第二章　雅思阅读基础篇

Ⅰ.词汇（Vocabulary）

快速准确的阅读对词汇的要求不仅限于它的意义，还包括它的词性、范畴、感情色彩、搭配、同义词等其他信息。很多情况下只需要掌握单词的词性、范畴和感情色彩，就能大致了解作者所要表达的信息。

参看下列来自《剑桥国际英语词典》的词条，看看能从中获得多少有关adverse的信息：

adverse /ˈædvəːs，ədˈvəs/ adj.[before n]going against something, or harmful

The match has been cancelled due to adverse weather conditions.

They received a lot of adverse publicity/criticism about the changes.

The advertising company responsible for the campaign says that they are surprised by the adverse public reaction to the poster.

A lot of local people are worried about the adverse impact that the road building scheme may have on the environment.

So far the drug is thought not to have any adverse effects.

Excerpted from Cambridge International Dictionary of English

1.词性（Part of Speech）

词性是单词在句中担任的角色，英语单词的词性分为名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、冠词、连词、数词等。本节将讲述词性的判断、词性的功能及其运用。

·如何判断名词和动词

请说出下列划线部分的词性，并说明理由。

1.身无彩凤双飞翼，心有灵犀一点通。

2.春如旧。人空瘦。泪痕红鲛绡透。

3.廉颇老矣，尚能饭否？

名词判断依据：

前面是否有冠词

前面是否有形容词

前面是否有介词

是否有复数标志

是否有所有格标志

词缀

动词判断依据：

前面是否有助动词

后面是否有名词

是否有第三人称单数标志

是否有过去时标志

词缀

Exercises A：Figure out the part of speech of the underlined part in each sentence.

This involves dealing with emotions, like jealousy, resentment, anger, etc.，that one may have difficulty accepting by, perhaps, giving oneself comfort food, or doing nice things when one is feeling low.

To err is human；to forgive, divine.

It is also considered positive for a company to provide state-of-art support for working parents with on-site day care, help for parents with sick children, and flexible hours whenever possible.

Fossilized remains of plants and animals also support the idea that continents move.

The consensus of academic opinion was that Australia had been peopled for less than 10，000 years.

Exercise B：Figure out all the NOUNs in the following sentences：

Each leg ends in a pair of‘waling claws'that grasp vegetation, among other functions, but a third claw collaborates with associated spiny, elastic hairs to detach the leg from a sticky web strand.

There are occasions when giving a gift surpasses spoken communication, since the message it offers can cut through barriers of language and culture diversity.

The genetic inheritance a baby receives from its parents at the moment of conception fixes much of its later development, determining characteristics as varied as whether it will have blue eyes or suffer from a life-threatening illness such as cystic fibrosis.

An opposing view sees the three family divisions of labor styles as a reflection of the progressive changes couples make in response to changing life situations, rather than being an aspect of personality.

The conclusion last summer of a 10-year building program has seen the historic zinc-alum shacks and even older wooden sheds built at an early Antarctic base, on Heard Island in 1947，supplanted by vast, bright-colored buildings with bay-window views and ski-lodge décor.

·词性的作用

划分句子结构

寻找关键词

缩小选择范围

做题提示

Exercise C：Figure out the key words in the following items.

Causes of volcanic eruption

Efforts to predict volcanic eruption

Volcanoes and the features of our planet

Different types of volcanic eruption

International relief efforts

The unpredictability of volcanic eruptions

Exercise D：Complete the summary below. Choose your answers from the list below the summary.

NB There are more words than spaces, so you will not use them all.

Trust is a 1 thing. Once 2，it affords us tremendous freedom；but once trust is lost, it would be impossible to 3.Of course the truth is we never know who we can trust：those who were closest can 4 us；and total strangers can come to our 5.In the end, most people decide to trust only themselves—it really is the simplest way to keep from getting burned.

---

List of words

Excerpted from Desperate Wives

Exercise E：Choose the correct headings for the paragraphs from the list of headings below.

List of headings

A. Fire models for calculation

B. Difficulty in modeling

Paragraph 1.____________________________

Calculating this is not easy. Models used for the purpose have treated the fire as passive and stationary.But the movement of a fire is quite dynamic, and recent work by researchers, using a new model which takes into account a number of subtle facets suggests that the fire spreads much faster than earlier estimates had predicted.

Paragraph 2.____________________________

It's not easy trying to model accurately the movement of a fire, with a variety of influences such as the location, the content, the position of goods as well as the ventilation condition on the spot.For example, consider how air affects the direction of a fire.

2.词的感情色彩（Emotion）

单词分为褒义词、贬义词和中性词，体现在本义、程度、词根和文化等各方面。

Exercise F：Figure out the emotional aspect（favorable, unfavorable or neutral）of the underlined part in the following sentences.

The convergence of these two growing trends—dropping out and logging on—exacerbates the serious consequences of a drop in political involvement and a rise in social isolation.

Here, too, the threat of unemployment has been looming on the horizon.

Thirty years after the fire he is still haunted by images of death and destruction.

There is grave concern over the use of such dams because of their adverse impact on health, their displacement of successful farmers and the severe limitations on their useful life due to siltation.

You have so many books.

Not 'thin' but 'slim' is the word to compliment a girl.

Leave him alone—such a drunkard.

She is, actually, not carefree, but careless.

You have no right to call my students 'stupid'or 'illiterate'；they are intelligent challenged.

The emphasis on individualism can cause discord in society, disagreements, and lack of harmony.

Keep all negative thoughts away from the interview and do not say anything derogatory about one's previous employer.

The major problems facing the world today are overpopulation, pollution, and starvation.The three blights are related.

3.词义猜测

遇到生词要学会有根据地猜测（make intelligent guesses），可通过解释性单词、句式和标点、词根、句子的并列结构和上下文进行推测。

·表示A=B的句式

A is B

A refers to/means/represents/stands for B

A is referred to as/is known as/is called B

A is code/substitute for B

定语从句/同位语从句

·表示A=B的单词

A. In other words, B

A, namely, B

A. i.e.B

A, that is, B

A or B, A/B

·表示A=B的标点符号

A, B，……

A—B—……

A（B）

Exercises G：Figure out the meaning of the underlined part in the following sentences by using A=B pattern.

A court interpreter is anyone who interprets in a civil or criminal court proceeding（eg.arraignment, motion, pretrial conference, preliminary hearing, deposition, trial）for a witness or defendant who speaks or understands little or no English.

Intellectual disability refers to a general slowness to learn and function within society, and the identification of intellectual disability is usually based on an assessment of a person's performance in a variety of tests.

The neglect syndrome refers to the failure of a patient to see objects or parts of the body on the side opposite the brain damage.Patients may dress only one side of their body and deny that opposite body parts are theirs.

The traditional telephone network consists of a pair of copper wires connecting the customer premises to a local exchange.This is known as the customer access network.

For instance 'YIKLA' was code for‘This is the life！'

British industry, in particular, has in recent decades often been criticized for its linguistic insularity—for its assumption that foreign buyers will be happy to communicate in English, and that awareness of other languages is not therefore a priority.

Another giant leap is occurring through the use of the Internet, the electronic network, that is ultimately likely to be the most revolutionary of all behavior-modifying technologies.

That seems to be the message from research conducted by Europanel, an association of research companies across 23 countries which monitor buying patterns using consumer panels.

As social beings, we need to be able to deal with other people which brings us to the next item on Goleman's list, namely：recognizing emotions in other people.This means, in effect, having or developing 'social radar'，i.e.learning to read the weather systems-around-individuals or groups of people.

The thyreophorans, or 'shield bearers'，also known as armoured dinosaurs， were quadrupeds with rows of protective bony spikes, studs, or plates along their backs and tails.

In all cases, someone has to act as a source of language data—an informant.

One of the most eminent of psychologists, Clark Hull, claimed that the essence of reasoning lies in the putting together of two 'behavior segments'in some novel way, never actually performed before, so as to reach a goal.

Though Aborigines might see themselves as indigenous（in the sense, as Josephine Flood explains, that they have no race history not associated with this continent）there is no doubt that they were in fact Australia's first migrants.

Leonardo da Vinci belongs to Renaissance—that period of rebirth, when after centuries of dormancy the souls of men awoke to the beauty and the wonder of the external world.

Palaeontologists believe that both dinosaurs and crocodiles evolved, in the later years of the Triassic Period（248-208 million years ago），from creatures called pseudosuchian thecodonts. Lizards, snakes and different types of thecodont are believed to have evolved earlier in the Triassic Period from reptiles known as eosuchians.

Exercise H：Figure out the meaning of the underlined part in the following sentences by using the word root.

What is the task of a paleoseismologist?

The therapods, or‘beast feet'，were bipedal, predatory carnivores.

Posterior pituitary—the rear portion of the pituitary regulates water and salt balance.

There are occasions when giving a gift surpasses spoken communication, since the message it offers can cut through barriers of language and culture diversity.

The classic example is the shy person, categorized by some people as arrogant and distant and by others as lively and friendly and very personable.How can two different groups make a definitive analysis of someone that is so strikingly contradictory?

Aphasia is partial or total loss of the ability to articulate ideas or comprehend spoken or written language, resulting from damage to the brain caused by injury or disease.

Exercise I：Figure out a pair of synonyms in the following sentences.

Students who want to enter the University need more than just a conventional ID card—their identities must be authenticated by an electronic hand scanner. In some California housing estates, a key alone is insufficient to get someone in the door；his or her voiceprint must also be verified.

Exercise J：Figure out the meaning of the underlined part in the following sentences through the understanding of the context and making use of background information.

Lack of insulin results in the more common form of diabetes, while too much cause hypoglycemia.

Under sympathetic, your skin will have goose bumps；while under parasym-pathetic, no goose bumps.

In France job advertisements flout the law openly by asking for applicants of a certain age.

Not being tangible, emotions are difficult to analyze and quantify, compounded by the fact that each area in the list above, does not operate in isolation.

Their finding gives teeth to the long-held prediction that freshwater runoff into the ocean would increase in the Arctic as a result of global warming.

In fact, the increase in population is phenomenal.In 1900，there were 1.2 billion people on the Earth.In 1950，there were 2.5 billion.By 2000，there were more than 6 billion people, and this number is likely to increase to 8 billion by 2030.

The prices are soaring；the government is taking every measure to check the inflation.

It is hard for people to appreciate how fast a fire can spread in a building.

Mind（you），I don't mind minding the children so long as they mind me.

We seem to have exhausted this topic of conversation.

4.同义词转换（Synonyms）

Exercise K：Figure out whether the lady is accepting or refusing the invitation or compliment from the man.

A：

HE：Can I buy you a drink?

SHE：Actually I'd rather have the money.

B：

HE：Your face must turn a few heads！SHE：And your face must turn a few stomachs！

C：

HE：Hi！Didn't we go on a date once?Or was it twice?

SHE：Must've been once.I never make the same mistake twice！

D：

HE：Go on. Don't be shy.Ask me out！SHE：Okay, get out！

E：

HE：I think I could make you very happy.

SHE：Why?Are you leaving?

F：

HE：What would you say if I asked you to marry me?

SHE：Nothing. I can't talk and laugh at the same time！

G：

HE：I'm a photographer.I've been looking for a face like yours！

SHE：I'm a plastic surgeon.I've been looking for a face like yours！

H：

Man：If I could see you naked, I'd die happy.

Woman：If I saw you naked, I'd probably die laughing.

Exercise L：Read the following poem and see how you understand it.

The Pig

It was an evening in November，

As I very well remember，

I was strolling down the street in drunken pride，

But my knees were all aflutter，

And I landed in the gutter

And a pig came up and lay down by my side.

Yes, I lay there in the gutter

Thinking thoughts I could not utter，

When a colleen passing by did softly say，

“You can tell a man who boozes

By the company he chooses.”

And the pig got up and slowly walked away.

Exercise M：Choose FOUR letters from A-G.

The aims of psychological research include

A. treating ill patients with arthritis.

B. illustrating the reasons for violence.

C. helping people interact with natural environment.

D. telling us how people act when they are nervous.

E. making predictions about whether communicative teaching is better than audio-lingual teaching in English education.

F. improving learning environment for students to learn better.

G. describing ways to cure depression.

Passage：

Scientific research in general has four major goals：description, explanation, prediction and control. The first goal of psychological research is thus to describe behavior.The second goal is to explain behavior, which means to identify its causes.Successful explanation makes it possible to achieve the third goal—to predict behavior, for example, whether a particular therapeutic approach will help in the treatment of mentally ill patients.The fourth and final goal is control.If we understand certain behaviors and can predict when they will occur, then we are in a position to control the circumstances that cause them.If we can understand and predict depression, for example, we may be able to control it.Likewise, if we understand the process of learning sufficiently well, we can create conditions to improve the ability to learn.

Excerpted from Psychology by Kelly G. Shaver＆Roger M.Tarpy

Exercise N：Look at the eight qualities A-H of‘good teachers'and match each quality to the statement with the same meaning.

Good teachers

can adjust teaching materials to different learning situations.

facilitate students'understanding of the aims of the course.

are keen on developing the students as learners.

treat their students with dignity and concern.

continually improve their teaching by monitoring their skills.

Good teachers……

A. are themselves good learners—resulting in teaching that is dynamic, reflective and constantly evolving as they learn more and more about teaching.

B. display enthusiasm for their subject and the desire to share it with their students.

C. recognise the importance of context and adjust their teaching accordingly.

D. encourage deep learning approaches and are concerned with developing their students'critical thinking skills, problem-solving skills and problem-approach behaviours.

E. demonstrate an ability to transform and extend knowledge, rather than merely transmit it.

F. recognise individual differences in their students and take advantage of these.

G. set clear goals, use valid assessment techniques and provide high-quality feedback to their students.

H. show respect for and interest in their students and sustain high expectations of them.

Exercise O：TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN

North Americans use the word corn in a narrow meaning to refer to maize, whereas the British use it to refer to grain in general. Keats'Ruth standing‘amid the alien corn’is not standing in a field of maize.

Keats was from North America.

Simplification of words：

5.易混淆点（Confusing Points）

·表与事实不符的标志词：

The private car is assumed to have widened our horizons and increased our mobility.

They purport to represent the wishes of the majority of parents at the school.

It was one of his so-called friends who supplied him with the drug that killed him.

Electronic technologies were to have heralded a paperless office.

You should have told me earlier you have got a new girl friend in New Zealand！

I had thought you were a dandy.

·表绝对性的标志词：

always　　invariably　　never

all　　none　　every　　only

completely　　definitely　　irrefutably　　assuredly

undeniably　　certainly　　indisputably　　without question

·表二者选一的标志词：

A instead of/rather than B　　A take the place of B

A in place of B　　A in preference to B

A supplant B　　Substitute A for B

Replace A with B　　a move from A to B

A. Instead/rather, B

·表将来存在的形式：

时态：will, be going to, be to

虚拟语气：could, would, might

时间状语：on the horizon is……/There are many years away before……

单词：possible/potential/imminent/expect

Exercise P：TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN

1. Working hours are not expected to decrease, partly because the 24-hour society will need to be serviced；and secondly, because more people will be needed to keep the service/leisure industries running.

The 24-hour society will have a negative effect on people's attitude to work.

2. The past 5 years alone have seen the leisure business expand by 25%with a change in emphasis to short domestic weekend breaks, and long-haul short breaks to exotic destinations in place of long holidays.

Long holidays have taken the place of long-haul short breaks.

Exercise Q：Look at the list below of the uses of glass. According to the passage state whether these uses exist today, will exist in the future or are not mentioned by the writer.

A. if the uses exist today

B. if the uses will exist in the future

C. if the uses are not mentioned by the writer

On the horizon are optical computers. These could store programs and process information by means of light-pulses from tiny lasers—rather than electrons.

1.optical computers

He now has a new commission—a glass sculpture for the headquarters building of a pizza company—for which his fee is half a million dollars.

2.sculptures

Although glass is rigid, and thus like a solid, the atoms are arranged in a random disordered fashion, characteristic of a liquid. Glass as instant curtains is available now, but the cost is exorbitant.

3.fashions

4.curtains

SUMMARY

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

_______________________________________