第2章 Isaac Newton牛顿
艾萨克·牛顿是英国伟大的数学家、物理学家、天文学家和自然哲学家，其研究领域包括了物理学、数学、天文学、神学、自然哲学和炼金术。牛顿的主要贡献有发明了微积分，发现了万有引力定律和经典力学，设计并实际制造了第一架反射式望远镜等等，被誉为人类历史上最伟大、最有影响力的科学家。
About Newton
关于牛顿
Sir Isaac Newton was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist, and theologian.
His monograph Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, published in 1687, lays the foundations for most of classical mechanics and is one of the most important scientific books ever written. In this work, Newton described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion, which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. Newton showed that the motions of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws, by demonstrating the consistency between Kepler's laws of planetary motion and his theory of gravitation; thus removing the last doubts about heliocentrism and advancing the Scientific Revolution.
Newton built the first practical reflecting telescope and developed a theory of colour based on the observation that a prism decomposes white light into the many colours that form the visible spectrum. He also formulated an empirical law of cooling and studied the speed of sound.
In mathematics, Newton shares the credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of differential and integral calculus. He also demonstrated the generalised binomial theorem, developed Newton's method for approximating the roots of a function, and contributed to the study of power series.
Newton was also highly religious. He was an unorthodox Christian, and wrote more on Biblical hermeneutics and occult studies than on science and mathematics, the subjects he is mainly associated with. Newton secretly rejected Trinitarianism, fearing to be accused of refusing holy orders.
牛顿的研究领域非常广泛，他除了在数学、光学、力学等方面作出卓越贡献外，他还花费大量精力进行化学实验。他常常六个星期一直留在实验室里，不分昼夜地工作。他在化学上花费的时间并不少，却几乎没有取得什么显著的成就。为什么同样一个伟大的牛顿，在不同的领域取得的成就竟那么不一样呢？其中一个原因就是各个学科处在不同的发展阶段。在力学和天文学方面，有伽利略、开普勒、惠更斯等人的努力，牛顿有可能用已经准备好的材料，建立起一座宏伟壮丽的力学大厦。正像他自己所说的那样“如果说我看得远，那是因为我站在巨人的肩上”。而在化学方面，因为正确的道路还没有开辟出来，牛顿没法走到可以砍伐材料的地方。
牛顿在临终前对自己的生活道路是这样总结的：“我不知道在别人看来，我是什么样的人，但在我自己看来，我不过就像是一个在海滨玩耍的小孩，为不时发现比寻常更为光滑的一块卵石或比寻常更为美丽的一片贝壳而沾沾自喜，而对于展现在我面前的浩瀚的真理的海洋，却全然没有发现。”
Key words & Sentences
关键词句全知道
We're delighted to take this piece of Sir Isaac Newton's apple tree to orbit.
我们很高兴能将牛顿爵士那颗苹果树上的树枝带入太空。
He was quite probably the best British theoretical physicist since Isaac Newton.
自牛顿之后，他也许是英国最伟大的理论物理学家了。
Today, Harry Monroe and I report on one of the world's greatest scientists, Isaac Newton.
今天，我和哈里·门罗将向你讲述世界上最伟大的科学家牛顿的故事。
Isaac Newton, besides being the founder of modern physics, was also master of Britain's mint.
牛顿是现代物理学的奠基者，同时身兼英国造币厂厂长。
Sir Isaac Newton was very much smaller than a hippopotamus, but we do not on that account value him less.
牛顿爵士比起河马的体型可小多了，但是我们并不会因此贬低他。
Two science representatives —Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein, their theories intensively referred to time.
科学上两次重大飞跃的代表人物牛顿和爱因斯坦，其理论都是和时间概念紧密相连的。
By the age of 20, Isaac Newton found a general binomial theorem which lead to the later development of calculus.
20岁的时候，牛顿发现了一个二项式定理，为以后发展微积分做好了准备。
Isaac Newton, the great British scientist, was often so deep in his thoughts that he would forget to eat his dinner.
英国著名科学家牛顿经常沉浸在自己的思想中，忘了吃饭。
Sir Isaac Newton was one of the pioneers in investigating viscosity, and on his analysis depends the definition of the coefficient.
牛顿爵士是研究粘度的先驱者之一，粘性系数就是根据他的分析下的定义。
Gravity was discovered by Isaac Newton.
万有引力是牛顿发现的。
It is named for Isaac Newton, whose second law of motion describes the changes a force can produce in the motion of a body.
它以科学家牛顿的名字命名，牛顿的第二运动定律描述了力所能产生的物体运动状态的改变。
Anyone who has ever gone to school is probably aware that Isaac Newton formed his theory of gravity after seeing an apple fall from a tree.
凡是上过学的人大概都知道这个典故：牛顿在看到从树上掉下的苹果后，就创立了著名的万有引力学说。
When it comes to gravitation and the laws of motion, Isaac Newton didn't see the whole picture either, but he remains one of science's giants.
一提到万有引力和运动定律，牛顿也没有看到全貌，但他仍然是科学巨人之一。
Isaac Newton, a British scientist, who lived over 300 years ago, said that he saw further than others because he stood on the shoulder of giants.
牛顿，一位距今300年前的英国科学家，曾经说他比别人看的更长远是因为他站在巨人的肩膀上。
Stephen Hawking is Lucasian professor of mathematics, a seat once occupied by Isaac Newton.
霍金是拉卡斯数学教授，牛顿曾经也担任过此职位。
Other monuments include those of Isaac Newton, scores of statesmen, and Poet's Corner, with memorials to centuries of authors including Chaucer, Shakespeare and Dickens.
其他纪念碑包括艾萨克·牛顿、许多政治家、诗人的天地，还有纪念世纪作家的纪念碑，包括乔叟、莎士比亚和狄更斯。
I'm looking forward to seeing Westminster abbey, where many historic figures are buried, like Isaac Newton, the great mathematician and Winston Churchill, the great wartime leader.
我想看看威斯敏斯特大教堂、众多历史人物被埋葬的地方，比如伟大的数学家艾萨克·牛顿，以及著名的战争领袖温斯顿·丘吉尔。
Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein left profound legacies.
牛顿与爱因斯坦都给世人留下了深厚的遗泽。
It always falls down. That's how the apple helped Isaac Newton.
它总是垂直下落，苹果正是这样启发了艾萨克·牛顿。
Isaac Newton is best known for explaining how gravity works.
艾萨克·牛顿先生因解释了地心引力是如何作用的而出名。
I just think it's really important to get kids excited about science at an early age, because they might be the next Albert Einstein or Isaac Newton, or America's top young scientist.
我认为，让孩子们在年纪很小的时候就对科学感兴趣非常重要。因为他们可能会是下一个爱因斯坦，牛顿，也可能是美国最优秀的年轻科学家。
And throughout history, men with great minds, like Augustine, Isaac Newton, and Leonardo Di Vinci, showed more than just a passing curiosity regarding the importance of biblical numbers.
纵观历史上的伟人，如奥古斯丁、艾萨克·牛顿以及列昂纳多·达·芬奇等，他们对于圣经中的数字都表现出了极强的好奇心。
The birthplace of the great scientist Isaac Newton is Woolsthorpe.
大科学家牛顿的出生地是乌尔索普。
Let's Talk！
开始交流吧！
Mike: Do you know the story of Newton?
麦克：你知道牛顿的故事吗？
Daisy: Of course, the apple falls on his head.
黛西：当然了，苹果掉在了他的头上。
Mike: I've seen the apple tree; it's just an average tree.
麦克：我见过那棵苹果树，它就只是个普通的树。
Daisy: The point is not the tree, it's who it hit.
黛西：重点不是那棵树，是他打到了谁。
Mike: Yes, coincidentally, the apple falls on a genius.
麦克：是的，巧合的是，苹果掉在了一个天才的头上。
Daisy: Newton is such a great scientist.
黛西：牛顿是一个非常伟大的科学家。
Mike: He is very observant.
麦克：他非常善于观察。
Daisy: But it is said that he does not have a good personality.
黛西：但好像听说他的性格不太好。
Mike: Genius are always very wield.
麦克：天才都很奇怪。
Daisy: That's true.
黛西：确实是。
Mike: I hoped to be a scientist when I was young.
麦克：我小时候也想成为一名科学家。
Daisy: We all had dreams when we were young, but few come true.
黛西：我们小时候都有梦想，但很少能实现。
Mike: Yes, there's only one Newton.
麦克：是的，牛顿只有一个。