第四节 英语动词语法特点
——英语学习的重点和难点
动词语法可谓英语学习和考试中最复杂和最重要的语法现象，也是我们学习的重点和难点，其内容包括动词的时态、语态、语气以及动词非谓语形式。为了考生复习方便，现将各考点分别归纳如下。
一、谓语动词
（一）动词时态、语态
谓语是动词在英语句子中的主要形式之一，每一个谓语动词必然体现出时态语态和语气的三重属性，对于这三重属性的准确把握直接决定了考生的阅读和写作能力。时态是指什么时间内动作的状态，所以时态离不开时间状语；动作的状态又是通过助动词（do, have, be）和情态动词（will, shall）来表达的。汉语的时态大多是通过副词来表达的，如：着，了，过，已经等；而英语的时态是靠动词的变化和时间状语来表达的。英语中的时态共有十六种，但是常考的或较常用的大概有9种，而且重点测试完成时态。要掌握英语的时态，必须从每种时态的概念、构成和时间状语等三个方面重点把握。
1．一般现在时
主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time, usually, sometimes, every day等时间状语；表示客观规律和永恒真理等。
He usually goes to work at 7 o'clock every morning.
She has a brother who lives in New York.
The earth goes around the sun.
Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.
考点一：表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如：
I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.
考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时。常用的引导词有：
时间：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment/the minute, the day；条件：if, unless, provided.
If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.
考点三：在make sure（certain）, see to it, mind, care, matter+宾语从句，从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。
So long as he works hard, I don't mind when he finishes the experiment.
只要他努力工作，我不介意他什么时候做完试验。
考点四：在the more...the more...（越……越……）句型中，若主句是一般将来时，从句通常用一般现在时。
The harder you study, the better results you will get.
2．现在进行时
表示说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动，或表示感情色彩，加强语气。与频率副词，如always, constantly, continually, again等连用表示说话人的某种感情色彩（赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等）。
We are having English class.
The house is being built these days.
The little boy is always making trouble.
考点一：在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。
Look out when you are crossing the street.
Don't wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning.
考点二：表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作（这时多有表示将来的时间状语）。
Marry is leaving on Friday.
3．现在完成时
表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语。
考点一：for+时间段；since+时间点
They have lived in Beijing for five years.
They have lived in Beijing since 1995.
I have learned English for ten years.
考点二：常见的不确定的时间状语：lately; recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days。
Has it stopped raining yet?
考点三：在表示“最近几世纪/年/月以来……”的时间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时。
in the past few years/months/weeks/days; over the past few years; during the last three months; for the last few centuries, through centuries; throughout history等
考点四：表示“第几次做某事”，或在“It is the best（worst, most interesting）+名词+that”后面跟现在完成时。
This is my first time that I have visited China.
This is the most interesting film I have ever seen.
That is the only book that he has written.
4．一般过去时
表示在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常跟明确的过去时间连用，如：yesterday; last week; in 1945, at that time; once; during the war; before; a few days ago; when。
考点一：used to+do，表示过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作。to为不定式，后接动词原形。
He used to smoke a lot.
be/become/get used to+doing表示“习惯于”
He has got used to getting up early．他已经习惯早起。
考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来时。
He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise.
5．过去进行时
表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。
The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.
He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help.
What were you doing at nine last night?
The radio was being repaired when you called me.
6．过去完成时
表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用（before, after, by, up till）。
There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000.
By the end of last term we had finished the book.
They finished earlier than we had expected.
考点一：用于hardly/scarcely...when; no sooner...than句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。
I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.
I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.
No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang.（注意主谓倒装）
考点二：表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。
That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.
It was 3 years since we had parted。
考点三：动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。
I had hoped that I could do the job.
I had intended to see you but I was too busy.
7．一般将来时
表示在将来某个时间会发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示将来的时间状语连用，其表现形式多达5种。
Beijing will host the 29th Olympic Games in 2008.
考点一：一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主句中。
We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.
（主句用一般将来时，从句中一定要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。）
考点二：某些表示短暂性动作的动词如arrive, come, go, leave, start等，用现在进行时形式表示将来。
I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.
考点三：“祈使句+and/or+句子”，这种结构中and后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。
Use your head and you will find a way.
考点四：“am（is, are）going to+动词原形”，表示打算要做的事或可能要发生的事。
“am（is, are）about to+动词原形”表示按照预定计划或打算准备着手进行的动作。
“am（is, are）to+动词原形”表示必须、必然或计划将要做的事。
They are to be married in this May.
8．将来进行时
表示将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。
I'll be doing my homework this time tomorrow．明天这会我正在写作业。
The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport.
9．将来完成时
表示在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，时间状语非常明显。
考点一：常用的时间状语一般用by+将来的时间。如：by the end of this year, by 8 o'clock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time..., before或when等引导的副词从句。
By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1,000 miles on foot.
By the time you reach the station, the train will have left.
By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams.
考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。
The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school.
（二）动词的语态
主要用来强调受者，除非是双宾语，句中谓语动词后面不再有名词或宾语。动词的语态一般不单独考，而是和时态、语气和非谓语动词一起考，只是需要注意以下考点。
考点一：不能用于被动语态的动词和词组。
come true, consist of, take place, happen, become, rise, occur, belong, break out, appear, arrive, die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeed
It took place before liberation.
考点二：下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义，而且常与well, quite, easily, badly等副词连用。
lock（锁）; wash（洗）; sell（卖）; read（读）; wear（穿）; blame（责备）; ride（乘坐）; write（写）
Glass breaks easily．玻璃容易破碎。
The car rides smoothly．这车走起来很稳。
The case locks easily．这箱子很好锁。
The book sells well．这本书很畅销。
考点三：一些常用经典被动句型。
It is said..., It is reported..., It is widely believed..., It is expected..., It is estimated...，这些句子一般翻译为“据说……”, “人们认为……”，而“以前人们认为……”则应该说：It was believed..., It was thought...
英语动词时态和语态专项训练题
1．Turn on the television or open a magazine and you________advertisements showing happy, balanced families.
A．are often seeing
B．often see
C．will often see
D．have often seen
2．The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence,________and perfected now.
A．developed
B．have developed
C．are being developed
D．will have been developed
3．It's reported that by the end of this month the output of cement in the factory________by about 10%.
A．will have risen
B．has risen
C．will be rising
D．has been rising
4．Sir Denis, who is 78, has made it known that much of his collection________to the nation.
A．has left
B．is to leave
C．leaves
D．is to be left
5．As________announced in today's papers, the Shanghai Export Commodities Fair is also open on Sundays.
A．being
B．is
C．to be
D．been
6．Once environmental damage________, it takes many years for the system to recover.
A．has done
B．is to do
C．does
D．is done
7．Neither of the young men who had applied for a position in the university________.
A．has been accepted
B．have been accepted
C．was accepted
D．were accepted
8．The last half of the nineteenth century________the steady improvement in the means of travel.
A．has witnessed
B．was witnessed
C．witnessed
D．is witnessed
9．These surveys indicate that many crimes go________by the police, mainly because not all victims report them.
A．unrecorded
B．to be unrecorded
C．unrecording
D．to have been unrecorded
10．________evidence that language-acquiring ability must be stimulated.
A．It is
B．There is
C．If being
D．There being
11．She ought to stop work; she has a headache because she________too long.
A．has been reading
B．had read
C．is reading
D．read
12．This kind of glasses manufactured by experienced craftsmen________comfortably.
A．is worn
B．wears
C．wearing
D．are worn
13．Such crimes may be so complex that months or years go by before anyone________them.
A．discovered
B．will discover
C．would have discovered
D．discovers
14．He________with Smith at least four times in the past three years.
A．has been seen to meet
B．was seen to meet
C．had been seen meeting
D．is seen meeting
15．They fulfilled the plan much earlier than they________.
A．have expected
B．are expected
C．were expected
D．had expected
16．The school board listened quietly as John read the demands that his followers________for.
A．be demonstrating
B．had been demonstrating
C．demonstrate
D．have demonstrated
17．By the time you arrive in London, we________in Europe for two weeks.
A．shall stay
B．have stayed
C．will have stayed
D．have been staying
18．Between 1897 and 1919, at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed________.
A．had produced
B．have been produced
C．would have produced
D．had been produced
19．Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage________avoided.
A．is to be
B．can be
C．will be
D．has been
20．She felt suitably humble just as she________when she had first taken a good look at herself, hair waved and golden, nails red and pointed.
A．had
B．had had
C．would have had
D．has had
英语动词时态和语态专项训练及详解：
1．“祈使句+and+简单句”可看作一种固定结构，“祈使句”部分意思相当于“if”引导的从句，“and”后面单句中一般用将来时表达。C项符合这一用法。题意：打开电视，翻开杂志，你都会看到幸福、和谐的家庭生活的广告。
2．空格处动词应用被动语态，A、B两项首先排除，C项和D项的区别在于时态不同，根据句尾的now，应选择进行时。C项符合要求。题意：带有人工智能的第五代计算机目前正在被开发和完善。
3．句中的时间状语by the end of this month应与将来完成时连用，A项为将来完成时，符合要求。题意：据报道，到本月底为止这个工厂的水泥产量会上升大约10%。
4．根据that从句中主语much和leave的关系，应使用被动语态不定式，用be+to不定式表示将来一定要发生的动作。四项中只有D项符合此意。题意：78岁的丹尼斯爵士已经向众人宣布他的许多收藏品将献给国家。
5．本句结构是非限制性定语从句置于句首，关系代词应用as。在该定语从句中，announce为及物动词，后面没跟宾语，所以应使用被动式，唯B项符合条件。题意：上海出口商品交易会在星期天也开放，这在今天的报纸上已公布了。
6．当do作“造成”解时，是及物动词，因空格后没有宾语，所以应选用被动语态。D项正确。题意：一旦环境被破坏，恢复起来需要许多年。
7．本题测试时态及单复数问题。neither是单数概念，可排除B、D两项。根据定语从句中使用过去完成时，主句应使用一般过去时，A项被排除，唯C项正确。题意：这两个到该大学求职的年轻人都没有被录用。
8．句中所填动词后跟有宾语，为主动语态。因此排除表示被动的B、D两项。A、C两项的区别在于时态。根据主语the last half of the nineteenth century，应选C。题意：在19世纪后期旅游交通工具日益改进。
9．句中go为系动词，后接过去分词，表被动意义，意为“保持某种状态”。故A为正确答案。题意：这些调查表明，许多犯罪没有被警察记录，主要是因为并非所有的受害者都报了案。
10．根据题句结构分析，句中that引导的从句为同位语从句，所以，空格处所选项应与evidence构成主句。能构成完整句子的选择项有A、B两项。根据句意与结构要求只能选择B项。如果选A项，则形成强调句式，而evidence又不可能作后面句子某一成分，故应排除。如果把it看作代词，又无上下文表明指代对象，所以也是不恰当的。题意：有证据表明，学习语言的能力必须被激发。
11．句中谓语动词都用了一般现在时，只有选择A项，该句的时态和意思才正确。题意：因为一直在读书所以她头痛。她应该停止工作。
12．本题涉及wear等动词的习惯用法。英语中有不少动词与“well”等副词连用，其主动形式表示被动意义。如：The essay reads smoothly.（这篇文章读来非常流畅）。The knife cuts well.（这把刀用起来锋利）。The cloth washes easily.（这布料好洗）。根据句意，选择B项，该句并不强调“眼镜被戴着”。题意：由有经验的匠人做的这类眼镜戴着舒服。
13．在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中，可用一般现在时表示一般将来，用一般过去时表示过去将来。应选D。题意：这类犯罪可能非常复杂，以至于在被发现之前时间都已经过去了几个月甚至几年。
14．根据句末的时间状语in the past three years可以断定，只能使用现在完成时，故A正确。题意：在过去三年中，有人看见他与史密斯至少会面四次。
15．主句中使用的是过去时，而expect（期待）这一动作必然发生在fulfilled the plan（完成计划）之前，即“过去的过去”，因此应使用过去完成时。四个选项中A为现在完成时，B和C选项用了被动语态，都不符合题意。只有D正确。题意：他们完成了计划，比他们预期的早得多。
16．定语从句中的谓语动词demonstrate发生在主句谓语动词listen之前，且延续到现在。主句动词用过去式，定语从句中的动词就要用过去完成进行时。故B正确。陷阱：很多同学见到demand就想到虚拟语气，只有当表示“建议”、“命令”的词后的从句是同位语从句时，从句中的动词才用虚拟语气。题意：当约翰读着同伙们的要求时，校董事会静静地听着。
17．by the time后接一般现在时的句子，其主句通常用将来完成时。故C为正确答案。题意：你到达伦敦时，我们在欧洲已待了两周了。
18．本题时间状语为1897年到1919年，只能用过去时态，句子主语motion pictures和谓语动词之间是动宾关系。因此应选D。题意：在1987年到1919年期间，至少拍摄了29部描写人造生物的电影。
19．本句包含一个if引导的从句，be to do在这里用于条件从句，表将来，意为“如果……的话，……”。应选A。题意：若要避免粮食短缺，就必须加大力度来增加农业产量。
20．从句中的谓语动词应和主句时态一致。应选A。题意：当他仔细打量她自己时，卷曲的金黄色的头发和鲜红尖长的指甲使她深感自卑，就像她以往所表现的那样。
（三）谓语动词的语气
语气用来表示说话者的意图和态度；尽管英语中有陈述语气（indicative mood）、祈使语气（imperative mood）、虚拟语气（subjunctive mood），但是专业硕士联考中考的最多的是虚拟语气。虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达：（1）非真实的情景，不可能发生的事，即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况，或说话人主观愿望。（2）与客观事实相反的情景，即强制性虚拟语气，表示建议、命令、劝告这一类的意思，表示强烈的要求做到、必须做到这样的含义。
虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的，其特点是主从句时态的不一致，而且一般有明显的标志。具体考点如下。
考点一：if句型（共有三种句型）
1．与现在的事实相反
从句用一般过去时，主句的谓语用would（could, might）+动词原形
If I were Bill Gates, I would not work so hard every day.
2．与过去的事实相反
从句用过去完成时，主句的谓语用would（could, might）+现在完成时
If I had gone to America when I graduated from middle school, I would have got my PhD degree.
3．与将来的事实相反
从句用should（were to, did）+动词原形，主句的谓语用would（could, might）+动词原形
If it should/were to snow tomorrow, I would go skiing.
4．虚拟语气条件句中if的省略，此时主谓要倒装。
Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exam.
5．条件句发生的动作和主句发生的动作不一致（例如：条件句动作发生在过去，主句的动作发生在现在），谓语动词要根据表示的时间进行调整。
If you had taken the medicine yesterday, you would feel much better now.
If I were you, I wouldn't have missed the film last night.
考点二：wish句型，表达“但愿……，要是……多好”的语气
wish后宾语从句用虚拟语气，其谓语部分有时态变化：表示对现在情况进行虚拟时，动词用一般过去时（如did）；对过去的情况进行虚拟时，动词用“过去完成时（如had done）或情态动词的过去时+动词的现在完成时（如could have done）”形式；表示情况的虚拟时，用“情态动词的过去时形式+动词原形（如might do）。”
I wish I had been to the concert last night.
I wish he would forgive me.
I wish I would remember all the English words in a week.
同例：在as if/as though引导的状语从句中和以if only引起的感叹句中，谓语动词与wish引导的宾语从句中的虚拟形式相同。例：
He talked as if he had known Tom for a long time.
He talks as if he were the boss．他说起话来就像他是老板。
If only I were free now.（注意：if only...后面可以不加主句）
考点三：在强制性语气的宾语从句中，即表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词+that+（should）+动词原形，其中should经常被省略。这类动词包括：
suggest, propose, recommend, demand, order, command, desire, require, insist, advise, decree（发布命令；下令）, determine, prefer, stipulate, move（动议，规定）, direct（命令）, maintain（坚持）, decide, ask
I suggest that you（should）not be late again next time.
I prefer that you（should）not do that．我认为你还是别干那件事的好。
注意：（1）以上动词转化为名词（如：suggestion, proposal, demand, order, command, advice, desire, requirement, request, agreement, determination, preference, resolution, indication等）后接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句要求用虚拟语气，其谓语部分用“（should）+动词原形”（should可省略）。
We are all for your proposal that the discussion be put off.
His demand is that all of us（should）be present at the meeting.
（2）以上这类动词中有时候有的动词的宾语从句不用虚拟语气，必须根据句子的意思来判断。
What he said suggested（表明）that he did not agree with us.
考点四：It is/was+形容词/过去分词+that+（should）+动词原形，这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性，即某人对某事的反应。
important, natural, desirable, possible, astonishing, advisable（可取的，明智的）, anxious, appropriate, compulsory（义务的，强制的，强迫的）, crucial（至关紧要的）, eager, essential, fitting, imperative（命令的，强制的，必要的）, improper, natural, necessary, obligatory（义不容辞的，必须的）, preferable, proper, urgent, vital, willing shocked, requested
It was essential that the application forms be sent back before the deadline.
It is requested that a vote be taken．有人提请投票表决。
It is necessary that we all should do our best to protect environment around us.
注意：表示不可思议、滑稽、不可想象、令人吃惊这样的形容词如amazing, strange, odd, ridiculous, surprising, unthinkable, incredible等后的that从句中should一般不省略，而且翻译为“竟然”，表示说话人的惊异、懊悔、失望等情感。
It is surprising that they should pass the time like that.
It is incredible that Jane should have finished her paper so soon.
It is strange that there should be any hope of finding the lost child.
考点五：would rather..., would sooner..., had rather..., would just as soon..., would prefer...意为“宁可，但愿”。从句用虚拟语气，若表示现在或将来的事情，谓语用过去时；若表示过去的动作，用过去完成时。
I would rather that you painted the room green.
I'd just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.
考点六：It's（about/high/good）time that...，表示“该是……的时候了”，含有“晚一点儿”的意思，表示建议现在应该做什么事，从句一般用一般过去时。
It's time you went to bed.
It's high time that we took action.
考点七：在lest that..., for fear that..., in case that...引导的表示消极意义的目的主语从句中常用虚拟语气，表示“唯恐，以免”，从句用should+动词原形。
He put his coat over the child for fear（lest）that he should catch cold.
He emphasized it again and again lest she（should）forget.
Take a hat with you in case the sun is very hot.（注意：该句陈述某一事实）
考点八：含蓄虚拟条件句
含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现由if引导的条件句，而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的。如：without, but for, otherwise, or, but that, given, provided, supposing, were it not for，等等。
Without your help, we couldn't have finished the work on time.
But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last night.
I wouldn't have succeeded without your help.
We didn't know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him.
动词虚拟语气专项训练
1．Jean doesn't want to work right away because she thinks that if she________a job she probably wouldn't be able to see her friends very often.
A．has to get
B．were to get
C．had got
D．could have got
2．________before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.
A．Had they arrived
B．Would they arrive
C．Were they arriving
D．Were they to arrive
3．I don't think it advisable that Tim________to the job since he has no experience.
A．is assigned
B．will be assigned
C．be assigned
D．has been assigned
4．Some women________a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of the family.
A．must make
B．should have made
C．would make
D．could have made
5．Things might have been much worse if the mother________on her right to keep the baby.
A．has been insisting
B．had insisted
C．would insist
D．insisted
6．While crossing the mountain area, all the men carried guns lest they________by wild animals.
A．should be attacked
B．had been attacked
C．must be attacked
D．would be attacked
7．Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions,________they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
A．be
B．being
C．were
D．are
8．There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened,________a sudden loud noise.
A．being there
B．should there be
C．there was
D．there having been
9．Mary________my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.（91-y）
A．has received
B．ought to have received
C．couldn't have received
D．shouldn't have received
10．In the past men generally preferred that their wives________in the home.
A．worked
B．would work
C．work
D．were working
11．Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he________our chairman now.
A．must have been
B．would have been
C．were
D．would be
12．The board deemed it urgent that these files________right away.
A．had to be printed
B．should have been printed
C．must be printed
D．should be printed
13．If you________Jerry Brown until recently, you'd think the photograph on the right was strange.
A．shouldn't contact
B．weren't contact
C．didn't contact
D．hadn't contacted
14．Jean Wagner's most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it________in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.
A．is to be analyzed
B．has been analyzed
C．be analyzed
D．should have been analyzed
15．The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand，________all practical value by the time they were finished.
A．could lose
B．would have lost
C．might lose
D．ought to have lost
16．A safety analysis________the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.
A．would identify
B．will identify
C．would have identified
D．will have identified
17．I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I________fully occupied the whole of last week.
A．were
B．had been
C．have been
D．was
18．I apologize if I________you, but I assure you it was unintentional.
A．offend
B．had offended
C．should have offended
D．might have offended
19．________for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.
A．Had it not been
B．Were it not
C．Be it not
D．Should it not be
20．If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I________my head in my hands for a cry.
A．bury
B．am burying
C．buried
D．would bury
动词虚拟语气专项训练答案及详解：
1．本句由because引导的原因状语从句中含有一个虚拟条件句。if条件从句谓语动词的时态应对应主句的wouldn't be able to，即不是一般过去时，就是虚拟条件句将来时的特殊形式were to，据此排除A、C、D三项。唯B项符合要求。题意：Jean不想马上工作，因为她认为如果去工作，也许她就不可能经常见到她的朋友。
2．根据主句中should have，虚拟条件句中谓语应使用were to或should+动词原形，省略if时，were或should须提前构成倒装，唯D项符合条件。题意：如果他们在我们后天离开之前到达，那我们就可以开一个宴会了。
3．在It is advisable/important...that...句型中，that引导的主语从句中的谓语应用虚拟语气，形式为“（should）+动词原形”（should可省略）。应选C。题意：我觉得派Tim做这项工作不合适，因为他没有经验。
4．根据句意，应该选表示过去可以做到而未做的动作，所以D项“could+完成时”正确。题意：有的妇女本可挣到高薪而不是像现在这样待在家里，但她们却决定为了家庭的缘故不出去工作。
5．根据主句的动词形式，可知这是一个与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，所以从句的谓语动词应用“had+过去分词”的形式，因此应选B。题意：如果母亲坚持她自己带婴儿的权利，事情也许会糟得多。
6．在lest、in case、for fear that引导的目的状语从句中，其虚拟语气的谓语动词为may/might/can/could/should+动词原形，情态动词可省略。因此应选A。题意：在穿行山区的时候，所有的人都拿着枪，唯恐遭到野兽的袭击。
7．本题考查be-型虚拟语气结构，通常用动词原形开头，有让步含义。故A为正确答案。题意：我们所使用的“教派”一词指所有的宗教团体，不管它们是基督教、伊斯兰教、佛教、犹太教等。
8．句中that引导的从句these animals could be frightened,________a sudden loud noise是possibility的同位语，其中包括一个表示与将来事实相反的虚拟语气句，条件从句中没有if，应用部分倒装，将助动词should移至句首。B正确。题意：万一突然有巨响，这些动物就会受惊吓，这确实有可能。
9．句中otherwise意为“否则”，其后用虚拟语气。A．不合题意；B．表示过去应该做而实际却没有做，不合题意；C．表示对过去的否定性推测；D．表示过去不应该做而实际却做了，不合题意。故正确答案为C。题意：玛丽多半没有收到我的信，否则她此前早就回信了。
10．英语中command, desire, determine, insist, maintain, propose, prefer, request, recommend, urge, move, require, suggest, order等词后的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气（should+动词原形）。正确答案为C。题意：在过去男人一般更喜欢他们的妻子在家干活。
11．该句为错综时间的虚拟语气，即从句与过去事实相反，而主句与现在事实相反。B为与过去事实相反的虚拟形式。A只表示对过去行为的肯定推测，不是虚拟形式。正确答案为D。题意：如果保罗在上次竞选中再多得六票，他现在就是我们的主席了。
12．在advisable, desirable, essential, important, imperative, natural, necessary, preferable, urgent, vital等形容词后面的从句中，谓语动词多用原形或should+动词原形。A．不是虚拟语气；B．“本应印刷出来”，不是虚拟语气；C．不是虚拟语气。正确答案为D。题意：董事会认为这些文件应立即印出来。
13．根据条件句中的时间状语可知，条件句与过去事实相反，因此用过去完成时。正确答案为D。题意：如果最近还没和杰里·布朗接触的话，你会觉得右边的照片有点儿陌生。
14．名词insistence后面的同位语从句要用虚拟语气。答案为C。题意：琼·瓦戈纳对美国黑人诗歌研究的最杰出的贡献是，他坚持认为不仅要以世俗的观点也要以宗教的框架来分析他们的诗。
15．句中含有一个省略了if的条件句，主句的谓语动词应和从句一致，用虚拟语气。答案为B。题意：所涉及的数百万次运算，如果用手工进行，等到完成时恐怕早就失去所有的实用价值了。
16．句中unfortunately表示转折，其前面的句子应用虚拟语气。除了unfortunately还有or, or else, otherwise, but等表示转折的词可以这样用。表示与过去事实相反的假设，应用情态动词加不定式完成形式。答案为C。题意：安全分析本来可以鉴定出预定目标是一种潜在危险，不幸的是，从未这么做过。
17．本题测试虚拟语气与真实条件混合在一起的句子。后一句陈述的是一个过去的事实，不必用虚拟语气。答案为D。题意：如果有一点儿可能，我都会回到医院去看望他，但是，上星期整整一周我都很忙，抽不开身来。
18．本题为错综时间虚拟条件句：条件从句和主句表示的动作在时间上不一致。本句应表示与过去事实相反的假设，所以选B。题意：如果我当时冒犯了你，我向你道歉，但是，我向你保证那不是故意的。
19．句意要求从句表示与过去事实相反，从句为省略了if的条件句。B为虚拟现在时，不合题意；C不是虚拟形式；D为虚拟将来时。正确答案为A。题意：要不是老百姓的及时投资，我们公司不会像现在这样兴旺。
20．it's about time后应接过去式。答案为C。题意：假如我是电影中的那个角色，我早就用手抱着头哭了。
二、非谓语动词
所谓非谓语动词，是指不能作谓语的动词。由于英语一个句子只能有一个谓语，如果一个句中出现了两个以上的动词，那么就只能由一个动词作谓语，其他的动词只能以非谓语的形式出现。其特点是非谓语动词不受主语人称和数的限制，但它又具有动词的某些特征，不仅可以接宾语，而且还有时态和语态的变化。此外它可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾补、定语、状语和同位语。非谓语动词不仅是语法学习的重点和难点，也是每年必考的语法知识。具体表现形式有三种：1．动词不定式to+v;2．动名词v-ing;3．过去分词ved。三者的核心含义和区别如下：
动词不定式to+v一般用来表示目的或结果，或者某个具体的动作。
动名词v-ing一般用来表示动作的主动概念和进行意义。
过去分词v-ed一般用来表示动作的被动概念和完成意义。
（一）动词不定式
考点一：直接接动词不定式做宾语的动词。
这一类动词往往表示请求、要求、选择、决定、打算、企图等。
He pledged never to come back until he had made great success.
I hesitate to spend so much money on clothes．我对花那么多钱买衣服犹豫不决。
考点二：在以下情况下常使用不带（或省略）to的动词不定式。
1．感官动词后面：feel, listen, hear, look at, notice, see, watch, observe, perceive。
I saw a man enter the shop.
2．个别表示使役意义的动词，如：have, let, make。
The teacher has us write a composition every week.
3．一些情态动词，had better, would rather...than..., would sooner...than..., rather than, may well do, may as well do（还是……好了）, can not but..., can not help but...等句型。
Rather than wait anyone, I decided to go home by taxi.
We might as well put up here for tonight.
4．在do（did, does, done）nothing（anything, everything）but（except）do句型中。
I can do nothing but follow your advice.
如果but或except之前没有do, help，其后的to不能省略。
There is no choice but to wait and see.
5．由all, what引导的主语从句或者主语被only, first, one, least或形容词最高级修饰时，而且从句中含有do时，其表语如果是动词不定式，则往往省去to。
What I have to do is take a rest.
The only thing I could do was do it myself.
6．由并列连词and, except, but, than, or连接两个以上的具有相同意义或功能的不定式时，第二个动词不定式不带to。
I'd like to stay with you, help you and learn from you.
She told us to stay at home and wait till she came back.
注意：如果两个不定式表示对照或对比时，则不能省略to。
To try and fail is better than not to try at all．尝试而失败也比不尝试好。
He hasn't decided weather to quit or to stay．他还没有决定是去还是留。
To be or not to be, that is a question．是生存还是死亡，这是一个问题。
考点三：有些动词后一般跟“疑问词+动词不定式”作宾语。
如：consider, discover, discuss, explain, guess, know, inquire, observe, show, teach, understand, wonder等。
I wonder who to invite．我不知请谁。
Ask my brother where to put the car．问一下我哥车停在哪儿。
（二）动名词
考点一：直接接动名词做宾语的动词。
Forbid smoking on trains．火车上禁止吸烟。
We have to postpone sending our answer to the request.
我们不得不暂缓寄出对申请书的答复。
注意：上述动词中allow, advise, forbid, permit, recommend在有人作宾语时，则后接不定式作宾语补足语，如allow somebody to do something。
I recommended going by subway．我建议坐地铁去。
The doctor recommended me to take a few days' rest．医生劝我休息几天。
考点二：下列短语中to为介词，后面只能接动名词或名词。
No woman could succeed to the throne．妇女不能继承王位。
I am looking forward to seeing you again．我盼着再见到你。
考点三：在demand, deserve, need, require, want, worth等词后面接动名词形式表示被动的意思，即用主动形式表示被动意义。如果接不定式，必须用不定式的被动形式。
My socks want mending/to be mended.
This grammatical rule deserves mentioning.
That novel is well worth reading.
考点四：在下列it作形式主语或形式宾语的句型中，用动名词作逻辑主语或逻辑宾语。
It is no use（no good, no point, no sense, a waste of time等名词）+doing sth.
It is good（nice, interesting, useless等形容词）+doing sth.
There is no point（use, sense, good等名词）+doing sth.
It's no use crying over spilt milk．后悔没有用。
It's simply a waste of time and money seeing that movie.
There is no point in my going out to date someone．现在让我出去和别人拍拖没有用。
I find it no good advising him to go with us．我发现建议他和我们一起去没什么好处。
考点五：在“have difficulty（trouble, problem, pleasure, a difficult time）（in）doing sth.”结构中，后接动名词；但注意take the trouble to do sth., have no time to do sth．后接不定式。
The teachers have had some problems deciding when they should return the final papers to the students.
I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.
考点六：下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词，但表示的意义不同。不定式一般表示事情尚未发生；而动名词则表示事情已经发生于这些动词之前。这些动词有：
remember to do sth．记得将要去做某事
remember doing sth．记得已经做过某事
Please remember to take the medicine.（还没吃）
I remember taking the medicine.（已经吃过）
forget to do sth．忘记了该做的事情
forget doing sth．忘记了已经做过了的事情
I forgot to mail the letter.（没有发信）
I forgot mailing the letter.（忘记曾经发过信）
stop to do sth．停止手中的事去做另一件事
stop doing sth．停止正在做的事情
We stopped to have a rest.
I really must stop smoking.
go on to do sth．继续做另一件事情
go on doing sth．继续做正在做的事
The president welcomed the new students and then went on to explain the college regulations.
Peter went on sleeping despite the noise outside.
try to do sth．努力，试图去做某事
try doing sth．尝试，试着做某事
He tried to climb the tree, but he could not.
Have you tried this chocolate?
mean to do sth．打算做某事
mean doing sth．意味着做某事
I don't mean to be rude, but could you stop smoking?
Jumping from job to job means losing some benefit.
regret to do sth．对某事感到遗憾
regret doing sth．后悔做过某事
I regret to tell you that you failed the test.
I regret lending him so much money. He never paid me back.
（三）非谓语动词的其他考点
考点一：独立主格结构
分词的独立结构可放在句首或句尾，常常在句中作状语，可以表示时间、原因、条件，方式或伴随情况。分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语是句子的主语。如果分词短语有自己的逻辑主语（一般为名词），它便是分词的独立结构。该分词与其逻辑主语有着逻辑上的主谓关系，常常用逗号与主句隔开。如果逻辑主语与分词的关系是主谓关系，就用现在分词；如果是动宾关系就用过去分词。至于分词的时态则要看主句的谓语动词的时态，如果主句的谓语是一般现在时，分词结构一般用过去时；如果主句的谓语是一般过去时，分词结构则用过去完成时。即having done或having been done。
分词的独立结构前也可以有with, without或there。with本身没有词义，there实际上是引导词，being后面的名词才是分词的逻辑主语。
Weather permitting, we'll be going fishing tomorrow.
The students having finished reading the text, the teacher went on to ask them some questions.
All the money having been spent, we started looking for work.
With her hair beautifully done, the customer left the hair-dresser's happily.
With night coming on, they went home．天晚了，他们回家了。
He left home, without a single word said．没说一句话，他就离开了家。
There being nothing to do, we played games．没什么可做的，我们于是玩游戏。
考点二：非谓语动词三种表示被动的结构。（语法常考题）
to be done不定式的被动态表示将来的动作；
being done用来表示动作的正在（被）进行或者表示原因、条件等；
done（having been done）表示动作的被动关系或过去完成状态。
Are you going to attend the meeting to be held nest meeting?
The question being discussed is very important.
Did you attend the press conference held in Beijing last week?
All flights having been cancelled, they had to take the train.
考点三：分词的短语的固定表达方式，一般不受主语一致的限制。如：
according to...（根据）, judging from...（从……判断）, talking of...（谈到），
owing to...（由于）, taking everything into consideration...（全盘考虑），
allowing for...（考虑到……）, leaving...on one side...（抛开……不谈），
generally speaking（总的说来）, frankly speaking（坦率地说）, roughly speaking（粗略地说）, honestly speaking（老实说）, strictly speaking（严格地说）, theoretically speaking（从理论上说）
（四）非谓语动词专项训练
1．That was so serious a matter that I had no choice but________the police.
A．called in
B．calling in
C．call in
D．to call in
2．All the tasks________ahead of time, they decided to go on holiday for a week.
A．been fulfilled
B．were fulfilled
C．having been fulfilled
D．had been fulfilled
3．________as it was at such a time, his work attracted much attention.
A．Being published
B．Published
C．Publishing
D．To be published
4．________the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus could fall off the edge of the earth.
A．Having believed
B．Believing
C．Believed
D．Being believed
5．The traditional approach________with complex problems is to break them down into smaller, more easily managed problems.
A．to dealing
B．in dealing
C．dealing
D．to deal
6．The ancient Egyptians are supposed________rockets to the moon.
A．to send
B．to be sending
C．to have sent
D．to have been sending
7．The man in the corner confessed to________a lie to the manager of the company.
A．have told
B．be told
C．being told
D．having told
8．They are going to have the serviceman________an electric fan in the office tomorrow.
A．install
B．to install
C．to be installed
D．installed
9．Ann never dreams of________for her to be sent abroad very soon.
A．there being a chance
B．there to be a chance
C．there be a chance
D．being a chance
10．After a few rounds of talks, both sides regarded the territory dispute________.
A．being settled
B．to be settled
C．had settled
D．as settled
11．________in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for.
A．The girl was educated
B．The girl educated
C．The girl's being educated
D．The girl to be educated
12．His remarks left me________about his purpose.
A．wondered
B．wondering
C．to wonder
D．wonder
13．The house was very quiet,________as it was on the side of a mountain.
A．isolated
B．isolating
C．being isolated
D．having been isolated
14．The project________by the end of 2000, will expand the city's telephone network to cover 1,000,000 users.
A．accomplished
B．to be accomplished
C．being accomplished
D．having been accomplished
15．I don't mind________the decision as long as it is not too late.
A．you to delay making
B．your delaying making
C．your delaying to make
D．you delay to make
16．________in this way, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing.
A．To look at
B．Looking at
C．Looked at
D．To be looked at
17．You will see this product________wherever you go.
A．advertised
B．to be advertised
C．advertise
D．advertising
18．Peter, who had been driving all day, suggested________t the next town.
A．to stop
B．stopping
C．stop
D．having stopped
19．Sometimes children have trouble________fact from fiction and may believe that such things actually exist.
A．to separate
B．separating
C．for separating
D．of separating
20．________their work will give us a much better feel for the wide differences between the two schools of thought.
A．To have reviewed
B．Having reviewed
C．Reviewing
D．Being reviewed
21．Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely________to the outside world.
A．having been lost
B．to be lost
C．losing
D．lost
22．Other considerations________equal, the pressure remains constant.
A．being
B．be
C．will be
D．is
23．All we can do to help “Big Jim” is to try________that he ought to work more.
A．making him to realize
B．making him realizing
C．to make him to realize
D．to make him realize
24．________about the robbery, the policemen rushed out in their cars to catch the robbers.
A．Having been informed
B．Having informed
C．Informing
D．Be informed
25．Such________the case, there are no grounds to justify your complaints.
A．is
B．being
C．was
D．would be
26．________, we decided to leave at once, as we didn't want to risk missing the last bus.
A．It have pretty late
B．It being pretty late
C．As it being pretty late
D．It was being pretty late
27．To my great surprise the food was still on the table,________.
A．untouching
B．no touch
C．untouched
D．not to be touched
28．The retired president was very angry________even by the cooks.
A．to be ignored
B．to have been ignored
C．to have ignored
D．to having been ignored
29．“I can't see the blackboard very well.”“Perhaps you need________.”
A．to have your eyes examined
B．to have examined your eyes
C．to examine your eyes
D．to be examined your eyes
30．Our modern civilization must not be thought of as________in a short period of time.
A．being created
B．to have been created
C．having been created
D．to be created
31．There seemed little hope that the explorer,________in the tropical forest, would find his way through it.
A．to be deserted
B．having deserted
C．to have been deserted
D．having been deserted
32．The local health organization is reported________twenty-five years ago when Dr. Audon became its first president.
A．to be set up
B．being set up
C．to have been set up
D．having been set up
33．I appreciated________the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.（94-y）
A．having been given
B．having given
C．to have been given
D．to have given
34．It isn't cold enough for there________a frost tonight, so I can leave Jim's car out quite safely.
A．would be
B．being
C．was
D．to be
35．The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each________one major point in contrast with the other.
A．makes
B．made
C．is to make
D．making
36．Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always with other elements, most commonly________with oxygen.
A．combined
B．having combined
C．combine
D．being combined
37．Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone________to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.
A．adding
B．to have added
C．to add
D．added
38．The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly________.
A．noticed
B．to be noticed
C．being noticed
D．to notice
39．I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time________the last bus.
A．to have caught
B．to catch
C．catching
D．having caught
40．Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion about economic recovery________just around the corner was untrue.
A．would be
B．to be
C．was
D．being
41．Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door,________to find it locked.
A．just
B．only
C．hence
D．thus
42．Christie stared angrily at her boss and turned away, as though________out of the office.
A．went
B．gone
C．to go
D．would go
43．Countless divorced politicians would have been elected out of office years ago had they even thought of a divorce, let alone________one.
A．getting
B．to get
C．gotten
D．get
44．Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port________half a day before the defenders actually surrendered.
A．to announce
B．announced
C．announcing
D．was announced
45．Corn originated in the New World and thus was not known in Europe until Columbus found it________in Cuba.
A．being cultivated
B．been cultivated
C．having cultivated
D．cultivating
非谓语动词专项训练答案及详解：
1．该题涉及的句子结构是：but（except, rather than）+动词不定式。当but前有动词do时，不定式的to可省略。故D项正确。题意：事情太严重，我不得不叫警察。
2．题干逗号后面是一个完整的句子，所以逗号前面应为一个短语或独立结构，这样就排除了A、B两项。又因为“完成任务”发生在“决定休假”之前，所以应选C．having been fulfilled。这样句子的前一部分是一个独立主格结构，All the tasks为后面分词的逻辑主语。题意：所有的任务都已提前完成，他们决定休假一周。
3．在as引导的让步从句中，应用倒装结构，B项符合要求。C项语态不对，A项和D项时态不对，均应排除。题意：尽管在这样的时间出版，他的作品还是吸引了广泛的关注。
4．根据句子的主语判断，可首先排除两个被动式的选项C和D。又因fear和believe两个动作是同时发生的，A项也被排除。B正确。题意：因为相信地球是平的，许多人担心哥伦布会从地球的边缘掉下去。
5．根据approach+to+动名词的用法，应选择A项。题意：处理复杂问题的传统方式是将它们分解成许多比较容易解决的小问题。
6．句中不定式动词send的动作明显发生在谓语动词suppose之前，因此要用不定式的完成式。题意：据推测，古埃及人曾向月球发射过火箭。
7．空格前的to为介词，因此可排除A、B两项，空格后带有宾语a lie，所以不能用tell的被动式。D项正确。题意：角落里的那个人承认自己对公司经理撒了谎。
8．本题测试have sb. do sth．结构，意为“让（叫，请）某人做某事”，所以选A项。题意：他们准备让修理工明天在办公室装一台电扇。
9．句中dream of的of为介词，所以there is a chance应使用动名词结构，故A项正确。题意：安做梦都没想到不久会有机会出国。
10．本题测试动词regard的用法。regard作及物动词，意为“把……看作，把……视为”，可用于两个结构：（1）regard sth. to be done,（2）regard sth. as done。这样，似乎B、D两项都符合结构要求。但根据题意，用第一种结构时，要用不定式的完成式to have been settled，而不能用B项的一般形式to be settled。所以B项可排除，D．as settled正确。题意：经过几轮谈判之后，双方都认为领土争端已经解决。
11．从成分判断，空格处应充当句子的主语。所以C项分词短语可作主语。这是动名词被动形式作主语，the girl作逻辑主语。题意：在这样简朴的生活环境里接受教育正是那个女孩的父母所期望的。
12．句中谓语动词leave后常用接现在分词的复合结构。leave sb. doing sth.“使某人做某事”。正确答案为B。题意：他的话使我怀疑他的真实目的。
13．题中逗号后的句子为倒装句，表语前置，表强调，应选A．isolated。题意：那栋房子孤零零地建在山坡上，所以它非常安静。
14．句中by the end of 2000表示将来时间，故选B．to be accomplished，整个短语相当于一个非限定性定语从句：which is to be accomplished by the end of 2000。题意：将于2000年年底完成的那项工程，会使这个城市电话网增容到100万用户。
15．本题涉及动词“mind”和“delay”的用法。mind和delay后面，只能接动名词或名词，因此，只有B项正确。题意：只要不是太晚，我不介意你推迟作出决定。
16．句中逻辑主语situation和look at之间是动宾关系，所以要用过去分词，表被动，C正确。D表示将来，不符合题意。题意：这样看来，形势似乎并不那么令人失望。
17．空格处所填词为product的宾语补足语，它和产品之间应为动宾关系，所以选A, B表将来，不符合题意。题意：无论你走到哪里，都会看到这个产品的广告。
18．句中动词suggest作“建议”解可用于3个句型：（1）后接动名词；（2）后面接名词；（3）后接宾语从句（需用虚拟语气），由此可见4个选项中，B正确。题意：彼得开了一整天的车，他建议到下一个小镇停下来。
19．本题考查have trouble/difficulty doing something，这是一固定结构，意思是“做……有困难”。故应选B项。题意：有时候，孩子们很难区别事实与幻想，所以可能会相信这类事情真的存在。
20．从结构上看，句子缺少主语，从句子的将来时态上看可以排除答案A、B两项，从语态上看可以排除D项，此处为动名词作主语，C项正确。题意：回顾一下他们的作品将会让我们更好地体会到两个思想流派之间的巨大区别。
21．本句非谓语动词短语表示主句的伴随状态，过去分词lost表示主语所处的状态，相当于形容词，故D项正确。本句不存在动作先后关系，故A项不对；B项表将来；C项表句子主语动作的进行，也不符合题意。题意：安娜正在读一本科幻小说，完全忘记了外面的世界。
22．逗号后为一完整句子，所以空格处只能填入非谓语动词形式，A为正确答案，构成独立主格分词结构，作条件状语。题意：在其他条件相同的情况下，压力保持不变。
23．动词try之后既可以接动词不定式，意为“试图”、“努力”，也可以接动名词，表示“试验”、“试用”。根据题意，try之后应接动词不定式，这样，A、B项可以排除，C项中make后的宾语补语用错了。D为正确答案。题意：我所能帮Big Jim做的是尽量让他意识到他应该做更多的工作。
24．本题除了选项D（祈使句形式）外，其余各选项均为分词形式。根据句子结构，应选分词形式作状语，分词的动作发生在主句动词rush out之前，policemen和inform之间是动宾关系，所以应选A。题意：警察得知抢劫案后迅速出动，驾车去抓捕抢劫犯。
25．逗号后是一完整的句子，所以空格处只能填入非谓语动词形式，四个选项中只有B项是分词，为正确答案。题意：既然如此，为你的抱怨辩解的任何理由都不能成立。
26．根据句子结构，空格处应填入分词独立主格结构。A、D两项都有谓语动词，C项有as开头，也不合适。故B为正确答案。题意：由于天色已晚，我们决定立即启程，因为我们不想冒险错过最后一班公共汽车。
27．本句测试分词短语作状语，表伴随状态，food和touch之间逻辑上为动宾关系，应用过去分词表被动。C正确。题意：使我大吃一惊的是，食品仍然放在桌上，没人碰过。
28．由于句子主语和ignore之间是动宾关系，应用被动语态；其次，由于主句谓语为过去时，不定式的动作先于主句谓语发生，应该用完成时。B为正确答案。题意：甚至连厨师都不理他，那个已退休的董事长非常生气。
29．本句考查使役结构have/get sth. done，应选A。题意：“我看不清楚黑板。”“你可能需要去查一下视力了。”
30．本题B和D为不定式，不能放在介词as的后面；根据题意，应用完成时态。故C为正确答案。题意：不要把我们的现代文明看作是短期形成的。
31．根据题意和句子结构，空格处应填入分词短语作状语表示原因，explorer和desert之间是动宾关系，应用被动形式，正确答案为D。题意：探险者被抛在了热带森林，似乎没有希望找到出去的路了。
32．本句中动词report用法特殊。在主动结构中，其宾语必须用动名词；在被动结构中，其后必须用不定式作主语补语。根据句中时间，set up应发生在report前，应用完成时。故选C。题意：据报道，这个地方卫生组织23年前就成立了，那时，Audon博士就成了它的首任主席。
33．本题appreciate后只能接名词或动名词，同时根据题意，主语和动词之间应为动宾关系，所以用give的被动形式。答案为A。题意：我很感激两年前给我出国进修的机会。
34．本题测试there be的不定式结构。be+形容词+enough后接不定式，表示结果。there be的不定式形式为there to be，因此，选D。不定式形式there to be可以在句子中作主语、宾语、状语等。there being是there be的分词形式或动名词形式。一般情况下，there being作分词时主要用作原因状语或条件状语，作动名词主要作主语、宾语或介词宾语。故答案为D。题意：今夜不会冷到上冻的程度，所以我可以放心地把吉姆的车停在外面。
35．根据句子结构，空格处只能填入动词的非谓语形式。正确答案为D。题意：该文开头和结尾描述了两则新闻报道，每则都各有一与另一则相对立的论点。
36．本句owing to为介词，后面只能接名词或动名词结构，而always一词说明句子描述的是一般性的状况，不必用完成时态。此外，根据句意，应该用被动形式。故正确答案为D。题意：自然界中的任何地方都找不到游离态的铝，因为它总是与其他元素，最常见的是氧元素，结合在一起。
37．本题测试“with+名词/代词+分词”结构，而each new phone与add之间为动宾关系，须用过去分词表被动。正确答案为D。题意：正如同电话网络的价值随着每一部电话进入系统而提高一样，电脑系统的价值也随着每一个软件程序的开发而提高。
38．本题测试so as to引导不定式作结果状语。so as（not）to do=in order（not）to do，不定式作目的状语；so...as to do sth．或so...as not to do sth．不定式作结果状语。这里hardly代替了not，而且notice与逻辑主语differences之间是动宾关系，应该用不定式的被动形式。正确答案为B。题意：英国英语和美国英语之间词汇和语法的区别微乎其微，而且寥寥无几，以致人们几乎注意不到。
39．本题考查不定式和分词作名词后置定语的区别：不定式一般表目的，表示要去做的事情，现在分词表示正在做的事情。根据题意，应选B。比较：hardly have time to do sth．几乎没有时间去干某事；have a hard time doing sth．做某事有困难。题意：昨日我在办公室工作到很晚，差一点没赶上末班车。
40．本题中that引导的名词从句已有谓语was untrue，故A、C应排除。所填部分应为带逻辑主语的动名词，应选D。带逻辑主语的动词不定式短语结构为for sb. to do sth.，故B不对。题意：任何人只要稍加留意失业数字便知，关于经济复苏即将来临的断言是不真实的。
41．本题考查“only+不定式”作结果状语，答案为B。题意：我焦虑不安，冲向公寓想打开门，却发现门锁着。
42．在as if/as though引导的从句中，可以省略主语和部分谓语，本句省略了she were，故答案为C。题意：克里斯蒂怒气冲冲地等着老板，转过脸去，像是要走出办公室。
43．句中的let alone后可接不同结构，但其前后结构应保持一致，故答案为C。题意：几年前，不计其数的离异政客们要是有离婚这个念头，就会在竞选中失败，更不用说真正离婚了。
44．本题考查with...独立主格结构。announce和the British recapture of the port之间是动宾关系，应用过去分词表被动，故正确答案为B。题意：好消息有时会过早地发布，如英国夺回这个港口的消息在抵抗者实际上还没投降的半天之前就宣布了。
45．本题考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语。动词cultivate是及物动词，在句中用于it后面作动词found的宾语补足语，it和cultivate之间是动宾关系，应用过去分词表被动，故正确答案为A。题意：玉米原产于新大陆，直到哥伦布在古巴发现玉米后才传到欧洲。