第10章 特色城市——解读历史灵魂笼罩下的欧洲文明(10)
The Parthenon is also called Athenna Fane， standing at the top of the Acropolis hill， was built in 447 BC， the masterpiece of Phidias， a famous architect. The Parthenon was built to worship the goddess Athena.It is a masterpiece of architecture and art sculpture in the heyday of Greece.The Parthenon is the pride of Athens.It was a true reflection of prosperity when Pericles came to power at Athens.
After visiting the temple， a writer sighed with endless emotion and said in humor， "If you do not have been to Athens， you must be a fool； if you have been to Athens without praising it， you must be an ass； if you leave Athens voluntarily without nostalgia， you must be a stupid camel."
雅典卫城是雅典以及希腊的一颗明珠，是雅典民主的象征。它是希腊最杰出的古建筑群，是综合性的公共建筑，为宗教政治的中心地。雅典卫城海拔156米，从雅典市的任何地方都可以看到。卫城的山顶荟萃着古希腊文明最杰出的作品。卫城还设有蓝白相间的希腊国旗，从这里可以俯瞰整个雅典城。
帕特农神庙又叫雅典娜神庙，耸立于雅典卫城山上的顶端，建于公元前447年，是著名建筑师和雕刻家菲迪亚斯的杰作。帕提农神庙是崇奉雅典娜女神的神殿，是希腊全盛时期建筑和艺术雕刻的代表作。帕特农神庙是雅典的骄傲，也是伯里克利当政时雅典繁荣的真实反映。
有一位作家参观神庙后感慨不已，风趣地说：“如果你不曾到过雅典，那你一定是傻瓜；如果你到过雅典而不赞叹它，那你一定是蠢驴；如果你自愿离开雅典而不留恋它，那你一定是一匹笨骆驼。”
Athens Olympic Stadium 雅典奥林匹亚体育场场
The Athens Olympic Stadium is part of the Athens Olympic Sports Complex. It is named after the first modern Olympic marathon race winner in 1896， Spiros Louis.
Located in the area of Marousi in Athens， the stadium was originally designed in 1979 and built in 1980-1982. It was completed in time to host the 1982 European Championships in Athletics.It was inaugurated by the President of Greece， at the time Konstantinos Karamanlis， on 8 September 1982.It also hosted several events of the 1991 Mediterranean Games and the 1997 World Championships in Athletics， sought in order to prove that it was capable of hosting major sporting events after the failure of Athens to win the 1996 Summer Olympics.
It was extensively renovated in time for the 2004 Summer Olympics， including a roof designed by Santiago Calatrava. The stadium was then officially re-opened on 30 July 2004.It hosted the athletics events and the football final at the 2004 Summer Olympics.It also hosted the opening ceremony on 13 August 2004， and the closing ceremony on 29 August 2004.
雅典奥林匹亚竞技场是雅典奥林匹克体育中心的组成部分，这座体育场也被称为斯皮里宗·路易斯体育场，得名于首届现代奥林匹克运动会马拉松比赛的金牌得主、希腊人斯皮里宗·路易斯。
雅典奥林匹克体育场位于雅典的马鲁西，这座体育场设计于1979年，建造于1980～1982年。这座体育场在1982年欧洲田径锦标赛时首次投入使用。1982年9月8日，时任希腊总统康斯坦丁·卡拉曼利斯宣布体育场落成。这座体育场举办过1991年地中海运动会和1997年世界田径锦标赛的几场赛事。自从申办1996年夏季奥运会失利后，一直在努力着证明自己有能力举办重大赛事。
雅典成功申办2004年夏季奥运会之后，将奥林匹克体育场进行了大规模的翻新，翻新工程采用了西班牙建筑师圣地亚哥·卡拉特拉瓦的设计方案，其亮点是精巧的顶棚。体育场在2004年7月30日正式开放。在2004年夏季奥运会中承办了大部分田径比赛和足球决赛。此外，2004年8月13日的开幕式和8月29日的闭幕式也都在这座体育场内举行。
●Masters of Philosophy and Literature 哲学奇人和文学大师
The ancient Athens was a powerful city-state， and the world famous cultural city. Many of the famous philosophers， statesmen and writers were born or living in Athens.For example， there are three Mgies in Greece， three Comic Poets and three Masters of Tragedy.
Socrates and his student Plato， and Plato's student Aristotle were known as "three Mgies in Greece". Socrates was born in Athens， and later widely considered the founder of the western philosophy.Plato wrote many philosophical dialogues， and founded the renowned Platonic Academy in Athens.Aristotle lived in the Platonic Academy for 20 years and left extensive writings in many fields， including physics， metaphysics， poetry， biology， zoology， logic， politics， government， and ethics.
In the 5th century BC， there produced three comic poets in Athens： Carattilos， Oubolees and Aristophanes. Only some of completed works of Aristophanes are left， including"the Acharnians"， "Bird" and "Peace" and soon.He is known as the "Father of Comedy" in Greece.
From the 5th century BC to the 4th century BC， Euripides， Aeschylus and Sophocles were called three Masters of Tragedy in Greece. They all once lived in Athens.Aeschylus created 90 works totally， and the representative "Agamemnon" is a tragic story.Sophocles wrote 123 plays in total， and "Oedipus the King" is his masterpiece.Euripides wrote more than 90 works， and the representative works include "Trojan Women" and so on.
古雅典是一个强大的城邦，是驰名世界的文化古城。许多著名的哲学家、政治家和文学家都在雅典诞生或居住过。例如，希腊三贤，三大喜剧诗人和三大悲剧大师。
苏格拉底和他的学生柏拉图及柏拉图的学生亚里士多德被并称为“希腊三贤”。苏格拉底出生于雅典，被后人广泛认为是西方哲学的奠基者。柏拉图写下了许多哲学的对话录，并且在雅典创办了知名的柏拉图学院。亚里士多德在柏拉图学院生活了20多年，在许多领域都留下广泛著作，包括了物理学、形而上学、诗歌、生物学、动物学、逻辑学、政治、政府、以及伦理学。
公元前5世纪，雅典产生三大喜剧诗人：克拉提诺斯、欧波利斯和阿里斯托芬。只有阿里斯托芬传下一些完整的作品，如《阿卡奈人》、《鸟》和《和平》等。他被誉为希腊“喜剧之父”。
公元前5世纪到4世纪，欧里庇得斯、埃斯库罗斯和索福克勒斯并称为希腊三大悲剧大师，他们都在雅典生活过。埃斯库罗斯共创作90部作品，代表作《阿伽门农》是个悲惨故事。索福克勒斯共写过123个剧本，《俄狄浦斯王》是他的代表作。欧里庇得斯共创作了90多部作品，代表作品包括《特洛伊妇女》等。
●Legend of Athena and Birth of Athens 雅典娜和雅典诞生的传说
According to legend， Zeus， the king of the Greek gods， married the Goddess of Wisdom， and soon his wife got pregnant. Zeus got worried that his son would be more powerful than himself.So he cast spells and swallowed her up.Since then， Zeus suffered a headache and he was tormented by the pain endlessly.At last， driven beyond endurance， Zeus ordered others to split up his head with an ax.Unexpectedly， from the cracks jumped an armed girl called Athena.
Athena has the power of her father and the wisdom of her mother. Zeus loved her very much.One day， Athena traveled around the world.At the center of Greece， she saw a prosperous city， she said， "I want to name the city after my own name， let me shelter the city." But Poseidon heard these words.He also took a fancy to the city， so he was very angry and argued with her about the matter.The results was that Zeus suggested a match between them.The one that could bring to mankind a useful thing， would have the power to protect the city.