就好了”，其后用虚拟语气，但本句中if only是if的强化，表示“只要达到这个条件就行”。根据题意，应选D。题意：借书处年龄较大的图书馆员答应，只要她想起谁最后借了那本书就替我找来。

34．根据题意和句子结构，空格处及后面的部分应作everything的定语。it is缺少关系代词；在限定性定语从句中，as要与such, so, as, the same连用，所以不选B; there is going on...是there goes on...的进行体形式。there is going on in the world是省略that的定语从句，故C为正确答案；what引导的从句不需要用先行词，而该句有everything所以不选D。题意：谁也没有时间去阅读或收听关于世界上发生的每一件事的报道。

35．根据句子结构和题意，可以看出逗号后是非限制性定语从句。A和C不能引导从句；D不能用于两者之间的比较。故正确答案为B。题意：社会退休保障计划由两笔信托基金组成，其中较大的一笔资金到明年将被耗尽。

36．根据句子结构，空白处应该是一个主语从句，作is out of date and inaccurate的主语，同时，在从句中作know的宾语，这种双重身份非what莫属。B不能引导主语从句；C能充当主语，但是在这里意思不对；D不能引导主语从句。故正确答案为A。题意：他声称是天文学专家，而实际上他对该学科一无所知，他所知道的一点点也是陈旧的，不准确的。

37．本题考查常用句型：when it comes to sb./sth.，相当于when it concerns sb./sth.，意为“当谈到……时，涉及……时”。故D．When为正确答案。题意：做作业是提高你的考试成绩的有效之策，特别对随堂考试，这方法尤为可靠。

38．在本句中，does是及物动词，填入的应当是does的宾语。how, where, when都不能做宾语。故正确答案为C。题意：这座城市有100多所夜校，这使得专业技术人员无论从事什么工作，都有可能接受再教育。

39．As在句中是关系代词，引导非限定性定语从句，可译成“正如”。故A为正确答案。题意：从这些数据的比较中可以看出，这一原则包括患者积极主动参与自己身体状况的改善。

40．句中空格处填入部分构成“疑问词+不定式”。根据题意，to do的宾语应为what, with的宾语应为比较状语从句中省略的light。整个句子应为：California has more light than the light that it knows what to do with but everything else is expensive.题意：加利福尼亚拥有的阳光要比已知可利用的多，但其他东西都很昂贵。