02 Memory Appears Susceptible to Eradication of Fear Responses
Fear responses can only be erased when people learn something new while retrieving the fear memory. This is the conclusion of a study 1 by scientists from the University of Amsterdam and published in the journal Science.
Three researchers have developed a method to determine whether an acquired fear response is susceptible to modification. By doing so, they have revealed the 2 under which an acquired fear response can be eradicated.
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is currently the most common and effective type of treatment for people 3 from anxiety disorders. However, the effects are often short-lived and the fear returns in many patients. One major finding of the study is that when participants were given propranolol(心得安,一种药物), a beta blocker, while retrieving a 4 fear memory, the acquired fear response was shown to be totally erased a day or a month later. The researchers 5 found that the fear did not come back, despite the use of techniques specifically aimed to make it return. This indicates that the fear memory was either fully eradicated, or could no longer be 6 .
For their study the researchers used a fear conditioning procedure in which a specific picture was followed by a painful 7 . While the participants viewed the pictures, the researchers measured the anticipation of the painful stimulus as well as the more autonomous fear response on the basis of the startle reflex(惊跳反射).
The current findings will contribute to the further development of more effective and 8 therapies for patients suffering from excessive anxiety disorders, such as trauma 9 . There was no independent measure to indicate whether the memory is susceptible to modification up until now. The researchers have shown that the fear response can be eradicated 10 , provided that the person concerned actually learns something new while retrieving the fear memory.
A)accessed E)decent I)infecting M)suffering
B)circumstances F)efficient J)repeatedly N)verdicts
C)completely G)essential K)specific O)victims
D)conducted H)exceedingly L)stimulus
选项分析
[名词]circumstances情况 stimulus刺激 verdicts裁决 victims 受害人
[动词]accessed接近,获取 conducted组织实施 infecting感染 suffering经受
[形容词]decent得体的 efficient有效率的 essential必要的 specific特定的
[副词]completely彻底地 exceedingly非常地 repeatedly反复地
长难句点睛
1.One major finding of the study is that when participants were given propranolol(心得安,一种药物), a beta blocker, while retrieving a specific fear memory, the acquired fear response was shown to be totally erased a day or a month later. (Line 3, Para. 3)
[解析]句子的主干为One major finding of the study is...句中的a beta blocker为propranolol的同位语。that引导表语从句,其中又包含由when引导的时间状语从句。为了避免重复,while后面省略了前文中提到的participants were。while强调两个动作的同时进行,即were given propranolol和retrieving a specific fear memory为同时发生。
[译文]该研究的一个主要发现是:当给参与者服下一种叫做“心得安”的β-受体阻滞药,同时检索特定的恐惧记忆,可以看到已获得的恐惧反应在一天或一个月后彻底消失了。
2.The researchers have shown that the fear response can be eradicated completely, provided that the person concerned actually learns something new while retrieving the fear memory. (Line 4, Para. 5)
[解析]句子的主干为The researchers have shown that...其中,that引导宾语从句,宾语从句中又包含一个条件状语从句,provided that意为“假如,倘若”。
[译文]研究人员表明,如果当事人在检索恐惧记忆的同时确实学到了新的东西,恐惧反应就可以被彻底根除。
答案精解
1.D conducted
[快速解题]动词辨义题。根据空格前的a study和空格后的by scientists可以判断,此处需要填入一个动词的过去分词形式,连同其后面的内容作名词study的后置定语。备选词汇中只有conducted“组织实施”符合此处语境,故选D。
2.B circumstances
[快速解题]名词辨义题。根据空格前的have revealed the可以判断,此处需要填入一个名词,且能与空格后的under搭配使用。备选词汇中只有circumstances“情况”符合此处语境,故选B。under the circumstances意为“在这种情况下”。
3.M suffering
[快速解题]动词辨义题。根据空格后的from anxiety disorders和整个句子的语法结构可以判断,此处需要填入一个动词的现在分词形式,连同其后面的内容作名词people的后置定语,说明people当前的状态。备选词汇中只有suffering“经受”符合此处语境,故选M。suffer from为常用搭配,意为“患……病”,也可指“经受,忍受……”。
4.K specific
[快速解题]形容词辨义题。根据空格前的不定冠词a和空格后的fear memory可以判断,此处需要填入一个形容词,以修饰fear memory。备选词汇中只有specific“特定的”符合此处语境,故选K。
5.J repeatedly
[快速解题]副词辨义题。根据空格前的The researchers和空格后的found that可以判断,此处需要填入一个副词,以修饰动词found。备选词汇中只有repeatedly“反复地”符合此处语境,故选J。
6.A accessed
[快速解题]动词辨义题。根据空格前的was either fully eradicated, or could no longer be可以判断,此处所填的词汇要和eradicated形式一致,备选词汇中只有accessed“接近,获取”符合此处语境,故选A。
7.L stimulus
[快速解题]名词辨义题。根据空格前的was followed by a painful可以判断,此处需要填入一个名词的单数形式。备选词汇中只有stimulus“刺激”符合此处语境,故选L。
8.F efficient
[快速解题]形容词辨义题。根据空格前的more effective and和空格后的therapies for可以判断,此处需要填入一个能与effective“有效的”并列使用的形容词。备选词汇中只有efficient“有效率的”符合此处语境,故选F。
9.O victims
[快速解题]名词辨义题。根据空格前的such as trauma可以判断,此处需要填入一个名词,为对前面提到的patients的举例。备选词汇中只有victims“受害人”符合语境,故选O。
10.C completely
[快速解题]副词辨义题。根据空格前的can be eradicated可以判断,此处需要填入一个副词,以修饰动词eradicated。备选词汇中只有completely“彻底地”符合此处语境,故选C。
重难点词汇
erase[ɪˈreɪz] v. 擦掉,抹去痕迹
retrieve[rɪˈtriːv] v. 重新获得
susceptible[səˈseptəbl] a. 易受某事物影响或损害的
modification[ˌmɒdɪfɪˈkeɪʃn] n.修改,改变
eradicate[ɪˈrædɪkeɪt] v. 根除,消灭
autonomous[ɔːˈtɒnəməs] a. 自主的
trauma[ˈtrɔːmə] n. 创伤
provided[prəˈvaɪdɪd] conj. 假如,倘若
全文译文
记忆似乎易受根除恐惧反应的影响
只有人们在检索恐惧记忆的时候学到新的东西,这种恐惧反应才能够消除。这项结论来自阿姆斯特丹大学的科学家进行的一项研究,发表在《科学》杂志上。
三名研究人员开发了一种方法来判定已经获得的恐惧反应是否容易被改变。通过研究,他们揭示了在什么情况下可以根除已有的恐惧反应。
认知行为疗法是目前最常见且有效的治疗焦虑症患者的方法。然而,疗效通常持续时间较短,很多患者会再次产生恐惧心理。该研究的一个主要发现是:当给参与者服下一种叫做“心得安”的β-受体阻滞药,同时检索特定的恐惧记忆,可以看到已获得的恐惧反应在一天或一个月后彻底消失了。研究人员多次发现,这种恐惧不会再回来,即使运用专门的技术让它回来也无法实现。这表明恐惧记忆不是被彻底根除了,就是再也触碰不到了。
在他们的研究中,研究人员使用一种恐惧条件反射程序:一张特定的照片,紧随其后的是一个痛苦的刺激。参与者观看照片时,研究人员测量了他们对痛苦刺激的预期程度以及在惊跳反射基础上,更加自主的恐惧反应。
当前的研究结果将有助于进一步研发更加有效和高效的治疗过度焦虑患者的方法,如受过精神创伤的患者。但到目前为止,没有独立的测量方法来显示记忆是否容易被改变。研究人员表明,如果当事人在检索恐惧记忆的同时确实学到了新的东西,恐惧反应就可以被彻底根除。