9 结论与展望
中国创业者是一个包含数百万人的庞大群体,站在研究者的角度,关注这个群体,采用多元研究范式发现其特征和规律,更好地指导创业实践,是有意义的。
通过文献研究发现,总体而言,15年来,中国创业者研究受到越来越多的关注,在创业者心理特征、能力特征和社会特征方面都有研究和探索,并取得了一些研究成果,尤其关注到一些特别的创业者群体,如农民创业者、女性创业者及高科技创业者。但是,目前的中国创业者研究依然处于比较分散、基于问卷调查和横截面数据的实证研究阶段,缺乏突破性成果,缺乏本土化理论的构建,缺乏对创业实践的指导。同时,研究者多来自各高校的经济管理学院,缺乏社会学、心理学、人类学等领域研究者的参与。因此,中国创业者研究还需要向着系统性、多元研究范式、本土化的方向发展。
基于文献综述和创业者访谈,笔者从系统性角度指出了创业者心理特征、能力特征和社会特征领域的研究方向和研究问题,并指出关注创业者生涯历程研究的必要性和有待研究的问题。进一步在研究方法上指出了量化研究的局限性,强调为了获得对创业者的丰富认识、行为解释和理论建构,需要引入纵向跟踪研究和质性研究,如案例研究、人物志、学者辩论与对话等多元研究范式。
期待本研究能够对正在从事或将要从事中国创业者研究的学者有一些帮助和启发,同时需要指出的是,本次文献综述的结论是有局限性的。笔者选取的文章仅来自检索因子大于1的中文期刊文章,而在英文期刊上发表的中国创业者研究文章并未包括,因此可能会忽略掉一些研究成果;对于创业者的访谈,本研究只选取了15位,这些创业者的观点也会有一定的主观性。
致谢:诚挚感谢中国香港王宽诚教育基金会的资助。
Research Review and Prospection on Chinese Entrepreneurs: Based on Literature and Practitioners' Interview
Zhao Xinyan, Zhang Juan, Chen Junyuan, Zhang Xinyu, Mao Zhaoan
(School of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications Beijing 100876, China)
Abstract: This paper reviews the literatures published in the leading Chinese-language academic journals over the past 15 years from 2001 to 2015. According to the research topics, it divides the literatures into three areas, namely psychological characteristics study, competency characteristics study and social characteristics study. In each area, it analyzes the research findings on the concept and definition, the antecedents and the effects of the related characteristics in detail, and discusses the backward of the current research. Integrating with the interviews of 15 entrepreneurs in high-tech new ventures in China, it suggests the future research topics on Chinese entrepreneurs, which includes the special characteristics of Chinese entrepreneurs and how they are formed, the capabilities needed by entrepreneurs at each phase of entrepreneurship process, the truth of their careers and life-styles as Chinese entrepreneurs in typical entrepreneurship fields, the features of Chinese team entrepreneurs associating with entrepreneurship success or failure, and the role of entrepreneurship education. And it discusses the use of case study and longitudinal research methodologies in future studies on entrepreneurs.
Key words: entrepreneurship; entrepreneur; literature review; entrepreneurs' interview