第3章 Dante Alighieri阿利盖利·但丁
阿利盖利·但丁是欧洲文艺复兴时代的开拓者。恩格斯曾评价说：“封建的中世纪的终结和现代资本主义纪元的开端，是以一位大人物为标志的，这位人物就是意大利人但丁，他是中世纪的最后一位诗人，同时又是新时代的最初一位诗人”。
About Dante
关于但丁
Durante degli Alighieri commonly known as Dante, was a major Italian poet of the Middle Ages. His Divine Comedy, originally called Commedia and later called Divina by Boccaccio, is considered the greatest literary work composed in the Italian language and a masterpiece of world literature.
In Italy he is known as “The Supreme Poet” (il Sommo Poeta) or just il Poeta. Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio are also known as “the three fountains” or “the three crowns”. Dante is also called the “Father of the Italian language”.
The Divine Comedy describes Dante's journey through Hell (Inferno), Purgatory (Purgatorio), and Paradise (Paradiso), guided first by the Roman poet Virgil and then by Beatrice, the subject of his love and of another of his works, La Vita Nuova. While the vision of Hell, the Inferno, is vivid for modern readers, the theological niceties presented in the other books require a certain amount of patience and knowledge to appreciate. Purgatorio, the most lyrical and human of the three, also has the most poets in it; Paradiso, the most heavily theological, has the most beautiful and ecstatic mystic passages in which Dante tries to describe what he confesses he is unable to convey (e.g., when Dante looks into the face of God: “all'alta fantasia qui mancò possa”—“at this high moment, ability failed my capacity to describe,” Paradiso, XXXIII, 142).
Dante's other works include the Convivio (“The Banquet”) a collection of his longest poems with an (unfinished) allegorical commentary; Monarchia, a summary treatise of political philosophy in Latin, which was condemned and burned after Dante's death by the Papal Legate Bertrando del Poggetto, which argues for the necessity of a universal or global monarchy in order to establish universal peace in this life, and this monarchy's relationship to the Roman Catholic Church as guide to eternal peace; De vulgari eloquentia (“On the Eloquence of Vernacular”),on vernacular literature, partly inspired by the Razos de trobar of Raimon Vidal de Bezaudun; and, La Vita Nuova (“The New Life”),the story of his love for Beatrice Portinari, who also served as the ultimate symbol of salvation in the Comedy.
但丁是新旧交替时期的伟大诗人。基督教神学观念、中世纪的偏见和世界观上的种种矛盾，也在《神曲》中得到表现。《神曲》的结构建立在中古时期神秘的象征意义上，情节充满寓意。诗人歌颂现世生活，但又把它看作来世生活的准备。他批判教会至上，但又把神学置于信仰之上。他认为，人类在理性和哲学的指引下得以认识邪恶，但只有依靠信仰和神学，才能达到至善之境。他谴责禁欲主义，但又把一对苦恋的青年保罗和弗兰齐斯嘉作为贪色的罪人，打入地狱接受惩戒。
《神曲》的伟大意义在于，它通过诗人幻游过程中遇到的上百个各种类型的人物的描写，以极其广阔的画面，反映出意大利从中世纪向近代世界过渡的转折时期的现实生活和各个领域发生的社会政治变革，透露了新时代的新思想——人文主义的曙光。《神曲》对古今政治、哲学、神学、诗歌、绘画、文化，作了艺术性的阐述和总结。因此，它不但在思想性方面达到了时代的先进水平，是一座划时代的里程碑，而且是一部反映当时社会生活、传授知识的百科全书式的鸿篇巨制。
Key words & Sentences
关键词句全知道
Do you have any material relating to Dante Alighieri or his writings?
你有关于阿利盖利·但丁或他的作品的资料吗？
I can't understand Dante's writings.
我看不懂但丁的作品。
Italian poet Dante Alighieri died at 25 on September 13.
9月13日，意大利诗人阿利盖利·但丁逝世，享年25岁。
Dante is famous for The Divine Comedy.
但丁最著名的作品是《神曲》。
That is a bust of Dante Alighieri.
那是但丁的雕像。
Dante's The Divine Comedy has several types of Chinese translations.
但丁的《神曲》有好几种中文译本。
Dante Alighieri, in “The Inferno” of The Divine Comedy, builds a Christian Underworld from his personal experience.
意大利诗人阿利盖利·但丁，在《神曲·地狱篇》中，加入了个人经验，亦描绘出一个基督教的地狱世界。
Divine Comedy written by Dante Alighieri has epoch-making as the epic of the Middle Age no matter to the history of literature or to the history of pensee.
但丁的《神曲》作为“中世纪的史诗”，无论在人类文学史上还是思想史上都具有划时代的意义。
The group took the vast majority of its subjects from medieval romances or Biblical stories, possibly because of its admiration for Italian poet Dante Alighieri.
这个团体大量地从中世纪浪漫史或圣经故事中取材，可能因为他们对意大利诗人阿利盖利·但丁的推崇。
Dante Alighieri can be considered an example of the “encyclopedic man”.
阿利盖利·但丁可以称得上是“百科全书式的巨人”。
Dante write mythologies.
但丁写神话。
Dante, in his book, De Monarchia on monarchy, saw Aristotle as giving credence to the idea of a universal monarchy under the leadership of a Christian prince.
但丁在他的《论帝制》中，视亚里士多德为力主世界帝国的概念，且是由一位基督王子所主宰。
Dante is a Christian and has access to the Christian myth of the Fall.
但丁是一个基督徒，并且对堕落天使的传说有所研究。
Dante first supplies the notion of fallen-ness.
但丁第一个提出了堕落性的概念。
This is a Dante book.
这是一本但丁的书。
Let's Talk！
开始交流吧！
Mike: What is the topic of your thesis?
麦克：你论文写的是什么？
Daisy: About the writer Dante.
黛西：关于作家但丁。
Mike: Is he a writer in the Middle Ages?
麦克：他是中世纪的作家吗？
Daisy: Yes, he is a great poet.
黛西：是的，他是个伟大的诗人。
Mike: Aren't his poem written in ancient English?
麦克：他的诗不是用古英文写的吗？
Daisy: Yes, it was very hard to understand.
黛西：是的，很难理解。
Mike: Do you pick the topic by yourself?
麦克：你自己选的这个题目吗？
Daisy: No, my teacher chose it for me.
黛西：不是，是我的老师选的。
Mike: Who is your teacher?
麦克：你的老师是谁？
Daisy: Mrs. Green, she is a expert in the research of Dante.
黛西：格林女士，她是研究但丁的专家。
Mike: Have many have you written?
麦克：你写了多少了？
Daisy: Just a beginning, I still do not have a clue.
黛西：就写了个开头，我一点头绪都没有。
Mike: You can consult your teacher.
麦克：你可以向老师咨询一下。
Daisy: I plan to meet her in the afternoon.
黛西：我准备下午去找她。